Landscape Eoossstem Approach G11 organisms per se cannot be preserved, However, ecosystems of which organisms are n0- table pars can be preserved using an ecosystem approach (Rows, 1990, 1997). Landscape Ecosystem Approach [Atte outset, a key problem in the conservation of biodiversity is nesting and inventory- ing all the species, including the endemic and endangered one Rowe (1997) observes ine a biodiversity of any area depends on its “taxodiversity” the musnber of different ands of taxonomists that have packed or been packed into i! ‘Although we don’t know tans any Kinds of organistns share the Ecosphere, we know that they Se inseparable fom thei landscape or waterscape ecosystems. Therefore, the conserve of forest bio- ETversity requires the conservation of landscape ecosystems that PPO organisms. 0 tilvom the previous discussion that species tend tobe the focus of conservation and it typically proceeds on a species-by-species basis, However, ecologists increasingly aad opt an evowystem approach is required because organisms per se come be pre~ rea Franklin (1993) concludes that efforts to preserve biological diversi) st focus sever ily a the ecosystem level because ofthe immense number of Specie the major- ity of which are currently unknown. A species-by-spscies ‘approach will fail because it weit quickly exhaust: (1) financial resources, 2) the time avaiable, (3) societal patience, wi Gp scenic Knowledge. To even come close to attaining the goal of Pee biodi ae ty, broad: scale approaches—at the levels of regional and local ecosystems—are the aly way to conserve the oversthelming mass—million of species—of existing biodiver- sity (Franklin, 1993). Fortunately, we have the abiity 0 distinguish and map ecosystems a alti spatial scales as described in Chapters 2,13, and 21. Aso, discussed earlier athe chapter, qualitative and quantitative procedures are availabe 1 determine ecosys- +o versity and facilitate conservation of ecosystems and their Biot Public interest and concern over biodiversity and the consersa.on of forest ecosys- tems" reflected in many ways: in the passing ofthe Endangered Speee® Act, develop- warn ad widespread interest in the ciscipline of Conservation BioloeY (Soulé, 1986; Pri- mack, 1993: Meffe and Carroll, 1997), interest in conserving ext 108 old-growth forests rset Jourism and bioprospecting for medicinal uses, and efforts by public and private or- tanizations to develop programs in conservation and sustainability of ecosystems. In ad- aerate following initiatives iustate the widespread interdisciPhinat interest in the oancnuement of ecosystems 10 sustain biodiversity (1) detaileg documentation of the most srapsered ecosystems in the United States (Noss et al» 1995), (2) publication of the cane oide to living sustainability sing an ecosystem approac® (Gm al, 1995), (3) the insightful analysis ofthe sposted owl controversy (Yaies, 1994), and the emphasis oper evosystem management forthe 21st century (Kohm and Franklin, 1997). est erofron of biological and ecosystem diversity may be furthered ¥y establishing parks and preserves, but it primarily rests on innovative ‘management of semi-natural Eoosystems and cut-over lands that form dhe vast malo) of the world’s forested lands, sree, a variety of procedures have been developed for the consSeA of biodiver- wily, and they are avilable in the works of authors of Avene viewpoints (Harris, 1984, 3 an gre, 1990, Chapter 8; Hunter, 1990; Hammond, 1991; Mets ‘and Carroll, 1997; par Rowe, 1997). Specific guidelines for conserving forest biodiversity provided by a Rome (1992) and by Probst and Crow (1991). Key recommendstons ‘emphasize: fh) ecosystem management at a landscape sale using @ region#! perspective, (2) thinking beyond the boundaries of specific ownerships and avoiding, MAST using a stand-b cern proach, (3) stressing multispecies and ecosystem managerneh (4) conducting sebtogieel surveys and inventories to know the land and what 08 6 ‘and (5) monitoringG12 chapter 20 / Dwversity problem ecosystems and problem species. Furthermore, Janzen’s (1997) perceptive con- sideration of wildland biodiversity management in the tropics emphasizes innovative ap- proaches and, above all, the relevance of the pivotal professions of taxonomy and natural history, ‘Conservation of biological and ecosystem diversity may take place locally, but as we have seen, a landscape-level ecosystem approach is required. Landscape ecology is con- sidered in the following chapter, and examples of ecosystem management for structurally and ecologically heterogeneous systems are presented, Suggested Readings Burton, P.J.,A. C. Balisky, L. P. Coward, S. G. Cumming, and D. D. Kneeshaw 1992. The value of ‘managing for biodiversity. For. Chronicle 68:225-237. Franklin J. F. 1993. Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecological Appli cations 3:202-205. Huston, M A. 1994. Biological Diversity: Cambridge Univ, Press. 681 pp. Janzen, D. H. 1997. Wildland biodiversity management in the tropics, In M. J. Reaka-Kudla, D. E. ‘Wilson, and E. 0. Wilson (eds.), Biodiveristy Il: Understanding and Protecting Our Biologt ‘al Resources. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Latham, R. E,, and R. E, Ricklefs. 1993. Continental comparisons of temperate-zone tee species di- versity. In R. Rickles and D. Schlutr (eds.), Spectes Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago Ledig, F-71992. Human impacts on genetic diversity in forest ecosystems, Oikos 63:87-108. Magurran, A. E. 1988, Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 179 pp. Rowe, J.S. 1997. The necessity of protecting ecoscapes. Global Biodiversity 7:9-12. Wilson, E. 0, 1992. The Diversity of Life. Belknap Press, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 424 PP.