V 0132 GB Transmission Lines

Communication Engineering
Transmission Lines
1st Edition
Communication Engineering
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Order no.: V 0132
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Code: 9.6.6
V 0132 List of Contents I
List of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4. Wire transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.2 Notes on the measuring technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.2 Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3 Noise sensitivity of a two-wire line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2. Optical waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.4 Noise sensitivity of a coaxial line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.5 Spurious emission of a wire transmission . . . . . . . . 81
2.2 Power characteristics of transmit diodes . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Attenuation measuring on fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Solutions
2.4 Attenuation at connection points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. Optical waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 1
2.5 Transmission of AC voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3. Wireless transmission by infrared radiation . . . . . . . L 15
2.6 Transmission of 2 analog signals in frequency 4. Wire transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 21
division multiplex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.7 Transmission of frequency-modulated signals . . . . 37 Appendix
2.8 Transmission of pulse-frequency modulated 1. Formula symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 1

signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2. Equipment required for the experiments . . . . . . . . . . . A 2
2.9 Transmission of a PCM signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3. Wireless transmission by infrared radiation . . . . . 51
3.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Spectral sensitivity of the infrared receiver . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Attenuation of the transmission line

(Law of Photometric Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Radiation characteristic of the transmit module . . . 58
3.5 Transmission of AC voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.6 Transmission of frequency-modulated signals . . . . 64
3.7 Transmission of a digital signal in the

Modulated operating mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.8 Transmission of a PCM signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

V 0132 Introduction 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Fundamentals
message converter transmitter transmission receiver converter message

source line sink
Fig. 1.1.1
You need a message transmission system to transmit mess- • Semiduplex mode

ages. The message source may contain speech, texts, pic- Information flows in both directions, not simultaneously how-
tures or data for example. These messages must first be ever, but with a time offset since only one transmission
converted into an electrical signal in a converter. channel is available.
• Duplex mode
A transmitter adapts the signal to the conditions of the trans-
Information flows in both directions at the same time be-
mission line (matching). In a radio line, the message is shifted
cause there is a separate transmission channel for both
by modulation to a frequency range which can be radiated by
directions.
the selected antenna. On an optical transmission line with or
without an optical waveguide, conversion of the electrical
information into optical information is a precondition. The This manual (V 0132) deals with different types of transmission
message can only be transmitted in the original frequency lines.
range in a wire transmission. If the line is used for transmitting Since the field of transmission lines also includes the subjects
different messages simultaneously, modulation is required of modulation and demodulation, the MODULATION BOARD
here too. and the DEMODULATION BOARD are used in many of the
experiments.
The receiver receives the signal, amplifies it or, in the case
of optical systems, reconverts it first into an electrical signal. The appendix contains a list of the equipment required for the
The message is decoded and demodulated, if necessary, individual experiments.
before being passed to the message sink via a converter.
The measuring experiments are set so that no additional
We distinguish between three different operating modes in information and assistance should normally be necessary. If
message transmission: the trainee has the necessary pre-training it is conceivable
and even desirable to provide only the experiments as a
• Simplex mode
problem without the appropriate diagram for the experiment
Information can only flow in one direction (e. g. TV broad-
setup.
casts).
2 Introduction V 0132
1.2 Notes on the Measuring Technology
The power supply lines are not drawn in the diagrams for the of the exercises (exception: chapters 4.3 to 4.5), this is not
respective experiment setup. The TRANSMITTER BOARD recommended for didactical reasons.
and RECEIVER BOARD require ±15 V and +5 V for operation.
These voltages can be taken from the MODULATION BOARD, The values specified in the solutions should be arrived at
the DEMODULATION BOARD or power supply units. tendentially. Strong deviations are quite possible due to com-
ponent tolerances, especially in fibre optics technology.
Although it is possible to supply the TRANSMITTER BOARD
and the RECEIVER BOARD from one power supply in most
+15V/0 ,3A +15V/0,3 A

+15V +15V +15V +15V
+5V +5V +5V +5V

+5V +5V
0 ,3A 0,3A
0V 0V 0V 0V
0V 0V
-15 V/0,3A -15V/0,3A
-15V -15V - 15V -15V
MODULATION BOARD TRANSMITTER BOARD RECEIVER BOARD DEMODULATION BOARD
Fig. 1.2.1 Power supply to the TRANSMITTER BOARD and RECEIVER BOARD
V 0132 Optical Waveguide 3
2. Optical Waveguide
2.1 Fundamentals
Development of optical waveguide technology The transmittable frequency range and the bridgeable dis-
tances are determined basically by:
The optical transmission of messages (smoke signals, morse
code with a light source) is a form of communication which
• properties of the optical waveguide
man has always used for sending messages. However, the • radiated power and modulability (frequency behaviour) of
applied methods which used light as a medium could not meet the transmitter
the demand for a high transmission speed because the pre-
conditions for fast, reliable transmission were missing:
• sensitivity of the receiver
• There were no powerful and rapidly switchable light sources.

The input signals can be transmitted analogly but this requires
• The human eye used for observation is unsuitable as a fast linearity of the entire system which can only be achieved at
receiver. great cost. The analog method is used despite this to transmit
TV and radio signals in the 47 ... 550 MHz frequency range
• The properties of the earth’s atmosphere as a transmission
for example. Digitalisation is not viable in this application for
medium are greatly dependent on the prevailing weather
reasons of costs and compatibility. Distances of up to 15 km
conditions.
can be bridged without repeaters with a single mode fibre.
The advantages of optical waveguide systems, e. g. their wide
Principle of optical message transmission bandwidth and resistance to interference, only come to the
fore, however, in a digital transmission. In this case, analog
Fig. 2.1.1 shows the principle of an optical transmission sys- signals must be digitalised first (e. g. by pulse code modula-
tem. Electrical signals are converted into light signals in the tion), digital high and low states can be transmitted directly
transmitter. The light is coupled into an optical waveguide and as bright-dark information or are converted into suitable trans-
fed to the receiver through this where it is converted back into mission codes (e. g. 5B/6B).
electrical signals.
Advantages of the optical waveguide technology
There is a wide range of application possibilities for fibre in

light source
communications technology. The reasons for this are the
electr. matching following properties:
input circuit
• low attenuation; this makes it possible to bridge long dis-
optical
waveguide tances without repeaters
(OWG)
• large bandwidth for transmitting large quantities of informa-
electr. matching
output circuit
tion
light receiver • electrical isolation of the transmitter and receiver; no poten-

tial problems as a result (earth loops)
In addition, measuring and transmission problems for which
transformers, buffer amplifiers or optocouplers are other-
Fig. 2.1.1 Principle of an optical transmission system wise necessary can be solved simply.
4 Optical Waveguide V 0132
• insensitivity to electromagnetic interferences, e. g. in the first be coupled into the fibre. The light is refracted at the
vicinity of powerful machines coupling point, at the transition from the medium air (nair = 1)
to the optical waveguide (n1). Snellius formulated this fact in
• small cable diameters and low weight; this makes it possible
his law of refraction:
to pull in great line lengths
sin α c1 n2
• much greater bugging security than wire or wireless trans- = =
sin β c2 n1
mission
n1/2 = refraction coefficient of media 1 and 2
• high safety in areas where there is a risk of explosion
c1/2 = speed of the light in the media
• no chatter
He discovered that a beam of light is refracted on the basis
The optical waveguide of the different propagation speeds of the light in media of
varying density.
The optical waveguide (OWG) or simply the fibre has the task
of carrying the light from the transmitter to the receiver with
as little loss as possible. The light conducting properties of This will be explained by a simple example:
the fibres are of great importance to the optical transmission
line. You are standing on a bridge and looking into the water (Fig.
The principle of wave guidance through the optical waveguide 2.1.3). There is a glass bottle lying on the bottom at an angle
will be explained in a very simple fibre. Fig. 2.1.2 shows the below you. Since your eye does not take the refraction at the
schematic structure of such a fibre, the so-called step index surface of the water into account, the glass bottle appears to
fibre. be much nearer to the surface than it actually is.
air
n1 water
apparent refraction
Θ2 Θ2 Jac
Danike
n2 n1 position ls
n2
d light beam actual
Jac k
position Danie
ls
Fig. 2.1.2 Schematic structure of a step index fibre Fig. 2.1.3 Refraction of light at the air – water transition
The OWG is a cylindrical fibre made of a highly refined, You can also use your toothbrush in a beaker of water as an
light-permeable material. It consists of a core with the refrac- example.
tive index n1 and a sheath with the refractive index n2. The The maximum coupling angle Θ (Fig. 2.1.4), i. e. the angle at
light beam drawn in Fig. 2.1.2 is reflected totally at the border which total reflection still takes place in the fibre is referred to
layers and therefore conducted along the line. The angle of as the acceptance angle δA. The sine of this maximum value
incidence Θ1 is equal to the angle of reflection Θ2 here. In can be found under ,,numerical aperture AN“ in the data sheets
order for the beam to be fully reflected, the angle of incidence of fibre manufacturers.
Θ1 may not exceed a certain value otherwise the beam is not
reflected but merely refracted. This limit angle depends on δmax = arc sin √

n 21 − n22
the ratio of the two refraction coefficients n1 and n2.
AN = 
√ 
n 2fibre axis − n 2sheath
The conditions described up till now assume that the light
beam is already in the fibre. However, the light beam must
Apart from this classification in stage index and gradient index

fibres, there is also a classification in multimode fibres and
single mode fibres.
n a ir = 1 Θ1
Multimode fibres allow propagation of several modes in the
δ n1
fibre core. If the OWG is a multimode fibre with a step index
profile, the paths of different lengths of the light through the
n2
OWG result in differences in the propagation time. Fibres with
a gradient index profile are also multimode fibres; however,
the differences in propagation times are compensated here
Fig. 2.1.4 Coupling angle δ
by the special index profile. In single mode fibres the diameter
of the core is so small that only one mode can be propagated.
In addition to the stage index fibres, gradient index fibres exist Single mode fibres are therefore always step index fibres.
in which the refraction coefficient of the maximum value
usually drops outwards in a parabola form from the centre of The OWG used in the experiments with the TRANSMITTER
the fibre. As a result, the propagation in this type of optical BOARD and the RECEIVER BOARD is a multimode fibre
waveguide is no longer straight but curved. Fig. 2.1.5 shows with step index. Since the synthetic material used is relatively
the origin of this path curve in simplified form. cheap and flexible, the synthetic fibre has been standardised
with a core diameter of 980 µm and a sheath diameter of
1000 µm.
The fibre materials also play a part, a distinction is made

r between:
• synthetic fibres
• HCS fibres (hard polymer coated quartz glass fibres)
δ centre of the fibre z
• quartz glass fibres
The following table classifies the different fibres:
Fig. 2.1.5 Schematic structure of a gradient index fibre

250 ... 980 µm
APF (All Plastic Fiber)
core diameter
You can also imagine the optical waveguide as being divided
into several layers with a refraction coefficient which drops PCS (Plastic Coated Silicon) 200 µm
outwards. There is no longer total reflection at the transition Glass synthetic fibre with soft sheath core diameter
of the light but refraction; the path of the light becomes flatter
and flatter the further it gets from the centre of the fibre. For
HCS (Hard Clad Silicon) 50 ... 600 µm
a continuous change in the refraction index the beam then
Glass synthetic fibre with hard sheath core diameter
runs in sinusoidal curves (Fig. 2.1.6).
10 ... 200 µm
SIF (Step Index Fiber)
core diameter
50 ... 100 µm
δ z GIF (Gradient Index Fiber)
core diameter
δ max
5 ... 12 µm
SMF (Single Mode Fiber)
core diameter
Fig. 2.1.6 Table 2.1.1

Dispersion
All effects which lead to pulse widening during transmission

of a pulse through an optical waveguide are known as dis-
persion.
Mode dispersion:
input pulse output pul se

Since the light moves along different paths within the core in
multimode fibres with step index profile, propagation time A A
differences are produced (Fig. 2.1.7).
In multimode fibres with gradient index profile, the differences

in propagation time are kept small due to the different speeds t t
of the modes caused by different refraction coefficients in the
fibre.
In single mode fibres mode dispersion has no influence be- Fig. 2.1.7 Origin of propagation time differences in multimode
cause only one mode (basic mode) can propagate. fibres
M(λ )
Material and waveguide dispersion: ps
/
n m km
Both are summarised under the term ,,chromatic dispersion“.
This type of dispersion is caused by the dependence of the - 2 00
wavelength on the refraction coefficient of the fibre. It can be

- 1 50
kept low if the transmitter only radiates one wavelength if
possible and if wavelengths of about 1300 nm are used - 1 00
because in this range all wavelength divisions have approxi-
mately the same group propagation times (Fig. 2.1.8). -50
1.4 1.6 1 .8 2. 0
λ / µm
0
A pulse widening is produced due to the dispersion and the 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 .2
length of the line. This limits the possible transmission rate. 50
In multimode fibres the bandwidth for 1 km length is therefore
usually specified. In single mode fibres on the other hand the 1 00
ps
dispersion is usually specified in . Fig. 2.1.8 Curve of spectral dispersion
nm ⋅ km
Attenuation α /
dB
km
10
The losses which occur in the OWG can be calculated i n f lu e n c e o f g r eat er or
l es s er c o n t am i n at io n
from the radiation power acting at the start (P1) and 8
end (P2) of a fibre section of length l.
6
10 P1
αL = lg ( ) 4
l P2 1
2
2 3
This attenuation constant is generally specified in 0

dB / km in the data sheets of the optical waveguide 400 600 800 1000 1 2 00 14 0 0
λ / nm
manufacturers. It is always dependent on the wave-
vio le t
blue
ul tra -
vi o l e t
r ed
ye llo w
g r e en
in fr a r ed
length of the radiation.
Fig. 2.1.9 shows the theoretical attenuation curve of Fig. 2.1.9 Curve of attenuation in a glass fibre
a glass fibre. The preferred wavelengths are 850 mm,
1300 mm and 1550 mm; they are also referred to as
dB
the 1st, 2nd or 3rd window. α /
km
100
The Figs. 2.1.10 and 2.1.11 show the curve of atte-
80
nuation of an HCS fibre which is used in the 1st
window and a synthetic fibre which exhibits its lowest 60
attenuation in the visible red range below the 1st
40
window.
20
The choice of transmission wavelength depends on

0
the availability of transmission and reception ele- 400 6 00 800 1000 1 2 00 14 00
ments, as low an attenuation as possible and as λ / nm
small a dispersion as possible. Fig. 2.1.10 Curve of attenuation in an HCS glass fibre, Type Honeywell
HOCCO202
The attenuation is mainly caused by:

10000
dB
α /
• dispersion effects as a result of inhomogeneities in km
5000
the material (Rayleigh dispersion)
• absorption losses of the radiation due to contami- 2000

nation of the quartz material, e. g. by water (OH
absorption) 1000
500
Additional losses may be caused by kinking the OWG
during installation and by mechanical deformation.
For this reason, the manufacturers’ specifications 200
with respect to the minimum bending radius must be

100
observed.
0
0 400 500 600 700 800 900
λ / nm
Fig. 2.1.11 Curve of attenuation of a synthetic fibre

The distance which can be bridged without repeaters is de- specifications of some fibre manufacturers.
cided by the fibre material and structure as well as by the Optical waveguides are available for various applications as
transmitter and receiver quality. indoor and outdoor cables with one or more fibres and as
special cables (e. g. air cables).
As a guide, some typical fibre values are listed in Table 2.1.2
below which may, however, deviate considerably from the
Typical Typical Typical

Bandwidth for 1 km
core diameter sheath diameter attenuation
Synthetic fibre dB transmission not possible

980 µm 1000 µm 190
with step index profile km above 1 km
Multimode HCS fibre dB

110 µm 125 µm 7 15 MHz
with step index profile km
Multimode quartz glass fibre dB

50 µm 125 µm 1.2 1 GHz
with gradient profile km
dB
Single mode quartz glass fibre 9 µm 125 µm 0.1 10 GHz
km
Table 2.1.2
Transmission elements
The job of the radiation source of an optical message system

is to transmit a powerful, as monochromatic as possible a
light beam with optimum efficiency.
spectral
It must also be possible to couple the light into the input funnel relative bandwidth
of the fibre end face limited by the numerical aperture. The radiation
power ∆λ
transmitted wavelength must correspond to the low loss trans-
∆λ
mission range of the fibre and must be modulatable with high 1.0
frequencies.
Because of these demands, only the semiconductor compo-
nents light emitting diodes (LED) or laser diodes can be used
as optical radiation sources. 0.5
LED
LEDs are generally used in the transmission systems with
bandwidths up to 30 MHz. 0
LEDs do not radiate monochromatic light but a frequency mix. wavelength
The spectral bandwidth, measured at half the relative radiation

power, is 30 ... 80 nm depending on the type of diode. This
is known as the spectral half value width (spectral half-value Fig. 2.1.12 Distribution of radiation of a transmit diode in the
width = ∆λ, spectral bandwidth = 2 ⋅ ∆λ). wavelength interval λp
In multimode lasers this is approx. 5 nm and in monomode The characteristic of a laser on the other hand is divided into
lasers approx. 0.1 nm. Since monochromatic light is required two ranges. At low currents the laser radiates only a little
for transmission in single mode fibres due to dispersion, only power, however, above a certain threshold current it exhibits
the laser diode can be used here. Besides, the laser diode a very steep and linear curve. In this range it radiates mono-
has the greater output power in comparison with the LED. chromatic light.
LEDs can be operated at very low currents and exhibit a Fig. 2.1.14 shows the power characteristic of a laser as it is
satisfactory linearity for most applications when the power used for example for a CD player.
characteristic is not modulated too greatly. Fig. 2.1.13 shows
the power characteristic of the diode HFE4020 (transmit diode,
820 nm in the TRANSMITTER BOARD) as an excerpt from
the data sheet.
Ith = 50.3 m A Io = 6 1 . 7 m A
Typical Optical Power Output vs Forward Current
E t a = 0 . 2 62 m W / m A Is = 0 . 4 45 m A
V op = 1 . 7 9 V V _ AN G = 2 8. 7 d eg
10 2 S p ec t = 7 88 . 4 n m H _ A N G = 1 3. 5 d eg
IDEAL LIN EAR 10

OPTICAL POW ER OUTPUT (NORMALIZED)
P0 /W
10 1
TYPICAL POW ER
LAUNCHED INTO ^
50/125 MICRON
FIBER OPTICAL CABLE
4
10 0
TYPICAL UNIT POW ER CURVE
10 -1 0
10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 0 20 40 60 80 100
FORW ARD CURRENT / mA
I F / mA
Fig. 2.1.13 Power curve of diode HFE4020 Fig. 2.1.14 Power curve of laser
Excerpt from the data sheets of the transmission elements used in the TRANSMITTER BOARD:
Red transmit diode, 660 nm (Type TLRA130)
Absolute maximum ratings (TA = 25°C)

Item Symbol Rating Unit
DC forward current IF 50 mA
Reverse voltage VR 4 V
Power consumption PD 125 mW
Operating temperature Topr -20 ~85 °C
Storage temperature Tstg -30 ~100 °C
Electrical/optical characteristics (TA = 25°C)

Item Symbol Condition Minimum Typical Maximum Unit
Forward voltage VF IF = 20 mA — 1.8 2.4 V
Reverse current IR VR = 4 V — — 100 µA
Peak light-emitting wavelength λp IF = 20 mA — 660 — nm
Spectral half-value width ∆λ IF = 20 mA — 25 — nm
Infrared transmit diode, 850 nm (Type HFE4020)
Electrical/optical characteristics (-40°C < T < 100°C unless otherwise noted)

Item Symbol Condition Minimum Typical Maximum Unit
Fiber coupled power (1) POC IF = 50 mA, 100⁄140 micron (2)
0.29 NA fiber, T = 25°C (3)
—
HFE4020-313 30 60 µW
-15.2 -12.2 dBm
Forward voltage VF IF = 100 mA — 1.7 2.0 V
Reverse voltage BVR IR = 10 µA 1.0 5.0 — V
Peak wavelength λp IF = 100 mA DC — 850 — nm
Spectral bandwidth ∆λ IF = 100 mA DC — 50 — nm
Response time
tr — 6 8
tr 1 V Prebias, 100 mA peak — 8 10 ns
tr — 6 9
tr — 8 11
IF = 100 mA DC, small signal
Analog bandwidth BWE — 85.0 — MHz
sinusoidal modulation
P0 Temperature coefficient ∆P0 / ∆T IF = 100 mA — -0.019 — dB / °C
Series resistance rs DC — 4.0 — Ω
Capacitance C VR = 0 V, f = 1 MHz — 70 — pF
Heat sinked (3) 250
Thermal resistance — — — °C / W
Not heat sinked 500
Notes:
1. Dash numbers indicate power output.
2. HFE4020 is tested using a 10 meter length of 100/140 µm dia fiber cable, terminated in a precision ST ferrule. Actual coupled power values
may vary due to alignment procedures and/or receptacle and fiber tolerances.
3. HFE4020 must be heat sinked for continuous IF > 50 mA operation (i. e. mounted in a metal connector with thermally conductive epoxy.)
Reception elements Fig. 2.1.16 shows the spectral sensitivity of the Si-PIN diode
(Type SFH202) used in the RECEIVER BOARD.
The job of the radiation receiver is to reconvert the radiation
which leaves the optical waveguide into an electrical signal. 1
µ A
This can be done using the following components: S/ 0.8
µ W
Phototransistor 0.6
The phototransistor is only suitable for slow, low-frequency 0.5
processes because of its long rise and fall times.
0.4
PN photodiode and PIN photodiode

0.3
The common PN photodiode differs from the PIN photodiode
in its structure. A weak conductive intrinsic zone is inserted
between the P and N layers in the PIN diode. Due to the
0.2
ensuing wide space charge region, very low depletion layer
capacitances are obtained, this produces very fast switching
0.1 5
times. The PIN is also superior to the PN diode in the detection
of weak light intensities.
0.1
Avalanche photodiode (APD)
This component gets its name from its operating principle. 300 400 50 0 600 7 00 800 900 100 0
Additional charge carriers are released in the avalanche diode

by impact ionization. The advantage of the APD is its good λ / nm
signal-to-noise ratio. Very sensitive or very fast diodes can Fig. 2.1.16
be manufactured depending on the doping.
When selecting a receive diode, make sure that it is suitable

for the selected wave range. The spectral sensitivity of the The photocurrent of the PIN diode used is almost linear to the
diode depends on the type of semiconductor material used. incident optical radiation. The measured voltage at the working
resistor of the diode (100 kΩ) and the output voltage at the
Fig. 2.1.15 shows the spectral sensitivity of different materials. RECEIVER BOARD are therefore a measure of the radiation
power at the receiver. The optical power is specified in the
g er m an i u m linear measure in µW or in the logarithmic measure in dBm
100
(reference variable 1 mW =^ 0 dBm). Fig. 2.1.17 shows the
S REL / %
80 calibration curve of the receiver. This was obtained by a
s i li c on
comparative measurement of the radiation power with an
In Ga A s
60 optical power meter. Since the spectral sensitivity of the re-
ceive diode differs at the two wavelengths, this must be
40
recompensated with separate curves according to the wave-
20
length.
0
5 00 7 00 900 1 1 00 1 3 00 15 0 0 17 0 0
λ / nm
Fig. 2.1.15
0 100 0
PE PE
/ dBm / µW
500
-5
-10 100
50 660 nm
-15 820 nm
-20 10
-25
-30 1
0.5
-35
-40 0.1
0.01 0.02 0.0 5 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
U out / V
Fig. 2.1.17
2.2 Power Characteristics of Transmit Diodes
2.2.1 General
The radiated power of transmit diodes depends on the forward

current IF. Depending on the type used, the radiated power
may vary at the same forward current.
2.2.2 Experiments Section
❒ Experiment
Record the characteristics PE = f (IF) of different transmit diodes and evaluate them. The respective radiation power should be
determined with the output voltage Uout (output DC) of the optical waveguide receiver in connection with the corresponding
calibration characteristic.
To keep the measuring work in the following experiment to a minimum, the coupling attenuation and the attenuation of the fibre
used are ignored when determining the radiation power.
Experiment setup
TRANSMITTE R BOARD (Type 4 282) REC EIVER BOAR D (Type 4 283)
+1 5V
250 Ω
ANALOG
ANALOG
DC
Σ Σ U out
660
AC
nm
10 Ω U 10
synth etic fibr e 0 .5 m
( Typ e 42 82.20)
ext. ext.
DC OFFSET DC OFFSET Vu
Vu
0,1...2 1...6
820 100 kΩ
nm + 15 V
Fig. 2.2.2.1
Basic setting on the TRANSMITTER BOARD: Basic setting on the RECEIVER BOARD:
- Toggle switch for drive type in analog position (up) - 2 mm plug for operating mode at analog (top plug facility)
- Plug for diode selection first on 660 nm diode (up) - Use of internal receive diode, 2 mm plug plugged in
- Fibre plugged into the mount of the 660 nm diode receive diode
- Fibre plugged into the mount of the receive diode
- Potentiometer Vu to left stop
Experiment procedure
• The transmit diode current is not determined directly but as

660 nm transmit diode
a voltage drop at a 10 Ω resistor and must therefore be
converted. U10 / mV IF / mA Uout / V PE / µW
U10 50 mV
Example: IF = = = 5 mA
R 10 Ω
• The transmission current can be set with the DC-offset

potentiometer in the TRANSMITTER BOARD.
• Set the output voltage Uout to 0 V with the DC-offset poten-

tiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD. This setting should be
made without transmission current (U10 = 0 V). Table 2.2.2.1
• Determine the value of the radiation power PE by measuring

the output voltage Uout. This value can be read with the aid 820 nm transmit diode
of the calibration characteristic of the RECEIVER BOARD U10 / mV IF / mA Uout / V PE / µW
specified in Fig. 2.1.17. Select the characteristic with the
appropriate wavelength.
The 2 mm plug for the diode selection in the TRANSMITTER

BOARD must be replugged for the 820 nm transmit diode.
• Enter all the measured and calculated values in Tables

2.2.2.1 and 2.2.2.2.
• Transpose these values to the diagram (Fig. 2.2.2.2) to plot Table 2.2.2.2
the curve.
• Take into account the fact that the output voltage of the
RECEIVER BOARD is limited to approx. 11 V at the settings
made for the measurements.
0 1000
PE PE
/ dBm / µW
500
-5
-10 100
50
-15
-20 10
-25
-30 1
0.5
-35
-40 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 10 0
I F / mA
Fig. 2.2.2.2
Question 1: Is it the receive diode you use that causes the Question 2: How does the radiation power of the various
receiver to be overmodulated earlier in a diode? transmit diodes behave at equal forward current?
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Question 3: In what range are the characteristics PE = f (IF)
............................................. linear?
............................................. Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.3 Attenuation Measuring on Fibres
2.3.1 General
The attenuation of the optical waveguide line must be known The following are required for measuring attenuation accord-
in order to plan and check an optical transmission system. ing to method 7:
This is made up of the attenuation of the optical waveguide
• 1 level transmitter
and the type and number of connecting points. Attenuation
reserves (e. g. for repair splices) must also be taken into • 1 level meter
account in planning.
• 1 reference line
The attenuation of a line is recorded as a diminishing meas- • 1 coupling
urement in order to be able to detect later deviations. Nine
different methods have been defined under IEC 874-1 for
First level P1 is measured at the end of the reference line.
uniform measurements, whereby most of these are difficult to
Then the measuring target is connected with the coupling and
carry out or lead to destruction of the measuring target by
level P2 is measured. The difference between the level values
cutting. Two of these methods are described below.
P1 and P2 gives the attenuation of the line and the plug St1
because the plug St2 radiates directly onto the large-area
The following are required for measuring insertion loss ac-
detector of the level meter.
cording to method 6:
The measuring object must be turned over in order to measure
• 1 level transmitter the attenuation of St2 as well.
• 1 level meter
If the levels in the two measurements differ, this means that
• 2 reference lines one of the two plugs has a higher attenuation than the other.
• 2 couplings
For the 1st measurement, the two reference lines (L1 and L2)
reference line
are connected with a coupling and level P1 is measured. level level
tran s- P1
For the second measurement, the measuring target (L3) is mi tter
meter
inserted with the coupling and level P2 is measured.

The difference gives the total insertion loss including all plug
errors.
St1 S t2
level
l ev el
tran s- P2
meter
mi tter
reference li ne reference l ine

level
level
tran s- P1
meter
mi tte r L1 L2
level
l ev el
tran s- P3
pr ecisi on coupli ngs meter
mi tter St1 S t2
level
level
tran s- P2
meter
mi tte r L3
insertion l oss = P 1 - P 2
Fig. 2.3.1.1 Attenuation measuring according to method 6 Fig. 2.3.1.2 Attenuation measuring according to method 7
The two methods described refer to the practical measuring The synthetic optical waveguide is only suitable for short lines
of glass fibre lines. In order to obtain reproducible coupling on account of its high attenuation. However, it does have the
conditions a reference line is used. The decoupling is less advantage of being easy to handle, robust and low-cost.
critical because the detector in the level meter usually has a
relatively large area and as a result errors of the plug (e. g.
eccentricity) are not apparent.
10000
dB
α /
km
5000
2000
1000
500
200
100
0 400 500 600 700 800 900
λ / nm
Fig. 2.3.1.3 Spectral attenuation of a synthetic optical waveguide
The coupling with a reference line commonly used in glass

fibres is uncommon in synthetic fibres. r eferen ce li n e
le vel
l evel
trans - meter P1
The following are required for measuring attenuation in syn- mitte r
thetic fibres:
• 1 level transmitter
samp le
• 1 level meter le vel
l evel
trans - P2
meter
mitte r
• 1 reference line
First the level is determined on the meter with the reference Fig. 2.3.1.4 Attenuation measuring on synthetic fibres
line connected (P1).
For the second measurement, the reference line is replaced
by the sample and the level is measured (P2).
The attenuation is given by the difference P1 - P2, whereby it
is assumed that the coupling conditions for reference line and
sample are the same.
❒ Experiment
Measure the attenuation of the available synthetic fibres at different wavelengths. Use the 0.5 m long synthetic fibre as a reference
line. To simplify the measurement, assume that the coupling and decoupling losses in all fibres are the same. The TRANSMITTER
BOARD serves as a level transmitter, the RECEIVER BOARD with a connected voltmeter as a level meter.
Experiment setup
TRANS MITTER BOARD (T ype 4 282) REC EIVER BOAR D (T ype 4 283)
+ 15 V
250 Ω
ANALOG
ANALOG
DC
Σ Σ Uout
660
AC
nm
10 Ω U 10
syn th etic fib re 0.5 m
(Typ e 4282 .20)
ext. syn th etic fib re 5 m ext.

DC OFFSET (Typ e 4282 .210) DC OFFSET Vu
Vu
0,1...2 syn th etic fib re 20 m 1...6
(Typ e 4282 .23)
820 100 kΩ
nm +15V
Fig. 2.3.2.1
- Plug for diode selection on 660 nm diode (up) - Use of internal receive diode, 2 mm plug plugged in
- Fibre 0.5 m plugged into the mount of the 660 nm diode receive diode
- Fibre plugged into the mount of the receive diode
• The transmit diode current is not determined directly but as • Set the output voltage Uout to 0 V with the DC-offset poten-
a voltage drop at a 10 Ω resistor and must therefore be tiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD. This setting should be
converted. made without transmission current (U10 = 0 V).
U10 50 mV
Example: IF = = = 5 mA • Now set the transmit diode current so that there is as high
R 10 Ω
as possible a modulation of the receiver over the 0.5 m line
but no overmodulation (at the given settings at approx. Uout
• The transmission current can be set with the DC-offset
= 11 V).
potentiometer in the TRANSMITTER BOARD.
• Repeat this setting with the 820 nm diode inserted.

660 nm transmit diode,
• The values for the attenuation a must be referred to the set diode current: .... mA
optical waveguide with length 0.5 m and calculated with the
l/m Uout / V PE / dBm a / dB
following formula:
UA(0.5 m) 0.5
a = 10 lg dB
UA(x m)
5
Another method is to convert the measured voltages to 20
logarithmic levels with the aid of the calibration curve in Fig.
2.1.17. The attenuation is then calculated as subtraction of Table 2.3.2.1
the logarithmic level values.
a = P0 - P1
P0 = power at the output of the reference line 820 nm transmit diode,

P1 = power at the output of the measuring target set diode current: .... mA

• Enter the measured values in Table 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2.
0.5
• Transpose the calculated attenuation values to the diagram
(Fig. 2.3.2.2). 5
20
Table 2.3.2.2
40
a / dB
30
20
10
0
0 10 20
l/ m
Fig. 2.3.2.2
Question 1: Which transmit diode is better suited for trans- Question 2: Which attenuation constant α in dB/km is given
mission? by the attenuation values measured at different wavelengths?
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.4 Attenuation at Connection Points
2.4.1 General
Depending on requirements, either a permanent or a discon- Processing of permanent connections of optical waveguides
nectable connection is selected when connecting optical (so-called splices) may have the following reasons:
waveguides. Disconnectable connections are made with plugs
• Single optical waveguide cables are to be intercoupled in a
which are connected by crimping or sticking to the fibre de-
long line with as low losses as possible.
pending on the manufacturer. All well-known manufacturers
in this field offer assembly kits. Plugs in the most various • It must be possible to repair the fibre with as little loss as
designs are used such as the SMA plug with screw connection possible in the event of a break in the line.
technique, the so-called ST plug (BFOC/2.5) with bayonet
• It is usually difficult to connect plugs at the assembly site,
connection, the FC-PC plug, the mini-BNC plug or the LSA
therefore short line sections with pre-assembled plugs (pig-
plug according to DIN 47256 to name just a few of the most
tails) are used which must then be connected to the installed
common ones.
fibres.
Typical attenuation values of a plug are approximately be-
tween 0.2 dB and 2 dB.
A distinction is made between the following types of splices:
The plug connections are divided into those which form an
• The mechanical splice in which the fibres are held together
air gap between the ends of the fibre to be connected and
by pressing. To avoid reflections at the transition point, a
those in which the fibres are joined by crown burnishing. There
so-called index paste is used.
are also plug connections with bevel polishing on both sides.
• The stuck splice in which the adhesive which holds together
the fibres serves at the same time as an index paste.
• The fusion splice which has the lowest loss but for which the
most expensive tools need to be used.
air gap (strong reflex) In this fusion splicing method, the coating of the fibre is
removed first and then the fibre is broken with a separating
tool so that as level and flat as possible a fibre end face at
an angle of 90° to the fibre axis is obtained. The fibre ends
are adjusted with respect to axial offset and distance and
crown burnishing (no reflex) fused with the help of a light arc at approx. 2000°C. A
so-called splice protector is fitted to the splice to protect it
against mechnical stress. The attentuation values which
can be achieved are in the the range of 0.02 to 0.1 dB.
bevel polishing (reflexes deviate)
Fig. 2.4.1.1 Types of plug connections

The synthetic fibre used in the experiments with the TRANS- However, the influences of the end face distance, axial offset
MITTER BOARD and RECEIVER BOARD cannot be fusion- and tilt angle can be demonstrated and measured effectively
spliced for the obvious reasons. with the Optical Bench (Type 4185).
1. 5
aa
2r a dB
1. 0
axial offset a
0. 5
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
a/ r
A N = 0. 5
1. 5 A N = 0.4
as
2r
dB
1. 0
s A N = 0.3
end face distance s A N = 0.2

0. 5
A N = 0.15
A N = 0.1
0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
s/r
3.0
β aβ A N = 0.1
dB
2r A N = 0.15
2.0
ti lt angl e β
A N = 0.2
1.0 A N = 0.3
A N = 0.4
A N = 0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5
β /degree
Fig. 2.4.1.2
(air)
2r 2r
a n n n
0
axial offset su rface F resnel losses
2r 2r1 2r2
s s
end face d istance cor e diameter dir t
2r
A N1 A N2
tilt an g le num er ical apertu re
C
γ
loss an gle cylindr icity
Fig. 2.4.1.3 Cause of loss in optical waveguide connections

❒ Experiment
Simulate the error sources end face distance s, axial offset a and tilt angle β with the Optical Bench and determine the losses
which occur.
Experiment setup
TRANS MIT TE R BO AR D (T ype 4 282) REC EIVE R BO AR D (T ype 4 283)
+1 5V
250 Ω
ANALO G
ANALOG
synthetic fibr e
DC
(Type 428 2.18)
Σ Σ U out
660
nm
AC
10 Ω U 10
Op ti cal B en ch
ext. ext.
DC OFFSET
(T ype 4185) DC OFFSET
Vu Vu
0,1...2 1. ..6
820 100 kΩ
nm +15V
Fig. 2.4.2.1
- Plug for diode selection on 660 nm diode (up) - Use of internal receive diode, 2 mm plug plugged in
- Fibre 0.5 m (Type 4282.18) plugged in receive diode
- Fibre plugged in (Type 4282.18)
• Clamp the two snythetic fibres into the Optical Bench so that • The transmission current can be set with the DC-offset
the fibre ends protrude at least 2 mm out of the clamps. potentiometer in the TRANSMITTER BOARD.
• Before beginning measuring, set the arrangement with the • Set the output voltage Uout to 0 V with the DC-offset poten-
micrometer screw so that the fibre ends are exactly opposite tiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD. This setting should be
each other (lowest loss). made without transmission current (U10 = 0 V).
• The transmit diode current is not determined directly but as • Now set the transmit diode current so that there is as high
a voltage drop at a 10 Ω resistor and must therefore be as possible a modulation of the receiver over the 0.5 m line
converted. but no overmodulation (at the given settings at approx. Uout
U10 50 mV = 11 V).
R 10 Ω
• Increase the end face distance by the values specified in

End face distance s Axial offset a Tilt angle β
Table 2.4.2.1 and measure the respective output voltage.
s/
• Make sure the end face distance is as low as possible when Uout / V a / dB a / mm Uout / V a / dB β / ° Uout / V a / dB
mm
changing the axial offset.
0.0* – 0 – 0 –
• Keep a distance of 0.5 mm between the fibres (one turn of
the micrometer screw) when you change the tilt angle. 0.25 0.25 5
• The attenuation should be referred to the max. output volt- 0.5 0.5 10
age Uout (lowest end face distance) and should be calcu-
lated with the following formula. 0.75 0.75 15
1.0 1.0 20
UA(max)
aa = 10 ⋅ lg 1.25 1.25 25
UA(a)
UA(max) 1.5 —- —- —- 30
as = 10 ⋅ lg
UA(s)
1.75 —- —- —- 35
UA(max)
aβ = 10 ⋅ lg 2.0 —- —- —- 40
UA(β)
2.25 —- —- —- 45
• Enter the measured values in Table 2.4.2.1 and draw the 2.5 —- —- —- 50
diagram in Fig. 2.4.2.2.
Table 2.4.2.1
10
a / dB
0
0 1 2 3
a / mm
s / mm
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
β /°
Fig. 2.4.2.2
Question 1: How can as low a loss as possible be achieved

at the connection point in the Optical Bench? .............................................
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................
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2.5 Transmission of AC Voltage
2.5.1 General
Although most optical waveguide systems are used for digital transmitter power is modulated directly by the signals to be
signals, analog transmission still has some justification. If the transmitted, a high linearity of the whole system is necessary.
❒ Experiment
Transmit a sinusoidal 1 kHz signal in direct modulation (intensity modulation) over a 20 m long optical waveguide line with as
little distortion as possible. If a distortion factor meter is available, the distortion factor of the output voltage Uout can be measured
at different modulation of the transmit diode characteristic.
Experiment setup
MODULAT ION BO ARD T RAN SMIT TER BOARD ( Type 4282) RE CEIVER BOARD (T y pe 4283)
(T ype 428 0)
or g enerator
+ 15 V
250 Ω
AN AL OG
ANALOG
DC
G
U in
Σ Σ U out
660 AC
nm
10 Ω U 10
synthetic fibre 20 m
(Type 4282 .23)
ext. ext .
Vu
0,1...2 1...6
820 100 kΩ
nm +15V
Fig. 2.5.2.1
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD or generator: Basic setting on the RECEIVER BOARD:
- Uin: f = 1 kHz, û = 2 V - 2 mm plug for operating mode at analog (top plug facility)
- Use of internal receive diode, 2 mm plug plugged in
Basic setting on the TRANSMITTER BOARD: receive diode
- Toggle switch for drive type in analog position (up) - Fibre plugged into receive diode mount
- Plug for diode selection on 660 nm diode (up)
- Fibre plugged into the mount of the 660 nm diode
• The transmit diode current is not determined directly but as

a voltage drop at a 10 Ω resistor and must therefore be
PE
converted.
U10 50 mV
R 10 Ω
• The quiescent current of the transmit diode is set with the

DC-offset potentiometer in the TRANSMITTER BOARD
(operating point setting).
• The current of the useful signal through the transmit diode

is set with the Vu potentiometer in the TRANSMITTER
IF
BOARD.
potentiometer U DC
• A DC voltage part can be added to the reception signal with (operating point setting)
the DC-offset potentiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD.
• The amplitude of the reception signal including the added

DC voltage part can be amplified with the Vu potentiometer
in the RECEIVER BOARD. potentiometer V u
(amplitude of the modulation
• Specify which setting errors the oscilloscope images in Figs. by the useful signal)
2.5.2.4 ... 2.5.2.6 show.
Fig. 2.5.2.2 Settings on the TRANSMITTER BOARD
Setting on the oscilloscope:
U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.

Uout Y2 = 5 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1) Correct transmission
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 2.5.2.3

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1) ................................
................................
................................
................................
- 0 (Y2)
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
Fig. 2.5.2.4
U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.

t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1) ................................
................................
................................
................................
- 0 (Y2)
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
Fig. 2.5.2.5

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1) ................................
................................
................................
- 0 (Y2) ................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
Fig. 2.5.2.6
Question 1: What problems occur in analog transmission with

optical waveguides?
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.6 Transmission of 2 Analog Signals in Frequency Division Multiplex
2.6.1 General
Digital signals are preferred for transmission by optical wave- by the so-called wave division multiplex WDM.
guides. In some applications, however, the cost of the A/D In this transmission method, the transmission currents are
and D/A conversion would be too high or technically im- modulated with different information by two transmit diodes
possible on account of the bandwidth to be transmitted so of different wavelengths. The optical power of the two diodes
that the old proven frequency division multiplex technique is is transmitted with a fibre, separated in the receiver by wave-
still used in optical waveguide technology. length-dependent filters and fed to 2 detectors.
Another type of frequency division multiplexing is represented
❒ Experiment
Transmit 2 analog signals with 1 kHz and 2 kHz in the frequency division multiplex method over an optical waveguide line.
Experiment setup (Fig. 2.6.2.1) Basic setting of the TRANSMITTER BOARD:

- Toggle switch for drive type in analog position (up)
Circuit explanation:
The circuit setup shown in Fig. 2.6.2.1 shows an atypical - Fibre plugged into the mount of the 660 nm diode
frequency division multiplex circuit. The use on single side-
band modulation is common in many systems. Basic setting of the RECEIVER BOARD:
In our example, one channel is transmitted in the original
- 2 mm plug for operating mode at analog (top plug facility)
frequency position, the second channel is shifted to another
frequency range by normal amplitude modulation with 2 side- - Use of internal receive diode, 2 mm plug plugged in
bands and carriers. This method was chosen to enable as receive diode
simple as possible a demodulation. Channel 1 is filtered out - Fibre plugged into receive diode mount
by a low pass in the receiver. The amplitude-modulated signal
(channel 2) must be separated from the first channel by a
high pass. The C discriminator is reappropriated for this. Experiment procedure
Envelope curve demodulation takes place after filtering.
• The settings on the TRANSMITTER BOARD and the RE-
CEIVER BOARD must be made so that an overmodulation-
Basic setting of the MODULATION BOARD: free voltage Urec is available to the demodulator if possible.
- Uinf 1: f = 1 kHz, û = 1 V • Measure the signals requested in Figs. 2.6.2.2 ... 2.6.2.6 and
- Uinf 2: f = 2 kHz, û = 1.5 V also the frequency spectra if possible if asked for.
- UT: f = 20 kHz, û = 2 V
- UDC = 2 V
2, 5V
MODULATION BOARD TRANSMITTER BOARD (T ype 4282)
U DC (Type 4280)
∑
2kHz
+ 15 V
U inf 2 ANALOG 250 Ω
20kHz
UT
∑ Σ
660
1kHz nm
U mux 10 Ω U 10
U inf 1
ext.
DC OFFSET
Vu synthetic fibre 20 m
0,1...2 (Type 4282.23)
820
nm
RECEIVER BOARD (Type 4283) DEMODULATION BOARD (T ype 4281)
ANALOG
DC
Σ AC
U rec U out 1
ϕ
180°
Σ
ext.
C DISCRIMINATOR U out 2
DC OFFSET
Vu
1...6
U AM
U = CONST
100 k Ω
+ 15V
Fig. 2.6.2.1

Uinf 1 Y1 = . . . . V / div.
Uinf 2 Y2 = . . . . V / div.
- 0 (Y1) t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 2.6.2.2

Umux Y1 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.6.2.3
U mux = f ( f )
U / V
0 10 20 30 40 50
f / kHz
Fig. 2.6.2.4
U10 Y1 = . . . . V / div.
Urec Y2 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 2.6.2.5

UAM Y1 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.6.2.6
U AM = f ( f )
U / V
0 10 20 30 40 50
f / kHz
Fig. 2.6.2.7
2.7 Transmission of Frequency-Modulated Signals
2.7.1 General
Since every change in the reception amplitude directly affects signal into an optical signal. Therefore non-linearities of the
the useful signal in direct modulation, the useful signal can transmission line and wide amplitude fluctuations do not have
still be frequency-modulated before converting the electrical any effect.
❒ Experiment
A sinusoidal 1 kHz oscillation should be transmitted as a frequency-modulated signal over an optical waveguide line and then
demodulated. Examine what influence amplitude fluctuations and operating point settings have on the demodulated signal at the
TRANSMITTER BOARD and RECEIVER BOARD.
Experiment setup
M ODU LATION BOARD ( Type 4280 ) T RAN SMIT TER B OARD ( Type 4282)
+ 15 V
ANALO G 250 Ω
1kHz
U
f
Σ
U inf 66 0
nm
10 Ω U 10
ext.
DC OFFSET
Vu synthetic fi bre 2 0 m
0,1...2 (T ype 428 2.23)
82 0
nm
RE CEIVER BOARD (Type 4283 ) D EMODU LATION BOARD ( Type 4281)
AN AL OG
DC
Σ AC
∆ϕ
U rec
U
1nF
AC
ext.
DC OFFSET 27k
Vu
1...6
VCO
470 nF
2kHz 20kHz
U dem
+ 15 V 10 0 kΩ
Fig. 2.7.2.1
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: Experiment procedure

- Uinf: f = 1 kHz, û = 0.25 V
• Make the settings on the TRANSMITTER BOARD and
RECEIVER BOARD so that an overmodulation-free voltage
Basic setting on the TRANSMITTER BOARD: Urec of the PLL circuit is available if possible.
- 20 m fibre plugged into the mount of the 660 nm diode
Basic setting on the RECEIVER BOARD:

receive diode
- Fibre plugged into receive diode mount
2.8 Transmission of Pulse-Frequency Modulated Signals
2.8.1 General
A further development of the frequency modulation is the pulse of the power. This leads to an increase in the transmission
frequency modulation. If the constant pulse duration is set very range. In addition to the pulse frequency modulation (PFM),
short, the transmit diode can be driven very strongly due to the pulse phase modulation (PPM) and the pulse duration
the low arithmetic average of the transmission current and thus modulation (PDM) are used in practice.
❒ Experiment
Transmit a pulse-frequency modulated signal with an optical waveguide system.
Experiment setup (Fig. 8.2.1.2) Experiment procedure
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: • Make the settings on the TRANSMITTER BOARD and
- Uinf: f = 1 kHz, û = 1 V RECEIVER BOARD so that as high as possible a distortion-
free voltage Udem is produced.
- UDC = 0 V
• Measure the voltages requested in Fig. 2.8.2.2 in the opti-
Basic setting on the TRANSMITTER BOARD: mally set operating mode.


receive diode
MODULATION BOARD (Type 4280) TRANSMIT TER BOARD (Type 4282)
2, 5V +1 5 V
ANALOG 250 Ω
1, 5V
Σ
U DC U 1
∑
1kHz f
660
nm
U PFM 10 Ω U 10
U inf
ext.
DC OFFSET
Vu
0,1...2
820
nm
RECEIVER BOARD (T ype 4283) DEMODULATION BOARD (Type 4281)
synthetic fibre 20 m
(Type 4282.23) ANALOG
DC
Σ AC
U rec U dem
ext.
DC OFFSET
Vu
1...6
100 k Ω
+1 5V
Fig. 2.8.2.1
U inf / V
t / ms
U PFM / V
t / ms
U d em / V
t / ms
Fig. 2.8.2.2
Question 1: How must the DC-offset potentiometer be set in Question 3: Is the amplitude of the output voltage Udem
the TRANSMITTER BOARD to obtain as large an amplitude influenced by a changed attenuation of the line? Pull an end
of the voltage Udem as possible? of the fibre slowly out of the mount for this.
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Question 2: What influence does the setting of the UDC Question 4: How, due to an improved demodulation circuit,
voltage have in the MODULATION BOARD? can the influence of reception level fluctuations on the output
voltage Udem be reduced?
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Question 5: Can the digital triggering also be used for the
............................................. transmit diode in the TRANSMITTER BOARD?
............................................. Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.9 Transmission of a PCM Signal
2.9.1 General
Optical waveguide systems are ideal for transmitting digital time interleaving of the individual code words.
signals because they have the necessary large bandwidth. The triggering of the transmit diode need not have a linear
As you know, binary code words are generated and trans- characteristic in digital operation, therefore it can be triggered
mitted from an analog signal in pulse code modulation. PCM with a transistor which takes over the current from the transmit
can also be used for multiple exploitation of a line. This takes diode in the through-connected state.
place in the so-called time multiplex division method, i. e. a
❒ Experiment 1
Transmit a pulse code modulated signal with an optical waveguide system.
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: • Set the DC-offset potentiometer in the digital branch of the
- Uinf 1: U = -2.5 V RECEIVER BOARD so that error-free demodulation is
possible. This is easiest with the help of the loudspeaker.
- Uinf 2: f = 1 kHz, û = 1.5 V
• If the setting range is insufficient, it can be extended by a
Basic setting on the TRANSMITTER BOARD: 2 mm plug in the ,,coarse“ plug facility.
- Toggle switch for drive type in digital position (down) • Measure the voltages requested in Figs. 2.9.2.2 and 2.9.2.3.
- 2 mm plug for diode selection on 660 nm diode (up)

- 2 mm plug for operating mode at digital (bottom plug
facility)
receive diode
- 2 mm plug not plugged in plugging facility ,,coarse“
MO DULATION BOAR D ( Type 42 80)
2,5V Ch 1
A P
1, 5V
1 TTL
1kHz
U inf 1 S/ H
P AM P CM D S
f SYNC. S YNC.
15µ s
Ch 2 CLK 1 START CL K2 L OAD

8kHz E OC
f f
U inf 2 n
4kHz
T RAN SMIT TER B OARD ( Type 4282) RE CEIVER BOARD (Ty pe 4283)
660
nm
synthetic fi bre 2 0 m
(T ype 42 82. 23)
ext . ext.
+1 5 V
DIGITAL DIG ITAL
250 Ω
820
+15V 10 0 kΩ
nm
TTL
CO MP
TTL
-
U PCM +
10 Ω U 10 U rec
COARSE
DC OFFSET
DE MO DULATION BO AR D (Type 428 1)
S D
BUFFER
P AM
P A
10 µ s
C L K2 R ES ET L OAD STAR T I D
MPX
f
n
G f
C L K1
MPX
Fig. 2.9.2.1

U10 Y1 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.2
Urec Y1 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.3
❒ Experiment 2
Make a PCM transmission on the analog optical waveguide line. Can you detect any differences to the digital transmission line?
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: • Select the settings on the TRANSMITTER BOARD and
- Uinf 1: U = -2.5 V RECEIVER BOARD so that an error-free transmission is
achieved.
- Uinf 2: f = 1 kHz, û = 1.5 V
• Measure the voltages requested in Figs. 2.9.2.5 ... 2.9.2.7.
Basic setting on the TRANSMITTER BOARD:
- 2 mm plug for diode selection on 660 nm diode (up)

receive diode
MODULAT ION BOARD (Type 4280)
2,5V Ch 1
A P
1, 5V TTL
1
U inf 1 S /H
PAM PCM D S
f SYNC. SYNC.
15µ s
1kH z
Ch 2 CLK1 STAR T CL K2 L OAD
8kHz EOC
f f
U inf 2 n
4kHz
T RAN SMIT TER BOARD (T ype 4282) RECEIVER BOARD (T ype 4283)
+15 V
ANALOG
ANALOG 250 Ω
DC
Σ Σ AC
660
nm
10 Ω U 10 U rec
synthetics fibre 20 m
(T ype 4282. 23)
ext. ext.
Vu
0,1...2 1...6
820 1 00 kΩ
nm +15V
DEMODU LATION BOARD (T ype 4281)
S D
BUFFER
P AM
Urec´
P A
10 µ s
C L K2 R ESET LO AD ST AR T ID
MPX
f
n
G f
C L K1
MPX
Fig. 2.9.2.4

U10 Y1 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.5

Urec Y1 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.6

Urec’ Y1 = . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.7
Question: How do the two different systems react to a change

in the transmitted DC voltage Uinf 1? .............................................
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................
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Notes:
V 0132 Wireless Transmission by Infrared Radiation 51
3. Wireless Transmission by Infrared Radiation
3.1 Fundamentals
On some transmission lines it is impossible to connect the The receivers are equipped in modulated operating mode with
transmitter to the receiver with a line or optical waveguide oscillator circuits for the switching frequency. This provides
(e. g. in the case of a radio transmitter and the receiver in a interference suppression and noise reduction.
car). The best known type of wireless transmission is radio
technology. Here, a generated electromagnetic wave is trans-
mitted by antennas into space and received with another d at a s ig n al
antenna. IF
Optical message transmission without optical waveguides is
already old. All types of light sources, optical signals such as
flags, pointers or smoke serve as transmitters. The receiver
was always the human eye. This type of transmission was
very slow and highly dependent on visibility conditions (fog,
etc.). t
Wireless optical transmission usually takes place with infrared
m odu lat ed m od e
radiation. The use of infrared light has the advantage that the IF
interfering daylight can be filtered out with optical filters. Op-
tical transmission systems are only suitable for short dis-
tances. However, an advantage is that the regulations for
radio systems do not apply to optical systems. Only the safety
regulations for the use of laser transmit diodes need to be
observed. t
Fig. 3.1.1
Remote control techniques
Infrared transmission has taken over from ultrasound in the In the pulse interval coding also used, 0 and 1 are represented
remote controls for TV and video equipment. Pulse code by different pause times between two pulses with constant
modulation is usually used for transmission. The RC-5 system pulse duration.
operates with a 14-bit data word. This consists of:
• 2 start bits
• 1 control bit U 1 0 0 1
• 5 bits for address coding 10 µ s

• 6 bits for commands
With the serial data signal, the transmit diode can be triggered 10 0 2 00 3 00 400 5 00
directly or the data signal is additionally modulated onto a t / µs
sub-carrier. The carrier frequencies for the sub-carrier are at
36 kHz or 460 kHz. Fig. 3.1.2 Pulse interval coding
52 Wireless Transmission by Infrared Radiation V 0132
Sound transmission
Wireless headphones are also designed in infrared technology.

Several transmit diodes are connected in series to achieve
adequate illumination intensity in a room. In addition, the
radiation is bundled by reflectors, the receive diodes are
equipped with collector lenses. The sound to be transmitted
is frequency-modulated so that changes in the reception level Relative spectral emission: I REL = f(λ )
do not affect the volume and noise signals, e. g. from lamps 100
operated with mains frequency, have no influence. I REL / %
80
Transmission elements
GaAs LEDs are used for most applications. These diodes can
be manufactured with maximum radiation in the infrared range 60
(see Fig. 3.1.3, excerpt from the data sheet of the diode used
LD274).
transmit diodes exhibit different radiation characteristics. In
40
LEDs with a large aperture angle, the radiation is spread over
a large area. They allow a large observation angle but the
range is greatly restricted. In diodes with a narrow radiation
angle, a very long range is achieved but the transmitter and 20
receiver need to be well tuned to each other.
The radiation angle is usually specified as a so-called half
angle in degrees. This is the angle at which the light intensity
0
of the LEDs has dropped to half of the maximum value (see 880 920 960 1000
Fig. 3.1.4, excerpt from the data sheet of the diode used λ / nm
LD274). It is specified at ±10° for this diode. Fig. 3.1.3 Relative spectral emission of the transmit diode LD274
Radiation characteristic-LD274: I REL = f(λ )
40° 30° 20° 10° 0°
1.0
50° 0.8
0.6
60°
0.4
70°
0.2
80°
0
90°
100°
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
Fig. 3.1.4 Radiation characteristic of the transmit diode LD274
Reception elements The IR receive module (Type 4283.4) is also equipped with
a dark plastic cover to avoid unnecessary external light. A
Si-PIN diodes are usually used as infrared receivers. Silicon collector lens allows long transmission ranges.
has, with 820 ... 850 nm, the greatest sensitivity but can also Transmission by infrared radiation can be disturbed by exter-
be used in the 950 nm range. nal light because sunlight and filament lamp light have many
infrared parts. Fig. 3.1.7 shows spectral energy curves of
g erman i u m different light sources.
100
S REL / % 1.0 f l uor es c e nt

la mp li g ht
80
si lic on
R ela t i v e ene r gy d is t r ib u t io n
0.8
In Ga A s
60
0 .6 f ila men t la mp li g ht
40 s u nli gh t
0 .4
20
0.2
0 0
5 00 7 00 900 1 1 00 1 3 00 15 0 0 17 0 0 400 5 00 600 70 0 8 00 9 00 10 0 0 1 1 0 0
λ / nm λ / nm
Fig. 3.1.5 Relative spectral emission of different materials Fig. 3.1.7 Spectral energy distribution curves
The spectral sensitivity of the Si-PIN diode can be changed

by additional daylight filters. In the Si-PIN diode SFM205 used
in the IR receive module (Type 4283.4), the filter effect is
achieved by casting in a special plastic. This gives an altered
sensitivity (see Fig. 3.1.6, excerpt from the data sheet).
Relative spectral sensitivity: S RE L = f(λ )
100
S RE L / %
80
60
40
20
0
700 800 900 1000 1100
λ / nm
Fig. 3.1.6 Relative spectral sensitivity of the diode SFM205

3.2 Spectral Sensitivity of the Infrared Receiver
3.2.1 General
A Si-PIN diode is used for reception in the IR receive module daylight filter. This gives a maximum sensitivity at 950 nm
(Type 4283.4). It is cast in a plastic housing which acts as a (see Fig. 3.1.6).
❒ Experiment
Examine the influence of different available light sources on the receive module.
Experiment setup
Basic setting on the RECEIVER BOARD: R EC EIVE R BOAR D (T ype 4 283)

- 2 mm plug pulled out of the reception field, this switches
off the internal receive diode ANALO G
- Receive module plugged into ,,ext.“ socket DC
- Potentiometer Vu at left stop Σ U out

AC
4283.4
• Set the output voltage Uout to 0 V with the DC-offset poten- ext.
DC OFFSET Vu
tiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD. This setting is to be
1...6
hps
made with darkened receive module.
• In order to be able to adjust the lens of the receive module 100 kΩ

+15V
better to different light sources, it is advisable to supply
power to the RECEIVER BOARD with leads rather than with Fig. 3.2.2.1
4 mm plugs.
• Measure the output voltage Uout with radiation of the receive

module by different light sources. This experiment is not
designed for measuring exact numeric values. Note down
your observations in Table 3.2.2.1.
Light source Influence on output voltage
Already the indirect radiation of the receive module produces a high output voltage. This is a sign that sunlight also
Sunlight
contains infrared parts (see also Fig. 3.1.7).
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Fluorescent lamp
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Filament lamp
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Table 3.2.2.1
3.3 Attenuation of the Transmission Line

(Law of Photometric Distance)
3.3.1 General
The Law of Photometric Distance states that the lighting intensity intensity is only a quarter of the power measured at the original
decreases with the square of the distance. If you double the distance.
distance between the light source and the receiver, the lighting
❒ Experiment
Measure the relationship of lighting intensity and distance between the transmitter and the receiver.
Experiment setup
T RANS MITT ER BOAR D ( Typ e 42 82) RE CE IVE R BOARD (Ty pe 4283 )
+15 V
250 Ω
ANAL OG
ANALOG
DC
Σ Σ AC
U out
660
nm
10 Ω U 10
4283.4
hps
d istance ext.
ext.
DC OFFSET 2 .5 ... 10 0 cm DC OFFSET
Vu Vu
4282.4
0,1...2 1...6
hps
nm
950
820 10 0 kΩ
nm +15V
Fig. 3.3.2.1
- Plug for diode selection pulled out - 2 mm plug pulled out of the reception field, this switches
- IR transmit module (Type 4282.4) plugged in off the internal receive diode
- Receive module plugged into ,,ext.“ socket
Experiment setup • Move the RECEIVER BOARD up and down keeping the
same distance to the TRANSMITTER BOARD until you
• Connect the RECEIVER BOARD to the power supply with have found the maximum output voltage Uout.
4 mm lines so that you can easily move and align it.
• Set the transmission current in this position so that the output
• Set the distance between the transmit and receive modules voltage is Uout = 10 V.
to 2.5 cm.
• Then increase the distance up to 1 metre, measure the
• Set the output voltage Uout to 0 V with the DC-offset poten- respective output voltage Uout and find the maximum for the
tiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD at transmission current respective distance.
IF = 0 mA (U10 = 0 V).
• Enter the distance values with the voltage values in Table
• Set the transmission current IF to 3 mA (U10 = 30 mV) with 3.3.2.1 and draw the diagram (Fig. 3.3.2.2).
the DC-offset potentiometer in the TRANSMITTER BOARD.
a / cm 2.5
Uout / V 10
Table 3.3.2.1
10
U out / V
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
a / cm
Fig. 3.3.2.2
3.4 Radiation Characteristic of the Transmit Module
3.4.1 General
In transmit diodes with a small angle of radiation, the radiation

is transmitted bundled in one direction. This achieves long 42 83
.4
ranges but also a considerable directional dependence.

hps
In order to be able to examine the radiation characteristic of

the transmitter side, it must be ensured that the angle at which
the light hits the receiver does not influence the measuring
3.4
428
result too greatly.
hp s
Since the IR receive module used (Type 4283.4) is equipped
with a collector lens, it has a strong directional effect. To
ensure a proper experimental procedure, the receive diode
would have to be moved in the arc of a circle around the
transmit diode during a measurement (see Fig. 3.4.1.1).
hps
4283.4
ϕ
A simple way of reducing the directional dependence of the a

4282.4
nm
950
hps
receiver is to use the receive module without a lens.
The diagram (Fig. 3.4.1.2) shows the directional characteristic

of the receive diode. The angle at which the sensitivity drops
to half the original value is specified as ±60° for this diode.
The angle is so great that it can be ignored in our experiment.

It therefore suffices to move the receive module parallel to
the transmit module. The fact that the distance a changes
slightly at different angles is also ignored in this experiment. Fig 3.4.1.1
Directional characteristic: S REL = f(ϕ )
40° 30° 20° 10° 0°
1.0
50° 0.8
0.6
60°
0.4
70°
0.2
80°
0
90°
100°
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
Fig. 3.4.1.2
❒ Experiment
Measure the radiation characteristic of the IR transmit module (Type 4282.4).
Experiment setup
T R ANS MITT ER BOAR D ( Typ e 42 82) RE CE IVE R BOARD (Ty pe 4283 )
+ 15 V
250 Ω
AN AL OG
ANALOG
DC
Σ Σ AC
U out
660
nm
10 Ω U 10
hps
ext. ext.
Vu DC OFFSET DC OFFSET Vu
4282.4
0,1...2 1...6
nm
950
820 100 k Ω
nm +15V
Fig. 3.4.2.1
- Plug for diode selection pulled out - 2 mm plug pulled out of the reception field, this switches
- IR transmit module (Type 4282.4) plugged in off the internal receive diode
- Remove the black plastic housing from the IR receive
module (Type 4283.4) by pressing in the plastic catches
on the sides.
- Receive module plugged into ,,ext.“ socket. Make sure that
the rounded ride of the diode is facing in the direction of
the transmit diodes and that the diode is not destroyed by
bending it.
• Connect the RECEIVER BOARD to the power supply with • Enter the values in column s2 of Table 3.4.2.1.
4 mm lines so that it can be easily moved and aligned.
• Add together the two distances s1 and s2 and divide the
• Place the RECEIVER BOARD and the TRANSMITTER value of the total distance by 2 to minimise measuring errors.
BOARD on the desk at a distance of approx. 15 ... 25 cm.
• Enter this value as a distance s in Table 3.4.2.1.
Use a DIN A4 writing pad or another flat rectangular object
(e. g. a book) as a spacer between the two units. • Calculate the angle β from the values a = distance between
transmitter and receiver and s = average distance of the
• Set the output voltage Uout to 0 V with the DC offset poten-
main radiation direction (Fig. 3.4.2.2).
tiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD.
The transmission current in the TRANSMITTER BOARD
must be 0 mA (U10 = 10 V).
• Then set the transmission current IF to the maximum attain-

able value.
• Move the RECEIVER BOARD up and down keeping the

same distance to the TRANSMITTER BOARD until you find s
the maximum output voltage Uout.

hps
β
• Set the transmission current IF in this position so that the a
4282.4
output voltage has an integer value.

nm
950
• Move the RECEIVER BOARD upwards from this position

until the output voltage Uout drops to the voltage values
specified in Table 3.4.2.1. Fig. 3.4.2.2
• Measure the respective line from the point of maximum

power to the new measuring point and enter the values in • Enter the angle values in Table 3.4.2.1 and draw the radia-
the column s1 in Table 3.4.2.1. tion characteristic in Fig. 3.4.2.3.
• Repeat the measurements by pulling down the RECEIVER
BOARD from the point of maximum power.
a = . . . . . mm
Umax 0.9 ⋅ Umax 0.8 ⋅ Umax 0.7 ⋅ Umax 0.6 ⋅ Umax 0.5 ⋅ Umax 0.4 ⋅ Umax 0.3 ⋅ Umax 0.2 ⋅ Umax 0.1 ⋅ Umax
s1 / mm
s2 / mm
β / degree
Table 3.4.2.1
Radiation characteristic: U REL = f(β )
40° 30° 20° 10° 0°
1.0
50° 0.8
0.6
60°
0.4
70°
0.2
80°
0
90°
100°
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
Fig. 3.4.2.3
Question 1: How big is the measured radiation angle of the Question 2: Does the value match the value specified in the
IR transmit module (Type 4282.4)? data sheet (Fig. 3.1.4)?
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3.5.1 General
The direct change in the radiation intensity of infrared LEDs If this direct modulation were to be used in wireless headphone
with the amplitude of the useful signal is comparable with systems, the transmission would be very susceptible to noise.
amplitude modulation.
❒ Experiment
Transmit a sinusoidal 1 kHz signal in direct modulation on an infrared line as distortion-free as possible. Examine the behaviour
of the transmission line for external light and reception level fluctuations.
Experiment setup
T RANSMITTER BOARD (Type 4282) RECEIVER BOARD (Type 4283)
+15 V
250 Ω
ANALOG
ANALOG
DC
Σ Σ AC
660
nm
U in 10 Ω U 10 U out
4283.4
hps
distance ext.
ext.
DC OFFSET 0.25 ... 0.5 m DC OFFSET
Vu Vu
4282.4
0,1...2 1...6
hps
nm
950
820 100 kΩ
nm +15V
MODULATION BOARD DEMODULAT ION BOARD

(Type 4280) (T ype 4281)
1kHz
VOLUME
Fig. 3.5.2.1

- Plug for diode selection pulled out
- IR transmit module (Type 4282.4) plugged in
PE
off the internal receive diode
Experiment procedure IF
• The transmission current is not determined directly but as a potentiometer U DC

(operating point setting)
voltage drop across a 10 Ω resistor.
• The quiescent current is set with the DC-offset poten-

tiometer in the TRANSMITTER BOARD to half of the maxi-
mum value.
potentiometer V u
• The current of the useful signal through the transmit diode (amplitude of the modulation
by the useful signal)
is set with the potentiometer Vu in the TRANSMITTER
BOARD so that the diode is driven with the greatest possible
current. Overmodulation of the transmission current should
be avoided, however.
• A DC voltage part can be added to the reception signal with

the DC-offset potentiometer in the RECEIVER BOARD. Fig. 3.5.2.2 Settings on the TRANSMITTER BOARD
Effects on reception level fluctuations: Influences of external light:
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3.6 Transmission of Frequency Modulated Signals
3.6.1 General
An interference-free wireless transmission of sound signals In multi-channel sound transmissions, a second carrier with
in TV receivers is achieved by frequency modulation. In single- a centre frequency of 250 kHz is used for the second channel.
channel transmission a centre frequency of 95 kHz is used. The independently frequency-modulated signals are added
The receiver is equipped with a band pass which is tuned to and transmitted together through a transmit diode.
the transmitter’s centre frequency.
❒ Experiment
A sinusoidal 1 kHz oscillation is to be transmitted as a frequency modulated signal over an infrared line and then demodulated.
Examine what influence amplitude fluctuations, external light and operating point settings have on the demodulated signal on the
TRANSMITTER BOARD and the RECEIVER BOARD.
Experiment setup
T RANSMIT TER BOAR D (Type 428 2) R ECEIVER BOARD (Typ e 4283 )
+1 5 V
250 Ω
AN ALOG
ANAL OG
DC
Σ Σ AC
660
nm
U PFM 10 Ω U 10 U out
4283.4
hps
distance ext.
ext.
DC OFFSET 0.25 ... 0.5 m DC OFFSET
Vu Vu
4282.4
0,1...2 1...6
hps
nm
950
820 10 0 kΩ
nm +15V
MODUL AT ION BOARD (T ype 428 0) D EMOD UL AT ION BOAR D (T ype 428 1)
C OUN T DISCRIMIN ATOR

1k Hz
U d 1
dt
f
U inf U dem
Fig. 3.6.2.1
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: Influences of external light:

- Uinf: f = 1 kHz, û = 0.25 V
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- Plug for diode selection pulled out .............................................
.............................................
.............................................
- 2 mm plug pulled out of the reception field, this switches .............................................
- Receive module plugged into ,,ext.“ socket .............................................
.............................................
Basic setting on the DEMODULATION BOARD:
- Use the individually wirable low pass filter at the top right .............................................
of the BOARD.
.............................................
Experiment procedure .............................................
• Make the settings on the TRANSMITTER BOARD and on .............................................

the RECEIVER BOARD so that a voltage Urec is available
with sufficient amplitude at the input of the count discrimina- .............................................
tor.
• Note down the effects on the different changes.

Change in operating point and amplitude of the useful
signal in the TRANSMITTER BOARD:
Effects on reception level fluctuations: .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
3.7 Transmission of a Digital Signal in the Modulated Operating Mode
3.7.1 General
To improve the resistance to interference of a digital trans- additionally onto a sub-carrier to which an oscillator circuit is
mission (e. g. for remote control), the data signal is modulated tuned in the receiver.
❒ Experiment
A digital signal is to be transmitted over an infrared line in modulated mode in the circuit below (Fig. 3.7.2.1). Design as simple
a demodulation circuit as possible on the DEMODULATION BOARD with which you can recover the useful signal and test its
functionability.
Experiment setup Experiment procedure
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: • Test the functionability of the experiment setup.
- UT: f = 20 kHz, squarewave TTL level
- Uinf: f = 500 Hz, squarewave TTL level

- Toggle switch for drive type in digital position (down)

TRANSMITTER BOARD (Type 4282) RECEIVER BOARD (Type 4283)
ANALOG
DC
Σ AC
660
nm
U out
4283.4
hps
distance ext.
ext.
0.25 ... 0.5 m DC OFFSET Vu
4282.4
1...6
hps
nm
950
+15V
DIGITAL
250 Ω
820 100 kΩ
nm +15V
TTL
U PCM
10 Ω
MODULATION BOARD (Type 4280) DEMODULATION BOARD (Type 4281)
ASK
20kHz
UT
500Hz
U inf
Fig. 3.7.2.1
3.8.1 General
Pulse code modulated signals are used among other things In this experiment, 2 analog signals are to be transmitted in
in remote controls because the large number of coding possi- time division multiplex by PCM on an infrared line.
bilities theoretically rules out the receiver reacting to the wrong
transmitter.
❒ Experiment
Transmit a PCM signal over the IR line.
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: • Set the DC-offset potentiometer in the digital branch of the
- Uinf 1: f = 1 kHz, û = 1.5 V RECEIVER BOARD so that error-free demodulation is
possible. This is easiest to do with the aid of the loudspeaker.
- Uinf 2: U = -2.5 V
If the setting range is not sufficient, it can be extended by
plugging in a 2 mm plug in the ,,coarse“ plug facility.
- Toggle switch for trigger type in digital position (down)

- 2 mm plug for operating mode at digital (bottom plug
facility)
MODULATION BOAR D ( Type 42 80)
1kHz
Ch 1
A P
1 TTL
S/ H
PAM PCM D S
f SYNC. S YN C.
15 µ s
2, 5V Ch 2 CLK1 START CLK2 LOAD

8kHz EOC
1, 5V f f
n
4kHz
T RAN SMIT TER B OARD ( Type 4282) RE CEIVER BOARD (Ty pe 4283)
660
nm
4283.4
hps
ext .
distance ext.
20 ... 50 cm
4282.4
hps
nm
950
+1 5 V
DIGITAL DIGITAL
250 Ω
820
+15V 10 0 kΩ
nm
TTL
CO MP
TTL
-
U PCM + U rec
10 Ω
COARSE
DC OFFSET
DE MODULATION BO AR D (Type 428 1)
S D
BUFFER
P AM
P A
10 µ s
C L K2 R ES ET L OAD STAR T I D
MPX
f
G n
f
C L K1
MPX
Fig. 3.8.2.1
Notes:
V 0132 Wire Transmission 71
4. Wire Transmission
4.1 General
In line- or wire- bound transmission techniques, lines are used If several lines (wires) are combined in one multiwire cable,
for transporting the electrical energy. A current flow is only it must be ensured that the single wires do not run parallel
produced in a closed circuit, therefore a distinction is made otherwise coupling of the inductance and capacitance can
between feed and return lines. The earth is used as a return have an unfavourable effect. This is counteracted by twisting
line in some transmission systems. the wires (so-called star twisting) or using coaxial lines. In the
coaxial line the internal conductor acts as a feed line, the
Every line respresents a low pass. The output signal of a line sheath (screen) forms the return line.
may differ from the input signal in signal shape, amplitude and
phase relation. Determining the parameters of a line (e. g. A special form of the line-bound transmission is the hollow
resistance, conductivity, inductance, capacitance, attenuation, waveguide technique. An electromagnetic wave propagates
frequency dependence and pulse behaviour of a line) is one inside the hollow line due to reflection from the walls. Propa-
of the subjects of the manual V 0132 in conjunction with the gation of a wave in the hollow waveguide is frequency-de-
COAXIAL BOARD (Type 4284). pendent. The higher the frequency to be transmitted, the
smaller the dimensions of the hollow waveguide. In practice,
Lines are manufactured in different designs with different hollow waveguide systems are used from about 800 MHz
insulating materials. They can be designed as internal lines, upwards; they allow a relatively low loss transmission.
external lines, free lines or maritime lines.
72 Wire Transmission V 0132
4.2 Matching
4.2.1 General
In communications technology, one tries to transmit the maxi-

mum active power. If this succeeds, we refer to power match-
ing or simply matching.
Zi
If this does not succeed, mismatching results. A distinction is
made between:
U0 ZL
• short-circuit similar termination: ZL < Zi
• no-load similar termination: ZL > Zi
If you assume that the amplifier and the load only contain
active resistances, the power at the load resistor becomes
maximum when the two resistors Zi and ZL are equal in size. Fig. 4.2.1.1
❒ Experiment
Determine whether the data in the TRANSMITTER BOARD, output side internal resistance = 50 Ω or 75 Ω, are correct. Describe
a measuring method.
4.3 Noise Sensitivity of a Two-Wire Line
4.3.1 General
The two-wire line is a very simple transmission medium. The

telephone network which has grown over the years is now
RS 232
the world’s densest transmission network in which the con-
nection to the subscribers is usually made by two-wire lines.
Field bus systems such as Profibus, Bitbus and ASI are also transmitter receiver
wired with the two-wire technique. It is very simple, robust

and sufficiently insensitive to noise under consideration of
several laws of physics.
Two-wire transmissions are usually made through RS 485 RS 485
interfaces. These operate, unlike RS 232 interfaces, with a

differential signal for transmitter and receiver (Fig. 4.3.1.1). transmitter receiver
Noise signals affect both lines in the symmetrical transmission

with RS 485 and thus cancel each other out. In asymmetrical
transmission, the problem arises that not only the signal cur- Fig. 4.3.1.1
rent but also many other currents cause a voltage on the
reference potential line. The receiver voltage U3 therefore
consists of the sum of the voltages U1 and U2 (Fig. 4.3.1.2).
IS
transmitter receiver
TRANSMITTER BOARD and RECEIVER BOARD are de-
signed for asymmetrical transmission. If, however, separate U1 U3
power supply units are used for the two devices or the supply
voltage is taken from the MODULATION BOARD or DE-
MODULATION BOARD, no other currents flow through the
ground connection line apart from the signal current. The IS
circuit therefore has a noise behaviour similar to a symmetrical U2

transmission line.
I no ise
Fig. 4.3.1.2
❒ Experiment
Transmit a sinusoidal 1 kHz oscillation on a two-wire line. Two 1 m long connecting lines serve as a two-wire line. Use a setup
transformer (Type 9120) in connection with a generator as a noise source. Set up the circuit in three different ways and measure
the necessary voltages.
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: • In order to induce a voltage in the line, wind one or two
- Uinf: f = 1 kHz, û = 0.25 V connection lines one or two times around the core and close
the tape-wound core.
Basic setting on the generator for the noise source:

When setting up and measuring, make sure that you have
- Unoise: f = 50 Hz, û = 10 V not laid any other ground connections between the TRANS-
MITTER BOARD and the RECEIVER BOARD. Also bear in
The experiment is, however, also possible with other ampli- mind ground lines to the oscilloscope and the use of separ-
tudes, frequencies and numbers of windings. ate power supply units for the TRANSMITTER BOARD and
RECEIVER BOARD.
If another generator is used instead of the MODULATION
BOARD to generate the 1 kHz signal, make sure that there
is no short-circuiting of the ,,noise coil“ through the ground
connection of the generator which is usually connected to the
protective earth conductor and an oscilloscope which is
usually applied to PE conductor potential with the ground of
the BNC inputs.
Version 1:
MODULAT ION BOARD T RANSMIT TER BOARD (T ype 4282) RECEIVER BOARD (T ype 4283)
(Type 4280)
1kHz
50 Ω
50 Ω
75 Ω
U inf U out
50 Ω 50 Ω 75 Ω
0V
0V
coil
900 windings
U noise
Fig. 4.3.2.1

Uout Y1 = . . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 4.3.2.2
Version 2:
(Type 4280)
1kHz
50 Ω
50 Ω
75 Ω
U inf Uout
50 Ω 50 Ω 75 Ω
0V
0V
coil
900 windings
U noise
Fig. 4.3.2.3

Uout Y1 = . . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 4.3.2.4
Version 3:
(Type 4280)
1kHz
50 Ω
50 Ω
75 Ω
U inf U3 Uout
50 Ω 50 Ω 75 Ω
U1
0V
0V
U2
coil
900 windings
U noise
Fig. 4.3.2.5
When measuring the voltages U1, U2 and U3, make sure that they are measured against ground in the RECEIVER BOARD.

U1 Y1 = . . . . . V / div.
U2 Y2 = . . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 4.3.2.6
U3 Y1 = . . . . . V / div.
Uout Y2 = . . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 4.3.2.7
Explain the shape of the voltages Uout, U1 and U2 in the 3rd Question 1: What effect does a line plugged between the
circuit version: ground of the TRANSMITTER BOARD and RECEIVER
BOARD have in the 3rd circuit version?
............................................. Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
.............................................
.............................................
Question 2: Is noise to be expected when using an optical
............................................. waveguide?
............................................. Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
............................................. .............................................
4.4 Noise Sensitivity of a Coaxial Line
4.4.1 General
Coaxial lines are used among other reasons because radiated

noise is largely suppressed by the special design.
❒ Experiment
Examine whether a sinusoidal 1 kHz signal can be transmitted in the circuit shown in Fig. 4.4.2.1 without interference using the
COAXIAL BOARD. The transformer is used in this experiment for electrical isolation. In addition it also acts as an impedance
converter for feeding in the noise signal.
Experiment setup
TRANSMIT TER BOARD (T ype 4 28 2) COAXIAL B OARD (Typ e 4 28 4) RECE IVER BOA RD (Typ e 4 283 )
25m 25m
50 Ω
1 kΩ
50 Ω
75 Ω
U out
50 Ω 50 Ω 75 Ω
1Ω
0V
0V
MODU LAT ION BOARD

(Typ e 4280 )
1kHz
coil
U inf 10 0 windi ng s
coil
90 0 wi ndin gs
U noise
Fig. 4.4.2.1
Basic setting on the MODULATION BOARD: Basic setting on the generator for the interference source:
- Uinf: f = 1 kHz, û = 0.25 V - Unoise: f = 50 Hz, û = 10 V
Experiment setup
• Connect the setup transformer with a coil with 100 windings • Measure the output voltage Uout, draw the curve of the
and a coil with 900 windings. If no transformer is available, voltage in Fig. 4.4.2.2 and explain the measured voltage
the desired effect can also be achieved with another trans- curve.
former. However, make sure that you stay within the protec-
tive low voltage range with the voltages that you use.

U1 Y1 = . . . . . V / div.
t = . . . . . ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 4.4.2.2
Question 1: Does the output voltage Uout change when the Question 3: Measure the voltage between ground on the
bridging of the 1 Ω resistor is removed? TRANSMITTER BOARD and ground on the RECEIVER
BOARD. Does it change when you remove the 50 Ω input
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . resistor from the line by removing the 2 mm plug? To do this,
increase the amplitude of the voltage Uinf to e. g. 2 V.
.............................................
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................
............................................
.............................................
Question 2: What effect does an interruption in the ground
line of the COAXIAL BOARD have? ............................................
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................
............................................ .............................................
............................................ ............................................
4.5 Spurious Emission of a Wire Transmission
4.5.1 General
Every conductor through which a current flows generates an other hand are very difficult to monitor because you would
electromagnetic field. Due to this field, interference on ad- have to decouple part of the light power and convert it into
jacent lines cannot be ruled out. This fact makes it very easy an electrical signal to be able to subsequently demodulate it.
to monitor a two-wire line. Optical waveguide systems on the
❒ Experiment
Set up a circuit with the aid of the setup transformer (Type 9120) with which you can monitor a two-wire line through the
electromagnetic field. Draw the circuit in Fig. 4.5.2.1 and test it.
Experiment setup
MOD U LATIO N BOARD TRANS MITTE R BO ARD (Type 4 282) REC EIVE R BO AR D (T ype 4283)
(Ty pe 4280 )
1kHz
50 Ω
50 Ω
75 Ω
U inf U out
50 Ω 50 Ω 75 Ω
0V
0V
Fig. 4.5.2.1
Question 1: What effect does the removal of the 50 Ω input

resistor from the RECEIVER BOARD have?
Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
Solutions
V 0132 Optical Waveguide S1
Solutions
2.2 Power Characteristics of Transmit Diodes
Question 1: Is it the receive diode you use that causes the

receiver to be overmodulated earlier in a diode? 660 nm transmit diode
U10 / mV IF / mA Uout / V PE / µW
Answer: No. The overmodulation with a low transmission
470 47 10 43
current is caused by the much higher efficiency of the 820 nm
transmit diode. The difference in the spectral sensitivity of the 400 40 8.76 39
receive diode at the wavelengths used is insignificant here. 300 30 6.65 30
200 20 4.39 20
100 10 2.09 9.5
50 5 1.07 4.6
Question 2: How does the radiation power of the various Table 2.2.2.1
transmit diodes behave at equal forward current?
Answer: The radiation power is much higher in the 820 nm

diode than in the 660 nm diode. 820 nm transmit diode
U10 / mV IF / mA Uout / V PE / µW
90 9 10 33
70 7 6.8 21
50 5 4.1 12
Question 3: In what range are the characteristics PE = f (IF)
linear? 30 3 1.9 6.3
15 1.5 0.65 2.2

Answer: The characteristics are linear over the whole modu-
lation range. Table 2.2.2.2
Solutions
S2 Optical Waveguide V 0132
0 1000
PE PE
/ dBm / µW
500
-5
-10 100
820 nm 660 nm
50
-15
-20 10
-25
-30 1
0.5
-35
-40 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 10 0
I F / mA
Fig. 2.2.2.2
The characteristic of the 820 nm diode can be extended to greater values if the receiver is protected against overmodulation by
a fibre with known attenuation (dotted curve).
Solutions
2.3 Attenuation Measuring on Fibres
The influence of coupling and decoupling losses sometimes

has a greater effect on short line sections than the actual line
set diode current: 37 mA
attenuation.
0.5 11.0 -13.0 —
5 10.0 -13.5 0.5
20 4.2 -17.0 3.5
Table 2.3.2.1

set diode current: 5.5 mA
0.5 11.0 -14.3 —
5 1.25 -24.0 9.7
20 0.01 -44.9 30.6
Table 2.3.2.2
40
a / dB
30 820 nm
20
10
660 nm
0
0 10 20
l/m
Fig. 2.3.2.2
Solutions
3.5 dB
Question 1: Which transmit diode is better suited for trans- Attenuation/km = = 179 dB/km
mission? 19.5 ⋅ 10−3 km
Answer: Although the 820 nm diode transmits a much greater Wavelength used: 820 nm
power than the 660 nm diode at equal diode current, it is not Attenuation over 19.5 m: 30.6 dB
suitable for a transmission with the synthetic fibre. The atte-
30.6 dB
nuation of the fibre for this wavelength is approx. 2000 dB/km Attenuation/km = = 1569 dB/km
(see Fig. 2.1.11). Thus only a transmission with the 660 nm 19.5 ⋅ 10−3 km
diode is advisable.
Note: You cannot expect to calculate accurate values in this
Question 2: Which attenuation constant α in dB/km is given measurement because the coupling and decoupling condi-
by the attenuation values measured at different wavelengths? tions are not the same in the reference and measuring fibres.
Answer:
Wavelength used: 660 nm
Attenuation over 19.5 m: 3.5 dB
2.4 Attenuation at Connection Points
End face distance s Axial offset a Tilt angle β
s/
Uout / V a / dB a / mm Uout / V a / dB β / ° Uout / V a / dB
mm
0.0* 7.0 – 0 7.0 – 0 6.5 –
0.25 6.9 0.06 0.25 5.7 0.89 5 6.3 0.13
0.5 6.5 0.32 0.5 3.4 3.1 10 5.6 0.64
0.75 5.9 0.74 0.75 1.6 6.4 15 4.8 1.31
1.0 5.3 1.20 1.0 0.03 23.6 20 3.7 2.44
1.25 4.8 1.63 1.25 0.006 30.6 25 2.8 3.65
1.5 4.3 2.11 —- —- —- 30 1.9 5.34
1.75 3.9 2.54 —- —- —- 35 1.3 6.98
2.0 3.5 3.01 —- —- —- 40 0.85 8.8
2.25 3.2 3.40 —- —- —- 45 0.58 10.4
2.5 2.8 3.98 —- —- —- 50 0.37 12.4
Table 2.4.2.1
Solutions
10
a / dB
axial
9 offset tilt angle
end face
4 distance
0
0 1 2 3
a / mm
s / mm
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
β /°
Fig. 2.4.2.2
Question 1: How can as low a loss as possible be achieved

at the connection point in the Optical Bench?
Answer: The best transition is achieved when the fibres are

directly touching. Since touching is not guaranteed over the
whole surface of the end face due to surface roughness,
reflections take place. These transition losses are minimised
in practice by the so-called index paste. The effect can also
be demonstrated with a drop of glycerine. To do this, glycerine
is dropped onto the point of contact between the two optical
waveguides with a needle. If the applied drop is too big, new
losses occur because the fibre cross section changes at this
point. However, by increasing the distance between the end
faces it is possible to pull the drop to the cross section of the
fibre.
Solutions
To what setting errors are the oscilloscope images in Figs. 2.5.2.4 ... 2.5.2.6 due?

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
The quiescent current of the transmit diode is set too high.
Solution: Reduce DC-offset voltage of the TRANSMITTER
- 0 (Y2) BOARD or reduce the amplitude with the potentiometer Vu.
The latter leads, however, to a poor exploitation of the transmit
diode characteristic.
Fig. 2.5.2.4

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
The amplifier in the RECEIVER BOARD limits.
Solution: Reduce the DC-offset voltage in the RECEIVER
- 0 (Y2) BOARD.
Fig. 2.5.2.5

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
The amplitude of the input voltage is too high.
Solution: Reduce the transmission current with the poten-
- 0 (Y2) tiometer Vu.
Fig. 2.5.2.6
Solutions
Question 1: What problems occur in analog transmission with and operating point stability. A change in the line attenuation
optical waveguides? acts directly on the amplitude of the received useful signal.
(For demonstration pull a fibre slowly out of the diode mount
Answer: The analog transmission places high demands on or use the Optical Bench as a variable attenuator.)
the linearity of the transmission and reception elements, am-
plifier
2.6 Transmission of 2 Analog Signals in Frequency Division Multiplex

Uinf 1 Y1 = 1 V / div.
Uinf 2 Y2 = 1 V / div.
- 0 (Y1) t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 2.6.2.2

Umux Y1 = 1 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.6.2.3
Solutions
U mux = f ( f )
U / V
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
f / k Hz
Fig. 2.6.2.4

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
Urec Y2 = 2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 2.6.2.5

UAM Y1 = 2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.6.2.6
Solutions
U AM = f ( f )
U / V
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
f / k Hz
Fig. 2.6.2.7
The assembled circit allows amplitude fluctuations over a very

wide range due to changes in the settings.
(For demonstration, pull a fibre slowly out of the diode mount.)
The PLL circuit operates with amplitudes of ûrec = 50 mV right

up to the overmodulation range of ûrec = 12 V. This is due on
the one hand to the properties of the frequency modulation
and on the other hand to the ,,generous“ behaviour of the PLL
circuit.
Solutions
S 10 Optical Waveguide V 0132
2.8 Transmission of Pulse-Frequency Modulated Signals
Uinf = 0.5 V / div.

U inf / V UPFM = 5.0 V / div.
Udem = 0.2 V / div.
t = 0.2 ms / div.
t / ms
U PFM / V
t / ms
U d em / V
t / ms
Fig. 2.8.2.2
Solutions
V 0132 Optical Waveguide S 11
Question 1: How must the DC-offset potentiometer be set in Question 4: How, due to an improved demodulation circuit,
the TRANSMITTER BOARD to obtain as large an amplitude can the influence of reception level fluctuations on the output
of the voltage Udem as possible? voltage Udem be reduced?
Answer: The potentiometer must be at the left stop. This Answer: If you extend the demodulator on the DEMODULA-
gives the greatest possible pulse amplitude and thus a large TION BOARD with the count discriminator, the demodulation
voltage amplitude Udem. is largely amplitude-independent as a result (see the figure
below).This can also be achieved by a PLL circuit; however,
the amplitude of the input voltage Uinf may not be too great
Question 2: What influence does the setting of the UDC otherwise it leaves the holding range of the PLL circuit.
voltage have in the MODULATION BOARD?
Answer: The centre frequency of the U/f converter in the Question 5: Can the digital triggering also be used for the
MODULATION BOARD is determined with this setting. transmit diode in the TRANSMITTER BOARD?
At a negative voltage UDC, the centre frequency is controlled
to low values which worsens the transmission quality because Answer: Yes, because in PFM only 2 different voltage levels
sideband frequencies penetrate the through range of the de- are used.
modulation low pass filter due to the frequency deviation and
cause interference.
Question 3: Is the amplitude of the output voltage Udem

influenced by a changed attenuation of the line? Pull an end
of the fibre slowly out of the mount for this.
Answer: Yes, because at the applied demodulation with low

pass the amplitude of the received pulse is a measure of the
arithmetic average.
RECEIVER BOARD ( Type 428 3) DE MODUL AT IO N BO ARD (T ype 4 281)
AN AL OG
COUNT DISCRIMIN ATO R
DC
Σ AC
d 1
dt
U rec U dem
Dem
ext .
DC OFFSET
Vu
1...6
+ 15V 100 kΩ
Solutions
Digital transmission path

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 20 µs / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.2

t = 20 µs / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.3
Analog transmission path

U10 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 20 µs / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.5
Solutions
V 0132 Optical Waveguide S 13

t = 20 µs / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.6

Urec’ Y1 = 2 V / div.
t = 20 µs / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 2.9.2.7
Question: How do the two different systems react to a change

in the transmitted DC voltage Uinf 1?
Answer: When transmitting coded DC voltage values over

the analog path, the demodulator may malfunction depending
on the resulting bit combination. Cause: Due to the low pass
characteristic of the amplifiers in the analog transmission path,
the voltage between several consecutive high bits no longer
falls below the bottom threshold of the Schmitt trigger; the
PCM demodulator interprets this bit combination wrongly as
a synchronous pulse or the MSB of the DC voltage is packed
in with the synchronous pulse.
Solutions
Notes:
Solutions
V 0132 Wireless Transmission by Infrared Radiation S 15
3. Wireless Transmission by Infrared Radiation
3.2 Spectral Sensitivity of the Infrared Receiver
Light source Influence on output voltage
Already the indirect radiation of the receive module produces a high output voltage. This is a sign that sunlight also
Sunlight
contains infrared parts (see Fig. 3.1.7).
Fluorescent lamp light has only a very slight influence on the transmission line because it contains very few infrared parts.
The frequency with which the lamp is operated is, however, detectable. A lamp operated with a mains frequency of f =
Fluorescent lamp 50 Hz generates a 100 Hz interference voltage. Fluorescent lamps with electric ballasts operate in the 20 ... 40 kHz
range. An electronic energy saving lamp generates an interference signal with a frequency of = 67 kHz (measured
example).
Filament lamps radiate a lot of infrared light. Therefore they have large output voltages. Mains-operated filament lamps
Filament lamp
cause an additional 100 Hz noise voltage.
Naked flame A lighted candle can be identified as an infrared radiation source over several metres.
With the aid of the RECEIVER BOARD IR remote controls can also be tested whether they give off optical radiation.
IR remote control
The telegrams can be recorded and analysed with the help of a storage oscilloscope.
Table 3.2.2.1
Solutions
S 16 Wireless Transmission by Infrared Radiation V 0132
3.3 Attenuation of the Transmission Line (Law of Photometric Distance)
a / cm 2.5 5.0 7.5 10 12.5 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 75 100
Uout / V 10 9.0 7.2 6.0 5.5 4.0 2.9 2.1 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.1
Table 3.3.2.1
10
U out / V
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
a / cm
Fig. 3.3.2.2
Solutions
3.4 Radiation Characteristic of the Transmit Module
a = 205 mm
Umax 0.9 ⋅ Umax 0.8 ⋅ Umax 0.7 ⋅ Umax 0.6 ⋅ Umax 0.5 ⋅ Umax 0.4 ⋅ Umax 0.3 ⋅ Umax 0.2 ⋅ Umax 0.1 ⋅ Umax
4V 3.6 V 3.2 V 2.8 V 2.4 V 2.0 V 1.6 V 1.2 V 0.8 V 0.4 V
s1 / mm 5 9.5 145 200 320 440 500 630 890
s2 / mm 5 41 52 55 60 65 72 91 1160
s / mm 5 25.25 33.25 37.5 46 54.5 61 77 102.5
β / degree 1.4 7.0 9.2 10.4 12.6 14.9 16.5 20.6 26.6
Table 3.4.2.1
Radiation characteristic: U RE L = f(β )
40° 30° 20° 10° 0°

Note: The measurement
1.0
may be strongly affected
by external light.
50° 0.8
0.6
60°
0.4
70°
0.2
80°
0
90°
100°
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
Fig. 3.4.2.3
Question 1: How big is the measured radiation angle of the

IR transmit module (Type 4282.4)?
Answer: The angle is about ±13°.
Question 2: Does the value match the value specified in the

data sheet (Fig. 3.1.4)?
Answer: No, because 2 diodes are installed in the module

used.
Solutions
Effects on reception level fluctuations:

Every change in amplitude of the reception voltage Uout has
the effect of a change in volume.
Influences of external light:

External light, e. g. sunlight, may lead to overmodulation of the
receiver. Light from a filament lamp, operated with 50 Hz can
lead to superposition of useful signals and noise signals. A
100 Hz noise signal is then audible in addition to the 100 kHz
signal.
Effects on reception level fluctuations:

Fluctuation of the reception level does not affect the amplitude
of the voltage Udem. Defective demodulation can only occur
in the case of very small input signals.
Influences of external light:

External light can lead to overmodulation of the receiver. This
overmodulation can be influenced by changing the DC voltage
part (DC-offset potentiometer) and the amplification (Vu poten-
tiometer). Mains-operated filament lamps produce a 100 Hz
noise signal. This is superposed on the voltage Urec. It does
not cause noise here.
Change in operating point and amplitude of the useful

signal in the TRANSMITTER BOARD:
When transmitting frequency-modulated signals, it is also
possible to modulate in the non-linear part of the transmission
characteristic or to overmodulate the system without this lead-
ing to a worsening of the transmission quality.
Solutions
3.7 Transmission of a Digital Signal in the Modulated Operating Mode
TRANSMIT TER BOARD (Type 4282) RECEIVER BOARD (Type 4283)
ANALOG
DC
Σ AC
660
nm
Uout
4283.4
hps
distance ext.
ext.
0.25 ... 0.5 m DC OFFSET Vu
4282.4
1...6
hps
nm
950
+15 V
DIGITAL
25 0 Ω
820 100 kΩ
nm +15V
TTL
U PCM
10 Ω
MODULAT ION BOARD (T ype 4280) DEMODULATION BOARD (T ype 4281)
ASK
20kHz
UT U dem
5 00Hz
U inf
Fig. 3.7.2.1
The demodulation is easy to achieve with a low pass. The Solution: Use a band pass filter (as is available on the
circuit cannot suppress noise however because the low pass MODULATION BOARD) to filter out noise of other frequencies
does not filter out low noise frequencies. and then envelope curve demodulation.
Solutions
Notes:
Solutions
V 0132 Wire Transmission S 21
4. Wire Transmission
4.2 Matching
Simple measuring method for checking the output side internal resistance:
• Apply a signal, e. g. 1 kHz, to the amplifier input. • When loading with another load resistor, the internal resi-
stance is calculated as follows:
• Measure the unloaded output voltage.
U1
Rout = RL ⋅ ( ) −1
• Load the output either with the potentiometer on the COAX- U2
IAL BOARD or the fixed resistors on the RECEIVER
Rout = output side internal resistance
BOARD.
RL = load resistor
• If the loaded generator voltage drops to half the no-load U1 = output voltage without load resistor
value, you have power matching and the externally con- U2 = output voltage with load resistor
nected resistance is the same as the output side internal
resistance of the generator.
4.3 Noise Sensitivity of a Two-Wire Line
Version 1:

Uout Y1 = 0.05 V / div.
t = 5 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 4.3.2.2
Solutions
S 22 Wire Transmission V 0132
Version 2:

Uout Y1 = 0.05 V / div.
t = 5 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
Fig. 4.3.2.4
Version 3:

U1 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
U2 Y2 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 5 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 4.3.2.6

U3 Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
Uout Y2 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 5 ms / div.
- 0 (Y1)
- 0 (Y2)
Fig. 4.3.2.7
Solutions
V 0132 Wire Transmission S 23
Explain the shape of the voltages Uout, U1 and U2 in the 3rd Question 1: What effect does a line plugged between the
circuit version: ground of the TRANSMITTER BOARD and RECEIVER
BOARD have in the 3rd circuit version?
In the third version of the circuit, the same voltage is induced
on both lines. The same noise voltage is therefore added to Answer: The effect of the noise suppression is cancelled.
the original signal on both lines. At voltage U1 a superposition
of the 1 kHz oscillation and the 50 Hz oscillation is measurable,
on the line used as a ground line only the 50 Hz oscillation. Question 2: Is noise to be expected when using an optical
On the RECEIVER BOARD, the voltages on both lines fluctua- waveguide?
te equally.
The difference between the voltages on the two lines corre- Answer: No, because no noise signal can be coupled into an
sponds to the transmitted 1 kHz oscillation U3 and Uout. To optical waveguide by induction. Even if the TRANSMITTER
make use of this effect on installed lines, the lines are twisted BOARD and RECEIVER BOARD are coupled by a ground
in pairs. This ensures that noise is radiated not only to one line as shown in circuit version 2 (Fig. 4.3.2.3), the information
line but to both lines. is transmitted over the optical waveguide line without noise.
4.4 Noise Sensitivity of a Coaxial Line

Uout Y1 = 0.2 V / div.
t = 5 ms / div.
Although a screened cable was used, a noisy output voltage

can be measured.
- 0 (Y1) Cause: The current of the generated noise voltage flows
through the screen of the coaxial line and causes a voltage
drop there. This voltage is added to the actual signal voltage.
A noisy output voltage is received as a result.
Solution: Connect the screen of the coaxial line at one point
only with the noise source (earth).
Fig. 4.4.2.2
Question 1: Does the output voltage Uout change when the Question 3: Measure the voltage between ground on the
bridging of the 1 Ω resistor is removed? TRANSMITTER BOARD and ground on the RECEIVER
BOARD. Does it change when you remove the 50 Ω input
Answer: The amplitude of the noise voltage is greater becau- resistor from the line by removing the 2 mm plug? To do this,
se the resistance of the ground line is greater. increase the amplitude of the voltage Uinf to e. g. 2 V.
Answer: Yes, there is a change. With the 50 Ω resistor there

is a voltage on the ground line which basically consists of the
Question 2: What effect does an interruption in the ground 50 Hz noise voltage superposed with the 1 kHz oscillation.
line of the COAXIAL BOARD have? Without the 50 Ω resistor, no signal current can flow through
the ground line, there is no voltage drop and only the 50 Hz
Answer: The amplitude of the noise voltage increases. oscillation is measured.
Solutions
S 24 Wire Transmission V 0132
4.5 Spurious Emission of a Wire Transmission
MODULATION BOARD TRANSMITTER BOARD (Type 4282) RECEIVER BOARD (Type 4283)
(Type 4280)
1kHz
50 Ω
50 Ω
75 Ω
U inf Uout
50 Ω 50 Ω 75 Ω
0V
0V
coil
900 windings
U mon
Fig. 4.5.2.1
Question 1: What effect does the removal of the 50 Ω input

resistor from the RECEIVER BOARD have?
Answer: If this resistor is removed, only a very small current

can flow in the two-wire line. Therefore very little voltage is
induced in the ,,monitor coil“.
V 0132 Appendix A1
Appendix
1. Formula Symbols
AN . . . . . . . . . numerical aperture t. . . . . . . . . . time

a . . . . . . . . . . axial offset, attenuation
U......... voltage in general

c . . . . . . . . . . speed of the light Uout . . . . . . . output voltage
UAM . . . . . . . amplitude-modulated voltage
f . . . . . . . . . . frequency UDC . . . . . . . DC voltage
Udem . . . . . . demodulated voltage
IF . . . . . . . . . . forward current of a diode Uinf . . . . . . . information voltage
Unoise. . . . . . noise voltage

l. . . . . . . . . . . length Urec . . . . . . . receiver voltage
UT . . . . . . . . carrier voltage
n . . . . . . . . . . refraction coefficient û ......... peak value of voltage
P . . . . . . . . . . power Vu . . . . . . . . voltage amplification

PFM . . . . . . . pulse frequency modulation
PCM . . . . . . . pulse code modulation α......... attenuation constant
β ......... tilt angle

R. . . . . . . . . . resistance in general δA . . . . . . . . acceptance angle
Rout . . . . . . . . output side internal resistance λ ......... wavelength
RL . . . . . . . . . load resistor ϕ......... angle
s . . . . . . . . . . end face distance

A2 Appendix V 0132
2. Equipment Required for the Experiments
1 tape-wound core, 2 parts (Type 9120.21)

DEMODULATION BOARD (Type 4281)
TRANSMITTER BOARD (Type 4282)
Synthetic fibre 0.5 m (Type 4282.20)
MODULATION BOARD (Type 4280)

Synthetic fibre 20 m (Type 4282.23)
1 coil, 100 windings (Type 9120.18)

1 coil, 900 windings (Type 9120.20)
Synthetic fibre 5 m (Type 4282.21)
IR transmit module (Type 4282.4)

RECEIVER BOARD (Type 4283)
IR receive module (Type 4283.4)

COAXIAL BOARD (Type 4284)
including fibre (Type 4282.18)
Optical bench (Type 4185),
Transformer, consisting of:

Function generator
2.2 Power Characteristics of Transmit Diodes X X X
2.3 Attenuation Measuring on Fibres X X X X X
2.4 Attenuation at Connection Points X X X
2.5 Transmission of AC Voltage X X X X
2.6 Transmission of 2 analog signals in frequency

X X X X X
division multiplex
2.7 Transmission of frequency-modulated signals X X X X X
2.8 Transmission of pulse-frequency modulated

X X X X X
signals
2.9 Transmission of a PCM signal X X X X X
3. Wireless transmission by infrared radiation
3.2 Spectral sensitivity of the infrared receiver X X
3.3 Attenuation of the transmission line

X X X X
(Law of Photometric Distance)
3.4 Radiation characteristic of the transmit module X X X X
3.5 Transmission of AC voltage X X X X X X
3.6 Transmission of frequency-modulated signals X X X X X X
3.7 Transmission of a digital signal in the

X X X X X X
modulated operating mode
3.8 Transmission of a PCM signal X X X X X X
4. Wire transmission
4.2 Matching X X X
4.3 Noise sensitivity of a two-wire line X X X X X
4.4 Noise sensitivity of a coaxial line X X X X X X
4.5 Spurious emission of a wire transmission X X X X X

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Communication Engineering

Order no.: V 0132

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4. Wire transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

1.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

1.2 Notes on the measuring technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.2 Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.3 Noise sensitivity of a two-wire line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

2. Optical waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.4 Noise sensitivity of a coaxial line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

2.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.5 Spurious emission of a wire transmission . . . . . . . . 81

2.2 Power characteristics of transmit diodes . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 Attenuation measuring on fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Solutions

2.4 Attenuation at connection points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. Optical waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 1

2.5 Transmission of AC voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3. Wireless transmission by infrared radiation . . . . . . . L 15

2.6 Transmission of 2 analog signals in frequency 4. Wire transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 21

2.7 Transmission of frequency-modulated signals . . . . 37 Appendix

2.8 Transmission of pulse-frequency modulated 1. Formula symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 1

3. Wireless transmission by infrared radiation . . . . . 51

3.2 Spectral sensitivity of the infrared receiver . . . . . . . 54

3.3 Attenuation of the transmission line

3.4 Radiation characteristic of the transmit module . . . 58

3.5 Transmission of AC voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.6 Transmission of frequency-modulated signals . . . . 64

3.7 Transmission of a digital signal in the

3.8 Transmission of a PCM signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

message converter transmitter transmission receiver converter message

You need a message transmission system to transmit mess- • Semiduplex mode

1.2 Notes on the Measuring Technology

+15V/0 ,3A +15V/0,3 A

+5V +5V +5V +5V

MODULATION BOARD TRANSMITTER BOARD RECEIVER BOARD DEMODULATION BOARD

• There were no powerful and rapidly switchable light sources.

Advantages of the optical waveguide technology

There is a wide range of application possibilities for fibre in

light receiver • electrical isolation of the transmitter and receiver; no poten-

Apart from this classification in stage index and gradient index

The fibre materials also play a part, a distinction is made

The following table classifies the different fibres:

Fig. 2.1.5 Schematic structure of a gradient index fibre

Fig. 2.1.6 Table 2.1.1

All effects which lead to pulse widening during transmission

input pulse output pul se

In multimode fibres with gradient index profile, the differences

wavelength on the refraction coefficient of the fibre. It can be

This attenuation constant is generally specified in 0

The choice of transmission wavelength depends on

The attenuation is mainly caused by:

• absorption losses of the radiation due to contami- 2000

with respect to the minimum bending radius must be

Fig. 2.1.11 Curve of attenuation of a synthetic fibre

Typical Typical Typical

Synthetic fibre dB transmission not possible

Multimode HCS fibre dB

Multimode quartz glass fibre dB

The job of the radiation source of an optical message system

The spectral bandwidth, measured at half the relative radiation

IDEAL LIN EAR 10

TYPICAL UNIT POW ER CURVE

Red transmit diode, 660 nm (Type TLRA130)

Absolute maximum ratings (TA = 25°C)

Electrical/optical characteristics (TA = 25°C)

Infrared transmit diode, 850 nm (Type HFE4020)

Electrical/optical characteristics (-40°C < T < 100°C unless otherwise noted)

PN photodiode and PIN photodiode

Additional charge carriers are released in the avalanche diode

When selecting a receive diode, make sure that it is suitable