Computer CH 1

Introduction
Internet has become an integral part of our lives in the world today.This technological marvel,with its
powerful features is accessed by most of us almost on a daily basis, be it to look for some information,
for e-mailing, for paying bills, for accessing social networking sites like vvww.facebook.com,
www.twitter.com, for chatting, and much more. The World Wide Web (WWW), which is a part of the
Internet, has grown at an amazing speed and continues to grow. As technology is improving,theWeb is
being regarded as an indispensable tool in areas of education, business and entertainment.There are
billions of pages on theWeb, with thousands more being added every hour.The Internet has become
the single most important factor to influence the future of the world. Let us try to understand this
technological wonder better.
Internet: Definition and History

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/lP) to service billions of users worldwide by allowing continuous
communication between computers across the world.
Internet is the largest network in the world that connects thousands of smaller individual networks
and millions of computers with each other to facilitate communications. How did such a huge network
come into existence? Let us take a brief look at the history and development ofthe Internet.
Related .
Technology . Description
image
The Internet began in 1969,when scientists under a project of the US military
ARPANET , ?7 agency ARPA, linked computers of three Universities-the University of
(1969) Ar anet California,Santa Barbara,and Utah;and the Stanford Research Institute to assist
them in conducting basic research through information sharing.This project
was known as the ARPAnet. By December 1971 ARPAnet linked 23 host
computers to each other,and went'public' in I 972.
E-mail ·- E-mail was first developed in 197 I by RayTomlinson.He also made the decision
(1971) /C to use the "@" symbol to separate the username from the computer name
' (which later became known as the domain name). The first modern email
program called MSG was developed by JohnVittal in 1975.
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Technology Related
. . .
Description
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To enable communication between computers, in the early 1970s scientists
developed host-to-host protocols to effectively merge the two host computers
into one, for the time so that the link was established between them. 1974 saw
TCP/lP 0|
·..: the development of a common language that would allow different networks to
(1974) i:' kil|l'i:,q k L: 'ii communicate with each other. Within a matter of a few years this led to the
development of the Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol
(TCP/IP) suite of protocols . In 1982, the ARPAnet adopted TCP/lP. All the
ARPAnet switched on to theTCP/lP suite of protocols.
jg In 1984, Domain Name Servers (DNS) were introduced. New domain

DNS names such as .com (commercial), .edu (educational), etc.,were introduced in
(1984) addition to .org (international organisation) and a series of country codes like
.in for 1ndia,j"P forjapan .us for the United States of America and so on.
NSFNET '-mk; In 1985, thetoNational

established serve as Science Foundation
the backbone Network
to the ARPAnet and(NSFNET) was
other scientific
(1985) ,/'" \ .
nsfnet networks. Many private and commercial networks also emerged.
"-' The term "World Wide Web (wwwy' was coined by Tim Berners-Lee in
WWW 1990 when he was working to develop the standards for HTML HTTR and
' URLs. In 199 I, the first web page was developed. In 1993, the first graphical
(1990) mp:||
browseq Mosaic was released. The Netscape Navigator broyser was
- released in 1994. Web surfing started in the same year.
ARPAnet, NSFnet and several private networks merged together to form the
Internet as we know it today, in 1995. In the same year eBay and
amazon.com started activities online.The first webmail service known as
i;;;;;;' the Hotmail was launched in 1996.The search engine google was launched
in 1998. Growth of social networking, blogging and micro-blogging sites on

the Internet began from 2003 onwards.They have seen a phenomenal growth
in the popularity of the Internet.
Today the Internet is the largest computer network in the world,

dt ".' JUb connecting millions of computers.lt is a global data communication system.lt
Internet ¢bU'-,Mjt: is a network ofnetworks that consists of millions of networks-including private,
(Today) -- · · -
public, business, academic and government networks.These networks are
linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies.
Ways to Connect to the Internet

There are many different ways to connect to the Internet. One of the initial ways is the dial-uP
connection.With the advancement in the communication technology, different types of technologies are
now in use to connect to the lnternet.These are as discussed below:
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Internet Basics
Dial-up Connection
The Dial-up connection uses a modem that is hooked up to the
.
computer and dials in using a phone line.While it is the cheapest .
method to connect to the 1nternet,it is very slow and the quality of -^-
service, too, is not very good.The Internet speeds range from 2400 —
bps to 56 Kbps.The connection is often lost and the data is limited.
Dial-up connection
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. This is always
connected to the 1nternet,so you do not have to dial up to connect.
It does not use a phone 1ine,therefore it does nottie up your phone.
However, it does use a phone network. It is considered to be
broadband Internet, which means that it has high speed. It was the PYOne Jock
first real step towards improving the transmission of data and voice. p/ TH0phom com
DSL speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps.There are different L-;,---"y@
categories of DSL such as SDSL,VDSL andADSL.
DSL Connection
Cable Internet Connection
Cable Internet connections are possible through CableTV lines. ---a
It shares coaxial cables that you use to watch TV, without affecting ""'~!7 ' .. ' _" 'n
your TV's performance. The Cable Internet connection uses TV
~ . ==
channels for data transmission. It can be as fast as 27 Mbps.The _ .g'"m
Cable Internet connection can be shared among multiple users. !=

However, the more the number of users,the slower the connection. PC)
Cable Internet Connection

Wireless Internet Connection
Wireless Internet is one of the newest types of Internet
connections. It uses radio frequencies to connect to the lnternet.lt
is always connected to the Internet, much like the DSL, as long as
p-e?
you are within an area that has coverage. Not all areas have <e) .. ,. ,,
....<9 .
coverage, and it can be a little more expensive than other types of ,Mww, M+m ~1pq ""
Internet connections. Examples of wireless Internet connection are

WiFi andWiMax.
Wireless Internet Connection
Internet Over Satellite Connection

Internet over Satellite (IoS) uses the communication satellites ~~
stationed in space to connect to the lnternet.The satellites act as hMwnA
~KKN ~bW
ref1ectors,and bounce the signals from the earth to the satellite and
back to earth in another location. Because of the distance that the
information has to travel, the connection may be slower than
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others.lts speed can be around 492 to 5 12 Kbps.

Internet over Satellite Connection
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Things Required to Connect to the Internet

To connect to the Internet, your computer requires a modem, a web browser and a connection to an lSP,
Let us first learn more about these basic requirements of connecting to the Internet.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

An Internet Service Provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as Internet Access Provider .
(IAP), is a company that provides its customers access to the Internet. The lSP connects to its
customers using any one of a data transmission technologies such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem,
wireless or dedicated high-speed connections.Some of the Internet Service Providers of India are:
N
airtel BSNL 1 !d"a)

Indian ISPs (Internet Service Providers)
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Modem
A modem is a device that converts a computer's outgoing data into a format that can be transferred
via the telephone lines. Modems can also convert the incoming data into a format that the computer
can read. Some of the different types of modems are: internal modems, external modems, voice/data,
and fax modems. '
digital analogue analogue digital
ml °"°'"'° —"
signal signal
I" ") '"'Jlj/V/l=°"°'°°'° W1
&~ signal I signal
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Modem Modem fP
telephone line ~
Computer Computer C
Working of a Modem a
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Web Browser A
Along with the modem, your computer needs a software called a Web (J Q
V
browser to navigate theWeb. A browser is an application that provides V
a way to look at and interact with all the information on theWorld Wide ThoWorSd Opmm
b
Web.TechnicallyaWeb browser uses the HTTP to make requests toWeb
servers throughout the Internet on behalf of its user. In other words, a
Web browser is a software application that allows one to view pages on
the World Wide Web. Different Web browsers are available today and
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they all come with a variety of features. Some of the common Web
browsers are the Internet ExPlorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, OPera,
Safari, UC8rowser,Maxthon,Microso/Z Edge, etc.
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Web Browsers
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(Mosaic was the first graphical web browser that was developed by a group of researchers at the
National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA) in 1993. 0

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Internet Basics
What isWorld Wide Web?

The WorldWideWeb (abbreviated as WWW or the Web) is the most commonly used term when
discussing about the Internet. It is a system of Internet servers that support hypertext to access several
Internet protocols on a single interface.
The World Wide Web (\NW\N) is a standard linked information system accessible across the range of
diferent comPuters connected to the lnternet.lt is the most widely used service of the 1nternet,which is
accessed through a software called theWeb browser.
The World Wide Web is like a huge digital library with innumerable articles, journals, e-books, news,
views and tutorials stored in the form of Web Pages on many computers around the world,called Web
servers.Thousands of new Web pages/Websites are added to the \NV\NV every hour.Web pages can
have a mix of text,graphics and multimedia. .- " 0
bO YOU KNOW
.f" The World Wide Web (WWW) was developed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, with assistance from
Switzerland. Tim Berners-Lee is the founderatand
Robert Caillau, while both were working thecurrently
European theParticle
directorPhysics
of the World Wide Web
Lab (CERN) in i
Consortium (W3C); an international organization that develops web standards.
Websites and Web Pages

The term Web page refers to an HTML document.lt is the basic unit of the\N\N\N. AWeb page may
have different components like text, graphics, audio, video, animations, hyperlinks, buttons, forms and
frames,etc.Web pages are published on almost any subject imaginable.They can be created by a person
or an organization.A wide range of software like MicrosoftVisual Studio, Adobe Dreamweaver, etc.are
available that provide a variety of tools for the construction of theWeb pages.MS-Word also provides
you the facility to save documents in the HTML format.
A Website comprises of one or more inter-linked
Web pages.The relationship between aWebsite and a
Web page is akin to that of a book and a page of the * "'
book. AWebsite is a collection ofWeb pages that are - . ,.., . , ,
under one domain. For example if there is a company
that owns the Website "abccompany.com" then this About Us
Website will have severalWeb pages like Home.html, m :pcm LM. b 0 ~^> M—
Aboutus.html, Contactus.html, Products.html, '""'"""""" 7?="=~ ~ ..l . _..,

n inA p~n~. Im y
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Services.html, FAQs.html and others.A Web page is
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an independent page of a Website. For example, . :====="=.: :""'::

"Aboutus.html" is a Web page of the Website The home page (first page) ofmwe
themseiw
website
"abccompany.com". www.navdeepublications.com
REMEMPFR**
(Websites are classified on the basis of the type of contentor services providedbythem. The maincatego&y'
are - Biog sites, educational sites, news sites, forums, social networking sites, e-commerce sites and so on.
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Web Server and Web Client

A Web server is a computer with a server software installed on it.The web server has a number of
web pages stored on it.These web pages are put up by various people and organisations for various
purposes, ranging from selling commercial products and services to sharing thoughts and ideas with
others. Once a web page is put on a web server it becomes part of theWWW, and becomes available
for everyone to see.The server software serves (delivers) the web pages to the client using the
HypertextTransfer Protocol (HTTP) over theWorldWideWeb.
A Web client is an application that sends a request fo the web server to access information stored on
it.The information on the web server is generally stored in the form of web pages. Users with the help
of web browser software communicate with the web servers;send them requests and get the desired
output on their computer screen.
Ep
Request
Reply
Web Client
Web Client and Web Server model
Surfjng theWEB
We have learnt that to access the World Wide Web you need a computef a modem (or some other
connection device),a phone 1ine,aWeb browser software and an account with an Internet Service Provider
(1SP).You also need a Search engine like Google, Yahoo, Bing, etc.,to find the information you want
Web pages on theWWW are connected by links called hypertext links. Each hypertext link leads to
anotherWeb page /Website.So,unlike reading a book where one page follows another in sequence,on
theWorld WideWeb you follow the web of links to visit the information you are interested in on the
same website or other websites.This is called Surfing theWeb.
"Surjing theWeb" means moving from one web page (on the same or another website) to another by
clicking on hypertext links.
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c." Y ACTWITY Open aweb browser and surf the followingwebsites:

· www.cbse.nic.inl · www.ncert.nic.inl · https://www.wikipedia.org/
· https://www.gcflearnfree.org/ · httPs://www.nationalgeographic.com/
· vvww.smartlearning.inl · www.meritnation.coml · www.topperlearning.coml
· https://mycbseguide.com/ · www.youtube.coml · https://www.irctc.co.in/
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Internet Basics
The Web Addressing System

Each Web page (.html document) has its own address on the Internet, which is called a URL
or a Uniform Resource Locator. Every Website or Web page,. is identified and accessed on
theWeb server by this name.To access aWebsite on theWWVV, you have to enter its URL in aWeb
browser.This is the address of that particular HTML document wherq, it can be f&d on theWeb.
To recognize one another over the Internet, computers convert a url ljkc www.cbse.nic.in to
numerical IP addresses (like 164. 100. 107.32).You may type in either thd 1jRl or the IP address of a
Website directly to getto its homepage. '1
A URL has these Parts: http://www.organization name.top level domain suffix.Country name suRix
http - the communication protocol Top-level domain suffix

usjd to receive the document
I I
Example: httP://www1se.nic.i[/we|comle.htm
The orgainzation name The country name sufhx Name of the .html document
Web browsers use the URL to retrieve .. a file from the server.This file is downloaded to the user's
computer or the client, and displayed on the monitor connected to the machine. Because of this
relationship between clients and servers,the Internet is a client-server network.
Several top-level domains (TLDs)
.com Commercial enterprise .mil U.S. Military entities
.edu Educational institution .net Network access provider
.gov U.S. Government entity .org Usually non-profit organizations
In addition,dozens of domain names have been assigned to identify and locate files stored on servers in
countries around the world.These are referred to as country codes, and have been standardized by
the International Standards Organization as ISO 3 I 66.Some of them are as follows:
Several Country Codes Domains
.in India ·jp japan
.us United States .ch Switzerland
.uk United Kingdom

.ae United Arab Emirates
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y Things to Remember for using URLS
While writinga URL,you have to be carefulaboutthe followingthings:
Fastrack - 10
a. A URL always starts with a protocol prehx like "http://", but most browsers will type those
characters for you.Some other common Internet protocols are Kp://,gopher://,telnet://,and irc://.
b. A URL is usuallyin some kind of English,but numbers are also allowed.
c. A URL never has any spacesin it.
d. A URL,for the most part,is all lower case.
e. A URL uses forward slashes (I) and dots (.) to separate its parts.
f. A URL is NOTthe same as an emailaddress.
bO YOU KNOW ':,,
r The operation of the WWW depends upon three main software components: 1. The Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) which is scripting language and describes how a page should look,
2. A Web browser that can interpret an HTML and display it on a computer screen and 3. The
Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) that enables a browser to send requests for pages across the
, Internet and returns an HTML description to it. I
How does theWWW work?

Have you ever wondered how exactly a Web page that you requested for finds its way into your
browser and onto your computer screen? The process is largely dependent on Web servers. Let us
understand how itworks.Observe how a web page on \N\NVV reaches your computer.
I. To access a website,you first enter its address,called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator),in theAddress bar of your
browser
The hrtp://indicates that the browser and web server will communicate using HypertextTransfer Protocol.
, , . ,,, , . ,, , , The www indicates a resource on the World Wide

t9 " e Ntp://www·'m°Z'"g/ V '? X Web.
He e'r 'EW "1'±_ _ 'ods ,Hdp _ . The cpsglobal.org is a domain name. It identifies
a mtp://www&p·gkb·|.org/ , Mi which computer (called a web server),hosts the site.
2. Your web browser sends

the request to the
appropriate web server on
the Internet.
3. The web server locates

the files, then downloads
them to your computer.
4. Your Web browser

displays the page.
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Internet Basics
HTML
We learnt that HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language
used for creating web pages.lnvented byTim Berners-Lee in 1990,in HTML,"Hypertext" refers to the
text or object that has link (called hyperlink) for another web page.Hyperlink is the feature that helps
to move (surf) from one web page to another web page over the hugeWorldWideWeb.ln HTML the
"Markup language" means using the tags to define the layout and elements of the document that can be
read and interpreted by the web browser as per the specifications.So,we can define the HTML as:
HTML is a web developing language that uses hyperlinks to connect web pages and tags to define the
elements and layout of the web documents.
Given below is an example of HTML code and its output in a web browser window:
Example:
"HTML" .. , ' El G\UscMAdmm\D«Hop\Lhtm1 4y X Vc'::
a Favom« i 'a e, Suggested Soles " e W·b Slice Gallery "
<HEAD""T1TLE"Demo"/TITLE"</HEAD>
CD:m: :J
"BODY""H 1"My FirstWeb Page"/BODY"
"/HTML> My First Web Page
HTML coQe Output of HTML code
Internet Protocols
A Protocol or communication protocol is a set of rules or standards that computers follow to
communicate with each other in a networked environment. Protocols form the backbone of the
communication that takes place between two computers on the lnternet.There are many protocols
that are used for exchanging information between computers over the Internet. Each Prc?toco| has its
own method of how data is formatted when sent and what to do with it once received, how that data is
compressed or how to check for errors in the data.Some common protocols in use today foi'"c,omputers
areTCP/IR HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SFTR TelneC SSH, SCP, etc.Letuslearn aboutsome ofthem one:by-one.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol)

TCP/lP (Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol) is the communication protocol for the
Internet. It defines the rules that computers and other network devices must follow to communicate "
with each other over the Internet. Browsers and servers use TCP/lP to connect to the Internet. A
browser usesTCP/lP to access a server. A server usesTCP/lP to send HTML data back to a browser.
Your e-mail program uses TCP/IP to connect to the Internet for sending and receiving e-mails.Your
Internet address" 122. 173. 197.9 l"is a part ofthe standardTCP/IP protocol (and so is your domain name).
IP (Internet Protocol) is a "connection-less" communication protocol. IP does not occupy the
communication line between two computers. It reduces the need for network lines. Each line can be
used for communication between many different computers at the same time.With IP, messages (or
other data) are broken up into small independent "packets" and sent between computers via the
lnternet.lP is responsible for"routing" each packet to its correct destination.
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Fastrack - 10
This data Packaging technology allows us to use limited bandwidth most efliciently. It means parts of a
file can be shared across a number of phone lines instead of having to find one phone line to put a largc
file into.The packets do not necessarily travel together on the Internet. Packets from the same Me may
travel via different paths through different servers,but toward the same destination.
Breaking Information
Passing information Reassembling Information '
q"" TCP'S Function Zone _—P q
lP's Function Zuii'e p q—— TCP'S Function Zone
IP Addressl IP Address/
¢@ =°':Z'"±' TCP/lP transfers data
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Name of.R,ece,iver
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I over the Internet. If
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— — — — — — — — — - tum F
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any data packets are
lost in-between an
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A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . EFJ P M error message will
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demand the data to be
O Small Packets resent
N Small Packets O
of Information of Informat'on N
This is howTCP/lP protocols work
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

\
HTTP or Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the main '
protocol of theWorldWideWeb.When you request aWeb \Kiy $"ajest\n«p'Nebsite)
page by typing its address into your Web browseq that

request is sent using HTTP.The browser is an HTTP client, _
Web
and theWeb page server is (not surprisingly) an HTTPserver.
e Server
In essence, HTTP defines a set of rules as to how messages " HTTpRcWN
and other data should be formatted and exchanged Browser )

between servers and browsers. ¶ HTTP transfers Web Pages
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) ]

r— Padlock icon
HTTPS or Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is an \
extension of HTTP for secure communications over the e Secure I Mtpsj/erLwlbpedla.or9/wtbMaln, iAr KT
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lnternet.This protocol usesTLS (Transport Layer Security) or ,zk Not kj9qh n Tjlk Corm)~$ C·eate accovm
Lorn
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SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) to encrypt data to ensure the t
\
n' Main Page Talk More ,Search \\uupm Q ,
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authentication of the accessed websites and protection of the i:.
WIkipEdIA Welcome to Wikipedia,
privacy and integrity of the exchanged data while making an The Free Encycb~
the free encyclopedia that anyone can edd t
online transaction.Web browsers such as Internet Exp|oreB Main page
5.690 247 arxks on Engksh
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Contents
Firefox and Chrome also display a padlock icon in the address Fealwed content From today's : In ncw3 ' b
Current events , featurM " "
bar to visually indicate that a HTTPS connection is in effect. ' · · 0
Wikipedia.org is a secure website

7
Remote Login and File Transfer Protocols f'
Remote Login (RJogin) is the ability of accessing the content of a computer located at a different fr
location from a remote site over a public or private network.This allows employees of an organization is
to work offsite or an individual to gain access to his/her home computer and work with it even from a gt
distant location.To secure the log in process some protocols are also used. ar
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Internet Basics
Telnet (Telecommunications Network)

Telnet is a contraction of the words Telecommunications Network, and is one of the major
network protocols used on the Internet. It allows you to connect to the remote computers (called
hosts) over aTCP/lP network (such as the Internet).
The user's computeq which initiates the connection, is referred to as the local computer, and the
machine being connected to, which accepts the connection, is referred to as the remote or host,
computer. The remote computer can be physically located in the next room, the next town or in
another country. A software called a telnet client is used to make a connection to a telnet server
(i.e.,the remote host).Once your telnet client establishes a connection to the remote host,your client
becomes a virtual terminal,allowing you to communicate with the remote host from your computer.
, ;;,',";,j Telnet
Via the p'otocol
> g
Internet '
~
Local computer running Remote computer
the telnet client software
REMEMRER
(Telnet requires the use of a username and password, which means you need to have previously set
an account on the remote computer. In some cases, however, computers with Telnet will allow
guests to log on with restricted access.
/
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

When you want to copy files between two computers that are on the same |ocal/hetwork, often you
can simply "share" a drive or folder and copy the files the same way you would copy files from one place
to another on your own PC. But if you want to copy files from one computer to another that is halfway
around the world,you would probably use your Internet connection. Hovyeyeq for security reasons, it
is very uncommon to share folders over the Internet. File transfers ,o"ver the Internet use special
techniques, of which one of the oldest and most widely-used is FTP,'FTP, short for "FileTransfer
Protocol", can transfer files between any computers that have an Kternet connection,and also work
between computers using totally different operating systems.
Transferring Files Using FTP

FTP is an application protocol that uses the Internet's TCP/lP protocol layer to transfer Web pages
from a client computer to aWeb Server. Transferring files from a client computer to a server computer
is called "uploading" and transferring them from a server to a client is "downloading". Once a file
gets uploaded on the Internet, anyone can view it. FTB is also commonly used to download programs
and other files to the computerfrom theWeb servers:
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Fastrack - IQ
Each file on an FTP server is given an address (URL) so that other computers connected to the |nternet
can find it. Users can then either use an FTP client or a Web browser to either download the files or
upload them to the server.
Steps to upload files to a remote site using Mozila

I. In the address bar type
ftp://yourusername:Password@ " 'y
yourdomainname.com.This will
log you into the Home
Directory of the remote site.
2. From here open (double click)

the folder for the Domain
*
Directory (the folder with the
name of your domain) to
which you want to upload.
Inside, you will see any files
already uploaded to the site. _
Home directory of the remote site Domain Directory
SSH (Secure Shell) Protocol

The Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows users secure access to a remote S
computer over an unsecured network such as the Internet. It provides options for strong S
authentication and encrypts data securely to protect the security and integrity of communications O
between two computers.This method of secure login is widely used by network administrators for d
managing systems and applications remotely. It allows them to log into another computer over d
network,execute commands and move files from one computer to another computer. F
SSH is a secure alternative to the non-protected login protocols (such as rlogin,telnet) and insecureh|e T
transfer methods (such as FTP).The SSH is based on the client-server model.While establishirigan SSH pi
connection,users need to connect the SSH client to the SSH server. ei
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Internet Basics
SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)

Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) is a network protocol designed for secure transferring of files across
a network (1nternet).This protocol can be used to securely transfer files between a local computer and
a remote computer (host) or between two remote computers. It runs over a secure channel (SSH) for
data transfer and uses the same mechanisms for authentication. An SCP client is identified and
authenticated by an SCP server via a SSH connection. A client sends a request to the server for
accessing the files (downloading) or sends files to the server (uploading).SCP usesTCP port 22 by default.
SFTP (Secure FTP) Protocol

SFTP or Secure FileTransfer Protocol (also known as SSH FileTransfer Protocol) is a secure
version of File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It facilitates files access and files transfer over a Secure Shell
(SSH) data steam.lt is part of the SSH protocol.
SFTP was designed by the Internet EngineeringTask Force (IETF) as an extended version of SSH 2.0,for
the secure transferring of files over the Internet. It encrypts data and commands to protect sensitive
information such as passwords, debit/credit card details, etc. SFTP works similar to the FTP but it runs
over a secure channel (SSH) data.
·EMEMDE^
(SFTP requires thatthe clientusermustbe authenticatedby the server and the data transfer must ta e
place over a secure channel (SSH).
Capabilities of SFTP over SCP

Although both SFTP and SCP run over the same Secure Shell (SSH) to transfer data securely, but SFTP
provides more features than SCF! It allows a wide range of operations to be performed on remote files
such as resuming interrupted transferring files, removing remote files, directory listings and so on.SFTP
is designed to be more platform-independent and is available on most p|atforms.HoweveKthe speed of
data transferto SFTP is sIowerthan the SCP due to the back and forth data encryption nature of SFTP.
Protocols Used IN Emails

Protocols are used to send and receive e-mails from one computer to another computer over a network
or the Internet. Let us learn about some important protocols used in sending and retrieving e-mails.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

SMTP takes care of sending emails. Often emails are sent to an email server (SMTP server), then to
other servers,and finally to its destination.SMTP can only transmit pure text.lt cannot transmit binary
data like pictures,sounds or movies.
POP (POst Office Protocol)

The POP protocol is used by email programs to retrieve emails from an email server. If your email
program uses POE all your emails are downloaded to your email program (also called email client),
each time it connects to your email server.
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Fastrack - 10
MIME (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions)

The MIME protocol lets SMTP transmit multimedia files including voice, audio and binary data across
TCP/lP networks.The MIME protocol converts binary data to pure text,before it is sent.
INLAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

The IMAP protocol works much like the POP protocoLThe main difference is that the IMAP protocol
will not automatically download all your emails each time your email program connects to your email
server. It allows you to look through your email messages at the email server before you download
them giving you a choice either to download your messages or just delete them.
/"0 Summing Up
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet
"\
Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to service billions of users worldwide by allowing continuous
communication between computers across the world.
· The World Wide Web, often abbreviated as the Web or WWW, is a system of Internet servers that
support hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface.
0 To access the Internet you need a computer, a modem (or some other connection device), a phone
line, a Web browser software and an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISl?).
· A Web browser is an application that enables you to look at and interact with all the information on
the World Wide Web. Some of the common Web browsers include the Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Google Chrome, etc.
0 There are many different ways to connect to the Internet. These are: Dial-up connections, DSL
connections, Cable Internet connections, Wireless Internet connections and Internet over Satellite
connections.
· A Website comprises of one or more inter-linked Web pages.
· Each Web page (.htnil document) has its own address on the Internet, which is called a URL
(Uniform Resource Locator).
p A Web server is a computer with a server software installed on it. The web server has a number of
web pages stored on it.
A protocol or communication protocol is a set of rules or standards that computers follow to
communicate with each other in a networked environment.
(
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol) is the communication protocol for the
Internet. It defines the rules that computers and other network devices must follow to communicate
with each other over the Internet.
The Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows users secure access to a remote computer ;
over an unsecured network such as the Internet.
SMTP, POP, MME, IMAP, etc. are some protocols used to exchange emails between computers
across a network.
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Q"
Internet Basics
' ' '"SOLVED MCQs

1. World Wide Web is:
a. another name for the Internet.
b. a world wide connection for computers.
c. a collection of linked information residing on computers connectedby the Internet.
d. a collection of world wide information.
2. A Web page is located using an address known as a:
a. Universal Record Linking b. Uniform Resource Locator
c. Universal Record Locator d. Uniformly Reachable Links
3. A URL specifies the following:
i. protocolused.
ii. domain name of the server hosting the Web page.
iii. name of the folderwith the required information.
iv. name of the document formatted using HTML.
v. the name of the ISP.
a. i,ii,iii,iv b. ii,iii,iv,v
c. i,iii,iv d. i,ii,iii,v
4. The full form of DNS is:
a. Dual Name System b. DistrictNetwork System
c. Domain Name System d. None of these
5. HTML stands for:
a. HyperTextMaking Links b. HypertextMarkup Language
c. HigherTextual Marking of Links d. HyperTextNlixer of Links
6. HTML is a:
a. word processinglanguage b. programminglanguage
c. markup language d. search engine
7. The term 'HTTP' stands for:

a. HigherTrafhc Transaction Panorama b. Hyper TextTransferProtocol
c. Hyper TransitTrafiic Protocol d. HyperText TransactionPanorama
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Fastrack - 10
8. Which of these top level domain names is generally used by education related websites?
a. .com b. .org
c. .net d. .edu
9. Internet is based on the:
a. client-server model b. client-client model
c. server-server model d. None of these
10. Which of these is not a web browser?
a. Google Chrome b. Notepad
c. Internet Explorer d. Mozilla Firefox
11. In HTTPS, the letter 'S' stands for:
a. System b. Secure
c. Safe d. Sound
Answers: I) c 2) b 3) a 4) c 5) b 6) " 7) b
8) d 9) a IQ) b 1l)b
&$olved QUESTIONS
Q.1. Read the following paragraph. Find six network and communication related abbreviations in it
and give their expandedform along with a single line definition of each of them.
"RBI is planning to expand its connectivity with all major banks of India. The plan includes
providing TCP connectivity through HTTP for easy access points and seeks help from somelSPs
to join hands in this venture. Also, there is a plan to set up IIS and SMTP servers. Some banks
will go for ADSL line while others will use Leased Line connectivity to access these services.
RBIis also taking help of NT professors in this venture."
Ans. The six network and communication related abbreviations are:
1. TCP(Tmnsmission ConWolProtocol): TCP is a protocol developed for the Internet to transfer data
from one network device to another.
2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).' HTTP is a protocol (utilizing TCP) to transfer hypertext
requests and information between servers and browsers
3. ISP (Internet Service Provider): An ISP is also sometimes referred to as Internet Access providef
(LAP). It is an organization that provides access to the Internet through various connectivity
mechanisms (dial up, modem, cable services, etc.)
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Internet Basics
4. IIS (Internet InKrmation Server): IIS is Microsoft's proprietary Web server software, and is
included with their Windows NT-based operating systems. It is free, and is required for the use
of ASP code in a Website. It also provides FTP functionality, and an easy-to-use management
console for administrators.
5. SMTP (Simple Mail Transhr Protocol).' It is an Internet standard for electronic mail (E-mail)
transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
6. ADSL (Asymmetric Dlgital Subscn'bers Line): It is one form of the Digital Subscriber Line
technology; a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over
copper telephone lines than a conventional voice band modem can provide.
Q.2. Laleema Chakradhar wants a broadband connection for accessing her mails and staying
informed about the latest happenings in the field of Biotechnology. Can you suggest two
Internet Service Providers in India who can be approached for the same?
Ans. BSNL, Airtel
Q.3. Identifj' the domain name(s) and URL(S) firom the followinglist:
a. yoga@yoga.com
b. doYogaEveryday.com
c. wwwAoYogaEveryday.com/old/index.html
d. www.PerformingArts_schoo1s.org/backHU.htm
e. 192.168.0.1
f. http://cbse.nic.in
Ans. b and f are domain names
c and d are URLs
Q.4. Suman works in a Multinational Company and needs to work online from home as well. She
therefore requires a fast Internet connection. What type of Internet connection in your opinion
would be best suited to her needs? Apart from browsing on the Internet, she will be required to
upload/download files to/from remote sites. Which protocol will help her to perform this
activity?
Ans. For a faster Internet connection, the Broadband or Cable connections are preferred. So Suman
should go in for either the Cable Connection or the ADSL connection.
The FTP will help herwith the uploading and downloading of files.
Q.5. List the different ways to connect to the Internet.

Ans. Generally, there are two ways to connect to the Internet:
1. Wired Broadband connectionlike Dial-Up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Cable Internet.
2. Wireless Broadband connection like Wi-Fi , Satellite connection and Wi-Max.
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Fastrack - 10
, Ii:',, Int
'EXERCISE TIME
I Multiple Choice Questions (MCQS)'
I. Internet was originally a:
a. LAN at MIT.
b. Code-cracking network set up during World War II by the U.S. Defense
Department.
c. A network cooperatively created by several large hardware and software
companies.
d. A small experimental research network called ARPANET.
II
2. A modem is:
a. a software that helps to open web pages on the computer.
b. a device that converts analog signals into digital signals and vice versa.
c. a network similarto the Internet.
d. All are correct.
3. Internet is:
a. a local computer network.
b. a world wide network of computers.
c. an inter-connected network of computers.
d. a world wide inter-connected network of computers that use a common protocol to
communicate with one another.
4. The World Wide Web contains Web pages:
a. linkedtogetherusinghyperlinks.
b. linked together through superlinks.
c. linked together through vapoarlinks.
d. None of these.
5. What are the three parts of a Website's address?
a. host name, folder name, subfolder name.
b. domain name, subdomain name, machine address.
c. host name, domain name, top-level domain name. 2.
d. None of these.
6. Digital information is converted into analog information by the modem at the:
a. destination computer.
b. source computer.
c. both the source and destination computer.
d. neither the source nor the destination computer.
7. What does the acronym URL stand for?
a. Unknown Reference Location b. Uniform Resource Locator
c. Unfamiliar Rodent Lounge d. None of these
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Internet Basics
8. A domain name ending with ".com" is:

a. A company's Website b. A common Website
c. An organization's Website d. A commercial Website
9. Google Chrome is a:
a. Web Brower b. News Website
c. Graphing Package d. Word Processor
10. A domain name ending with .org belongs to:
a. An educational institution. b. An organization.
c. A site that is highly organized. d. A commercial Website.
I Objective Type Questions:

I. Fill in the givenblanks.
a. is the largest network that connects billions of computers with each
otherworldwide.
b. Wireless internet connection uses frequencies to connect
computers to the Internet.
c. A is an application that helps users to access web pages stored on the web
server.
d. A is a collection of web pages that are under one domain.
e. Web pages on a site are linked together through .
f. Moving from one web page to anotherby clicking on hypertext links over the world wide web
is called .
g. A is a device that converts a computer's outgoing data into a format
that can be transferred via telephone lines.
h. The domain name ending with .edu represents a/an website.
i. A set of rules or standards that computers follow to communicate with each other over a
network is called .
j. is a protocol that helps to transfer files between a web client and a web server.
k. protocol provides users with a secure login to the remote computer.
2. Write 'T' forTrue and 'F' forFalse inthe I 1·

a. A Web browser sends a request to the web server to download web pages on the
user's machine. " D
b. SMTP is used for exchanging e-mails between computers.
c. SCP protocol does notprovide secure transferring of files over the Internet.
d. HTML is a markup language inventedby Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.
m
e. URL is the unique address of a web resource over the World Wide Web.
m
f. Google Chrome is a web browsing software.
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Fastrack - 10
g. An ISP is a company that provides an internet connection to people.

h. A domain name with .com in its end represents a commercial website.
i. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol.
EEl
III Short answer type questions:
1. What is the Internet?
2. Whatis a Web page?
3. Define the following terms:
a. WWW b. Web Server
c. Web browser d. SSH Protocol
4. What is a website? Howls it different from a web page?
5. Whatdo you mean by Surfing the web?
6. What is the role of a Web serverin the working of the Internet?
7. What is an ISP? Give examples of some ISPs.
8. Whatis a MODEM?
9. Expand the fonowingterms:
i. URL ii. HTML
iii. DNS iv. HTTP
10. What is a Protocol?
11. WhatisHTTPS?
12. Name any three protocols that help to transfer files over the Internet.
13. Amit is surfing the Web. When he moves the pointer over some special underlined blue-colored
words, the pointer changes into a hand sign ('b ). He clicks and finds a new Web page containing
the related information. What exactly did Amitjust click?
14. Gautam, a student of Biotechnology, has to do a project on a topic. He wants to search for
information related to this topic on the Internet. He also wants to visit different Websites,
Newsgroups, On-line'Forums, etc., in this connection. What kind of a site should he visit in order
to get links to the type of sites stated above?
15. Mr. Das has an Internet connection on his computer from the Airtel. company. The companyhas
attached a special device to the telephone line so that the computer signals can be transmittedto
the Web servervia thetelephoneline.
a. What technical name is given to a company that provides an Internet connection?
b. Name the device thatis attached to the telephone line for data transmission.
16. Bipin Dey is a stock broker. He always wants to stay connected to the Internet for his work. He
does not want to use a phoneline. What type of Internet connection should he opt for?
17. Identify the invalid IP address or URL from the following:
a. www.getsetgo.com b. www.ugcchennaiuni
c. 200.200.67 d. http/indraprastha.in
e. www.niitindia.org f. 122.173.197.91
1 8. Idenfity the kind of Websites that would use the following domain names:
a. .edu b. .net c. .com
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Internet Basics
IV Long answer type questions:

1. What is the Internet? Give abrief description of its development from the ARPANET.
2. What are the different types of Internet connections used for computers? Write in brief.
3. How does a web browser help users to access information on the World Wide Web?
4. Whatis World Wide Web (WWW)? Describe it inless than 100 words.
5. What are Internet protocols? Write the names and uses of some commonly used protocols for the
WWW.
6. What is the role of TCP/IP in the web system?
7. Differentiate between HTTP and HTTPS.
8. Define the following protocols:
i. SSH ii. FTP iii. Telnet
iv. SFTP V. POP
gtproject$
1. Find detailed information on the history of the evolution of the Internet and present it in a creative
manner.
2. Make a chart on different types of Websites.
3. Find information about the latest technologies used for the creation and maintenance of Websites.
" HigherOryder Thinking Skills (HOTS) "',

1. Are Internet and WWW the same (Yes/No)? justjfy your answer.
2. How is the URL address different from the IP address?
3. ABC corporation is planning to provide Web services to its clients. It has opened a new office where
they want a 24 hrs Internet connection and forwhich they don't have to dial up to connect. It should
also not use a phone line. Suggest the type of Internet connection they should take for their new
office.
4. Whatis the role of HTTP and TCP/IP in the functioning of the WWW?
5. Rony is a pop star. He wants to reach out to his fans through the Internet so that they can post their
comments and share views. Suggest the type of site he should make to get connected to his fans
online.
6. WiMax and WiFi are two popular wireless networking technologies being used these days. Find out
more about them and list any two advantages of the WiMax connection over the WiFi connection.
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Computer CH 1

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Introduction

Internet: Definition and History

jg In 1984, Domain Name Servers (DNS) were introduced. New domain

NSFNET '-mk; In 1985, thetoNational

in 1998. Growth of social networking, blogging and micro-blogging sites on

Today the Internet is the largest computer network in the world,

Ways to Connect to the Internet

Cable Internet connection can be shared among multiple users. !=

Cable Internet Connection

Internet connections. Examples of wireless Internet connection are

Internet Over Satellite Connection

others.lts speed can be around 492 to 5 12 Kbps.

Things Required to Connect to the Internet

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

airtel BSNL 1 !d"a)

National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA) in 1993. 0

What isWorld Wide Web?

Consortium (W3C); an international organization that develops web standards.

Websites and Web Pages

Aboutus.html, Contactus.html, Products.html, '""'"""""" 7?="=~ ~ ..l . _..,

an independent page of a Website. For example, . :====="=.: :""'::

Web Server and Web Client

c." Y ACTWITY Open aweb browser and surf the followingwebsites:

· https://mycbseguide.com/ · www.youtube.coml · https://www.irctc.co.in/

The Web Addressing System

http - the communication protocol Top-level domain suffix

.com Commercial enterprise .mil U.S. Military entities

.edu Educational institution .net Network access provider

.gov U.S. Government entity .org Usually non-profit organizations

.in India ·jp japan

.us United States .ch Switzerland

.uk United Kingdom

How does theWWW work?

, , . ,,, , . ,, , , The www indicates a resource on the World Wide

2. Your web browser sends

3. The web server locates

4. Your Web browser

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol)

This is howTCP/lP protocols work

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

page by typing its address into your Web browseq that

and other data should be formatted and exchanged Browser )

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) ]

Wikipedia.org is a secure website

Telnet (Telecommunications Network)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Transferring Files Using FTP

Steps to upload files to a remote site using Mozila

2. From here open (double click)

SSH (Secure Shell) Protocol

SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)

SFTP (Secure FTP) Protocol

Capabilities of SFTP over SCP

Protocols Used IN Emails

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

POP (POst Office Protocol)

MIME (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions)

INLAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

' ' '"SOLVED MCQs

c. markup language d. search engine

7. The term 'HTTP' stands for:

c. Hyper TransitTrafiic Protocol d. HyperText TransactionPanorama

Q.5. List the different ways to connect to the Internet.