1.

Study of the Illness Condition

PATHOPHYSIOLOG
ASSESSMENT ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY ANALYSIS
Y
Stomach
 Illustrate and label  Include the diagram  Facial grimace due to pain
1. Signs & of the following: that the patient is feeling.
Symptoms  The stomach is a (see page # 2)  Restlessness due to
muscular organ located 1) Pathogenesis
manifested by the discomfort in the stomach
on the left side of the
patient upper abdomen. The because of pain.
stomach receives food
 The patient took 2
from the esophagus. As
Subjective: food reaches the end of diagnostic tests in
the esophagus, it enters
September 12, 2022 and
the stomach through a
muscular valve called the another 8 tests the following
Objectives: lower esophageal
day.
sphincter.
 Facial grimace
The stomach secretes acid and enzymes
that digest food. Ridges of muscle tissue Lab tests results:
called rugae line the stomach. The
Vital signs: stomach muscles contract periodically, 1. OPD-Trop I = troponin tests
churning food to enhance digestion. The
pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve in measuring blood troponin
 Blood pressure
that opens to allow food to pass from levels in investigating heart
(BP): 110/80 the stomach to the small intestine.
diseases.
 Heart rate (HR):
2. K=Potassium blood test
 71bpm
measures how much
  Respiratory rate potassium is in your blood.
(RR): 20bpm 3. CBC= Complete blood
 Temperature: count used to measure
36c different parts and features
of your blood.
4. BUN=Blood urea nitrogen
measures the amount of
Reference/s: urea oxygen in the blood.
1. Lab values
Reference/s: 5. CREA=Creatinine blood
tests measures how well
https:// your kidneys are filtering
2. Diagnostic www.mayoclinic.org
waste from your blood.
Procedures 6. NA= Sodium blood test to
 Upper GI help find/monitor conditions
endoscopy is a that affect the balance of
procedure where fluids, electrolytes and the
doctors uses an Reference/s: acidity in your body.
endoscope to see 7. ALT=Alanine
lining of your upper aminotransferase to
GI tract. determine whether someone
 Stool test to check has liver injury or failure.
for H. pylori 8. URIC= Uric Acid test to
infection and for
 blood in stool (a help diagnose gout, find the
sign of bleeding in cause of frequent kidney
stomach) stones and monitor uric acid
level of people undergoing
certain cancer treatment.
9. AST=Aspartate
aminotransferase is
commonly used to help
diagnose liver damage or
disease.
BT= Determines how quickly your
blood clots to stop bleeding

Reference/s:
Diagnosis of Gastritis & Gastropathy
| NIDDK (nih.gov)

Reference/s:
Acute Gastritis: Background, Pathophysiology,
 Etiology (medscape.com)

Treatment
 Proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by blocking
the action of the parts of cells that produce acid.
These drugs include the prescription and over-
the-counter medications omeprazole (Prilosec),
lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole (Aciphex),
pantoprazole (Protonix) and others.
Signs and Symptoms
Etiology
 Stomach pain or discomfort
 Acute gastritis comes on  Heartburn
suddenly, and can be caused  Loss of appetite
Pathogenesis of acute gastritis
by injury, bacteria, viruses,  Nausea and vomiting
stress, or ingesting irritants  Vomiting of blood
such as alcohol, NSAIDs,  Weight loss
steroids, or spicy food. It is  Fever
often only temporary.  An unusual feeling of fullness in the
stomach area
 Feeling full too quickly after eating
Risk Factors
 Bacterial infection
 Regular use of pain relievers
Life threatening pathways  Older age
 Excessive alcohol use
 Anemia  Stress
 Pernicious Anemia  Cancer treatment
 Peritonitis  Your own body attacking cells
Stomach Cancer in your stomach
GENERIC NAME MECHANISM OF SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
ACTION
 Head ache  advise patient to avoid alcohol and foods that may cause
Suppresses stomach acid  Abdominal pain GI irritation
Omeprazole
secretion by secretion  Muscle spasms  Instruct patient to report bothersome or prolonged side
inhabition of the H+/ K+  Irregular heartbeat effects (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation,
ATPase system found at the heartburn, flatulence, abdominal pain)
 Seizures
secretory surface of gastric
 Rash on nose and cheeks
parietal cells. Because the
 Joint pain
enzyme is regarded as the
 Diarrhea
acid (proton, or H+) pump
 Sore tongue
with in the gastric mucosa,
 numbness
omeprazole inhibits the final
step of acid production.

Binds to an enzyme on gastric

parietal cells in the presence
of acidic gastric ph,
 preventing the final transport
of hydrogen ions into gastric
lumen.

BRAND NAME INDICATION -

Gerd maintenance of healing

in erosive esophagitis. Short-
Losec
term treatment of active
benign gastric ulcer.
Pathologic hyper secretory
conditions, including
Zollinger-ellison syndrome.
Reduction of risk of GI
bleeding in critically ill
patient.
 DRUG ILLUSTRATION CONTRAINDICATION ADVERSE REACTION

 Hypersensitivity to Increases chances of certain side

this drug or other ppis effects including; bone fractures, gut
 Contraindicated in infection, vitamin b12 deficiency-
patient with known symptoms include feeling very tired, a
hypersensitivity to sore and red tongue , mouth ulcers.
any component of
formulation
 Contraindicated in
pregnancy and


 lactation.

GENERIC NAME: MECHANISM OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE NURSING RESPONSIBILITY

Ciprofloxacin REACTION
Ciprofloxacin is a bactericidal agent which inhibits  Nausea and vomiting Assessment
an essential step in the reproduction of bacterial  Diarrhea History: Allergy to ciprofloxacin,
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the A subunit of norfloxacin or other quinolones; renal
 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia
DNA gyrase (topoisomerase). dysfunction; seizures; lactation
 Headache
BRAND NAME: INDICATION: Physical: Skin color, lesions; T; orientation,
 Anorexia
Ciprophil Treatment of a wide scope of infections which reflexes, affect; mucous membranes, bowel
 Flatulence
includes: sounds; LFTs, renal function test
DRUG ILLUSTRATION:  Bilirubinemia
 Anthrax, Infected bites and stings, Infections  Dizziness and restlessness Interventions
of the biliary tract, Bone and joints,  Tremor  Arrange for culture and sensitivity
Brucellosis, Cat scratch disease, Chancroid,
 Drowsiness tests before beginning therapy.
Exacerbations of cystic fibrosis.
 Insomnia  Continue therapy for 2 days after
 Gastroenteritis which includes traveler's
 Agitation signs and symptoms of infection are
diarrhea and Campylobacter enteritis,
 Confusion gone.
Salmonella enteritis, cholera and shigellosis,
 Unpleasant dreams  Ensure that patient is well hydrated.
gonorrhea, neutropenia in
 Visual disturbances and other  Monitor clinical response; if no
immunocompromised patients with
sensory disturbances improvement is seen or a relapse
infections.
 Hallucinations occurs, repeat culture and sensitivity.
 It is also used in the prophylaxis of
 Depression and convulsions  Encourage patient to complete full
meningococcal meningitis and surgery
 Eosinophilic meningitis course of therapy.
CLASSIFICATION: CONTRAINDICATION:
Fluoroquinolones  Caution should be taken when giving  Acute psychoses
DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/ ciprofloxacin to epileptic patients and to  Peripheral neuropathy
ROUTE: those with history of central nervous system  Dysesthesia
500 mg/10 ml of ciprofloxacin (CNS) disorders, myasthenia gravis and  Catatonia
taken orally every 12 hours glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase  Hemisparesis and tinnitus.

e deficiency.

 Ciprofloxacin is contraindicated in
pregnancy.

References:
 Ciprophil
 7 mechanism of action. (n.d.). Search Drug Information, Interactions, Images, Dosage & Side Effects | MIMS Philippines.
https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/ciprophil/mechanism-of-action
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/ciprophil/indications
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/ciprophil/contraindications
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/ciprophil/adverse-reactions
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/ciprophil/atc-class
 Ciprofloxacin nursing considerations & management. (2019, February 11). RNpedia. https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/pharmacology-drug-study-notes/
ciprofloxacin/
GENERIC NAME: MECHANISM OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE
NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
Pantoprazole Pantoprazole, like other proton-pump inhibitors, REACTION

blocks the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that Most common side effects:  Tablets should be swallowed whole;
produces acid. By blocking the enzyme, the  Headache not chewed, crushed, or split.
production of acid is decreased, and this allows the  Dizziness  Do not administer via a nasogastric or
stomach and esophagus to heal. Suppresses gastric  Stomach pain feeding tube.
acid secretin by inhibiting the parietal cell H+/K+  Nausea  Assess other medications the patient
ATP pump.  Vomiting may be taking where absorption may

 Diarrhea be altered by a change in gastric pH

BRAND NAME: INDICATION:
(itraconazole, ketoconazole, iron
Protonix  Joint pain
 Short-Term treatment of Erosive Esophagitis salts, ampicillin esters).
DRUG ILLUSTRATION:  Fever
Associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux
 Rash
Disease (GERD)
 Cold symptoms
 Maintenance of Healing of Erosive
Esophagitis
 Pathological Hypersecretory conditions
including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

CLASSIFICATION: CONTRAINDICATION:
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
 Hypersensitivity to pantoprazole or any
DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/
ROUTE: component
1 tsp (250mg) of pantoprazole
taken orally every 6 hours

References:
 Protonix (Pantoprazole): Uses, dosage, side effects, interactions, warning. (n.d.). RxList. https://www.rxlist.com/protonix-drug.htm#description
 Ogbru, O. (n.d.). Protonix (pantoprazole): Side effects, uses & dosage. MedicineNet.
https://www.medicinenet.com/pantoprazole/article.htm#what_are_the_uses_for_protonix
 https://www.syrianclinic.com/med/en/ProfDrugs/Pantoprazolepd.html
 NURSING CARE PLAN (NCP)

NURSING PLANNING
ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION
DIAGNOSIS OBJECTIVE OF CARE INTERVENTION RATIONALE
Subjective Cues: Acute pain related to At the end of 8-hour,  Investigate complains  To find where the After the 8-hour nursing
- The patient irritation of the nursing intervention: of pain, note the pain and facilitate intervention;
verbalized gastric mucosa.  Pain can be reduced, location, intensity of interventions to be
chest pain. patient can rest and pain and pain scale. performed.  The client does
generally in good not grimace in
Objective Cues: condition. pain
- Facial   Vital signs are
Grimace with-in normal
- Restlessness  Instruct patient to  Early intervention to limit
report pain as soon as it facilitate recovery of  Demonstrate
Vital signs: began muscle control pain relax, rest, sleep,
by decreasing increased activity
 BP-110/80 muscle tension. quickly.
mmHg
 T- 36C  Monitor vital signs  Autonomic
 Pulse Rate- responses include,
71 beats per changes in blood
 minute pressure, pulse,
 Resp. Rate- respiration,
20 breaths associated with pain
per minute relief.
 02- 99% on
room air.
 With the causes and
 Explain the causes and
consequences of
effects of pain on the
pain the client is
client and his family.
expected to
participate in
treatment to reduce
pain.

 Reduce pain that

was exacerbated by
 Encourage rest during
movement, decrease
acute phase
muscle tension,
 Encourage relaxation
increase relaxation,
techniques
and increase sense of
control and coping
abilities.
  Provide support
(physical, emotional,
 Provide an environment increased sense of
conductive situation control, and coping
skills)
 Eliminate or reduce
the client’s
 Collaboration with the complaints of pain.
medical team in the
delivery of action

GENERIC NAME: MECHANISM OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE NURSING RESPONSIBILITY

 REACTION
Mebeverine Mebeverine has antispasmodic effects leading to Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue  Instruct patient that the medication
normalization of gut motility without exerting a Disorders: should be swallowed with a sufficient
permanent relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the  Urticaria amount of water.
gastrointestinal tract (so called hypotonia).  Angioedema  When doses are missed, encourage

BRAND NAME: INDICATION:  Face edema the patient to still continue with the

Duspatalin  Exanthema. next dose.

 Symptomatic treatment of abdominal pain
Immune System Disorders:  Monitor for and report immediate
and cramps, bowel disturbances, and
 Hypersensitivity (anaphylactic signs of ischemic colitis such as new
intestinal discomfort related to irritable
reactions). or worsening abdominal pain, bloody
bowel syndrome.
diarrhea, or blood in the stool.
 Treatment of gastro-intestinal spasm
 Monitor carefully patients with any
secondary to organic diseases.
degree of hepatic insufficiency as
they may be more susceptible to
adverse drug effects.
DR

UG ILLUSTRATION:

CLASSIFICATION:
Synthetic anticholinergics,
esters with tertiary amino
group
CONTRAINDICATION:
 Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to
any of the excipients listed in Description
DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/
ROUTE:
50mg/15 ml of mebeverine taken
orally 3 times a day

References:
 Duspatalin mechanism of action. (n.d.). Search Drug Information, Interactions, Images, Dosage & Side Effects | MIMS Philippines.
https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/duspatalin/mechanism-of-action
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/duspatalin/indications
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/duspatalin/contraindications
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/duspatalin/adverse-reactions
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/duspatalin/atc-class
 https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/duspatalin/dosage
GENERIC NAME: MECHANISM OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE
NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a bactericidal agent which inhibits REACTION

an essential step in the reproduction of bacterial  Nausea and vomiting Assessment

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the A subunit of  Diarrhea History: Allergy to ciprofloxacin,
DNA gyrase (topoisomerase).  Abdominal pain and dyspepsia norfloxacin or other quinolones; renal

 Headache dysfunction; seizures; lactation

BRAND NAME: INDICATION:
Physical: Skin color, lesions; T; orientation,
Ciprophil Treatment of a wide scope of infections which  Anorexia
reflexes, affect; mucous membranes, bowel
DRUG ILLUSTRATIO includes:  Flatulence
sounds; LFTs, renal function test
 Anthrax, Infected bites and stings, Infections  Bilirubinemia

of the biliary tract, Bone and joints,  Dizziness and restlessness Interventions
Brucellosis, Cat scratch disease, Chancroid,  Tremor  Arrange for culture and sensitivity
Exacerbations of cystic fibrosis.  Drowsiness tests before beginning therapy.
 Gastroenteritis which includes traveler's  Insomnia  Continue therapy for 2 days after
diarrhea and Campylobacter enteritis,  Agitation signs and symptoms of infection are
Salmonella enteritis, cholera and shigellosis,  Confusion gone.
N:
gonorrhea, neutropenia in  Unpleasant dreams  Ensure that patient is well hydrated.
immunocompromised patients with
 Visual disturbances and other  Monitor clinical response; if no
infections.
sensory disturbances improvement is seen or a relapse
 It is also used in the prophylaxis of occurs, repeat culture and sensitivity.
 Hallucinations
meningococcal meningitis and surgery
 Encourage patient to complete full
CLASSIFICATION: CONTRAINDICATION:  Depression and convulsions course of therapy.
Fluoroquinolones  Eosinophilic meningitis
 Caution should be taken when giving
DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/ ciprofloxacin to epileptic patients and to  Acute psychoses
ROUTE: those with history of central nervous system  Peripheral neuropathy
500 mg/10 ml of ciprofloxacin (CNS) disorders, myasthenia gravis and  Dysesthesia
taken orally every 12 hours
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase  Catatonia
deficiency.  Hemisparesis and tinnitus.
 Ciprofloxacin is contraindicated in
pregnancy.

References:
 Ciprophil mechanism of action. (n.d.). Search Drug Information, Interactions, Images, Dosage & Side Effects | MIMS Philippines.
https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/ciprophil/mechanism-of-action
GENERIC NAME MECHANISM OF SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
ACTION
 Head ache  advise patient to avoid alcohol and foods that may cause
Suppresses stomach acid  Abdominal pain GI irritation
Omeprazole
secretion by secretion  Muscle spasms  Instruct patient to report bothersome or prolonged side
inhabition of the H+/ K+  Irregular heartbeat effects (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation,
ATPase system found at the heartburn, flatulence, abdominal pain)
 Seizures
secretory surface of gastric
 Rash on nose and cheeks
parietal cells. Because the
 Joint pain
enzyme is regarded as the
 Diarrhea
acid (proton, or H+) pump
 Sore tongue
with in the gastric mucosa,
 numbness
omeprazole inhibits the final
step of acid production.

Binds to an enzyme on gastric

parietal cells in the presence
of acidic gastric ph,
preventing the final transport
of hydrogen ions into gastric
 lumen.

BRAND NAME INDICATION -

Gerd maintenance of healing

in erosive esophagitis. Short-
Losec
term treatment of active
benign gastric ulcer.
Pathologic hyper secretory
conditions, including
Zollinger-ellison syndrome.
Reduction of risk of GI
bleeding in critically ill
patient.
DRUG ILLUSTRATION CONTRAINDICATION ADVERSE REACTION

 Hypersensitivity to Increases chances of certain side

this drug or other ppis effects including; bone fractures, gut
 Contraindicated in infection, vitamin b12 deficiency-
patient with known symptoms include feeling very tired, a
hypersensitivity to sore and red tongue , mouth ulcers.
any component of
formulation
 Contraindicated in
pregnancy and
lactation.