{pANSPORTATION ENGINEERING aa TERMS AND DEFINITIONS o iS PORTS AND HARBORS RBOUR (US Harbor’) - I is a place of securit anettered part of an area of water, usually well prot and deep enough to provide anchorage for currents, , oan port facilities are provided, e.g. accommo feces. poRT OR SEAPORT — (1) It includes the harbour and the adjacent town or city suitabl le i barking men. (2) A locati for loading goods and embarking location on a shor f arbors where ships can dock and transfer cargo/ people ial ri omer mate 'y and comfort, a ected against hi ships and other dation for ships Small bay or other igh waves and strong Craft. Itis also a place and cargo handling ARF - (1) is the oldest term in English referring to port vee of timber, masonry, cement, or other material bul ong ott amen te navigable waterway, with sufficient depth of water to accommodate vessels ond receive and discharge Cargo or passengers. (2) A structure built on the shore of or Projecting into ahatbor, stream, elc., SO that vessels may be moored alongside to load or unload or to lie atrest QUAYS - concrete, stone, or metal platform lying alongside or projecting into water for loading and unloading ships. PIER - is a construction work extending into the harbour with sufficient depth of water alongside to accommodate vessels, also used as a promenade or landing place for passengers. PIER - is a raised structure in a body of water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or pilars. JETTY - is a small pier, usually made of timbers for boats, yachts oF fishing boats (fisherman jetty), but it also refers to large ships (tanker jetty, Tatty). jetty isa long, narrow structure that protects a coastline from the currents and tides. Jetties are usually made of wood, earth, stone, or concrete. They stretch from the shore into the water. BREAKWATERS - It is a massive port structure made of masonry or large stone blocks lidin the sea to protect the harbour from waves and current. WAVES are visual proof of the transmission of energy across itaaer eee nese wind -iven and happens in the boundary belween and within Mulds w lensitios Airlocean interface {ocean waves) Airialr interface (atmospheric waves) éterlwater interface (internal waves) Scanned with CamScannerTRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Se TERMS AND DEFINITIONS PORTS AND HARBORS HARBOUR (US: "Harbor’) - sheltered part of an area of currents, and deep enough t where port facilities are pi facilities. PORT OR SEAPORT - (1) It includes the harbour ai for loading goods and embarking men harbors where ships can dock and tran: Lis a place of security and comfort, a small bay or other waler, usually well protected against high waves and strong '0 provide anchorage for ships and other craft, It is also a place rovided, e.g. accommodation for ships and cargo handling ind the adjacent town or city suitable (2) A location on a shore containing one or more sfer cargo/ people to/from land WHARF - (1) is the oldest term in English referring to port structures. It denotes any structure of timber, masonry, cement, or other material built along or at an angle to the navigable waterway, with sufficient depth of water to accommodate vessels and receive and discharge cargo or pass ‘engers. (2) A structure built on the shore of or projecting into aharbor, stream, etc., so that vessels may be moored alongside to load or unload or.to lie atrest QUAYS - concrete, stone, or metal Platform lying alongside or Projecting into water for loading and unloading ships. PIER - is a construction work extendin alongside to accommodate vessels, al: Passengers. 19 into the harbour with sufficient depth of water so used as a promenade or landing place for PIER - is a raised structure in a bo pillars, JETTY - is a small Pier, usually made of timbers for boats, yachts or fishing boats (sherman jetty), but it also refers to large ships (tanker jetty, T-jetty), A jetty is a long, Narrow structure that protects a coastline from the currents and tides. Jetties are usually made of wood, earth, stone, or concrete. They stretch from the shore into the water. BREAKWATERS - Itis a massive port structure made of masonry or large stone blocks laid in the sea to protect the harbour from waves and current. WAVES are visual Wind-driven ani densities dy of water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or proof of the transmission of energy across the ocean. Most waves are d happens in the boundary between and within fluids with different Airlocean interface (ocean waves) Airair interface (atmospheric waves) Wateriwater interface (internal waves) BAYOGO | 7 | Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol. HER TYPES OF WAVES : 1. Splash wave (Coastal landslides, calving iad 2. Seismic sea wave or tsunami (Sea floor movemeni t) 3. Tides (Gravitational attraction among Moon, Sun, and Earth) 4. Wake (Ships) PROGRESSIVE WAVES - waves that travel without breaking TYPES OF PROGRESSIVE WAVE The following are the types of progressive waves: LONGITUDINAL ~ Push/pull waves in direction of energy transmission (sound) TRANSVERSE - back and forth motion (Only in Solids) ORBITAL - Combination of longitudinal and transverse (around and around motion at interface of two fluids) WAVES AND WATER DYNAMICS WAVE STEEPNESS Tatio of wave height to wave length HIL, If wave steepness > 17, Wave breaks, WAVE PERIOD time for one wavelength to Pass fixed point WAVE FREQUENCY no, Of Wave crests Passing fixed location Per unit of time, inverse Of period or 4/7. WAVE BASE (roughly at % L) Ata certain distance from the wave interface, there ishardly any motion due to wave activity. This Fegion is said to be below the wave base. DEEP.WATER WAVES "Water depth is greater than way No interference with ocean bottom Wave speed (celerity) Proportional to Wavelength, ‘The longer the Wave, the faster it travels" SHALLOW.WATER WAVE = Water depth is < 1/20L ave “feels* bottom, because water is Celerity Proportional to depth of Water, Wave travels" ve base (> 1/2L) shallower than wave base “The deeper the Water, the faster the SURVEYING STRANSPORTATION ENGINErown Scanned with CamScannerysPORTATION ENGINEERING rf ysiTiONAL WAVES 4120 and 41 pf Water depth is in between and 1/2L where L = wave length . Characteristics of both deep and shallow-water waves Celerity depends on both water depth and wavelength . CH distance of uninterrupted winds. rere v DEVELOPED SEA Maximum wave hei uu « duration of winds at e ight, wavelengtt for particular fetch, speed, sg duration of Wil t equilibrium conditions igth and duratto DI gNELL Uniform, symmetrical waves that travel outward from storm area. It has long, sunsed crests and transports energy at long distances, STORM SURGES : ; : NI Large wave moving with a storm (not just hurricanes) + Low pressure above water > water level tises at center + Preceded by low sea-level in front of storm TSUNAMI OR SEISMIC SEA WAVE Sudden chan ges in sea floor caused by Earthquakes, submarine landslides, or volcanic eruptions TIDAL DATUMS (souve: tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov) 4 tidal datum is a reference elevatio Nn defined by a certain tidal stage. They are used as weerence in measuring water levels, HIGHEST ASTRONOMICAL TIDE (HAT) . The elevation of the highest predicted astronomical tide expected to occur ata specific tide Station. NEAN HIGHE! th R HIGH WATER (MHHW) he average of the higher high water of each tidal day. WEAN HIGH WATER (MHW) "average of all the high-water heights. PURNAL TIDE LEVEL (DTL) "© average of the MHHW and MLLW, ean TIDE LEVEL (MTL) * average of MHW and MLW rN SEA LEVEL (MSL) ; * average of the heights observed at an interval of time usually every 1 hour. =i Scanned with CamScannerysPORTATION ENGINEERING pA L WAVES uns depth is in between 1/20L and 4/2L whore L. = wave length Characteristics of both deep and shallow-water waves Celerity depends on both water depth and wavelength ich distance of uninterrupted winds. CH dis uly DEVELOPED SEA Maximum wave height, wavelen A igth for particular fetch, speed, juration of winds at equilibrium conditions eid gNELL Uniform, symmetrical waves that travel outward from stort ™ area. It has long, ayrded crests and transports energy at long distances, sTORM SURGES : f + Large wave moving with a storm (not just hurricanes) + Lowpressure above water —> water level rises at center + Preceded by low sea-level in front of storm TSUNAMI OR SEISMIC SEA WAVE Sudden changes in sea floor ca used by Earthquakes, sammanne landslides, or volcanic eruptions TIDAL DATUMS (save: tidesandcurrents. N0aa.gov) + tga! Gatum is a reference elevation defi ined by a certain tidal stage. They are used as ‘erence in measuring water levels, HGHEST ASTRONOMICAL TIDE (HAT) am Of the highest predicted astronomical tide expected to occur ata specific tide on, WEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER (MHHW) * average of the higher high water of each tidal day, ma HIGH WATER (MHW) * average of all the high-water heights, Q 7a TIDE LEVEL (DTL) "='@9e of the MHHW and MLLW. ma TIDE LEVEL (MTL) erage of MHW and MLW Mean g he ean LEVEL (MSL) © Of the heights observed at an interval of time usually every 1 hour. J.G.BAYOGO r Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of C il Engineering Vol.1 MEAN LOW WATER (MLW) The average of all the low water heights. W WATER (MLLW) low water heights of each tidal day. MEAN LOWER LO The average of the lower \ AT) AL TIDE (4) ed tide expected fo occur. LOWEST ASTRONOMIC: : { astronomical predict The elevation of the lowes! GREAT DIURNAL RANGE (GT) The difference in height between the MHHW and the MLLW. MEAN RANGE OF TIDE (MN) The difference in height between the MHW and MLW. MAX TIDE / HIGHEST OBSERVED TIDE The maximum height reached by a rising tide. MIN TIDE / LOWEST OBSERVED TIDE The minimum height reached by a falling tide AIRPORT ENGINEERING AIRPORT APRON OR APRON - is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, or boarded. RUNWAY - A defined surface on an airport prepared or suitable for the landing or takeoff of airplanes. RAILROAD ENGINEERING SLEEPERS - ties" aon Sin aon as ‘lies’, short for "crossties". The transverse members of , concrete or sometimes steel, which are used to secure the rails at the correct gauge. TRACK GAUGE - Iti it is defined as the spacing of the rails and measured between the inner faces of the load bearing rails, TURNOUT - Itis where a sin fails to change the route, jle-t it gle-track split to become two tracks and equipped with moving Scanned with CamScannerNSPORTATION ENGINEERING 1RA TRAFFIC ENGINEERING lete sequence of signal CYCLE TIME - Time fequired for one compl ce = arte green and inter-green times). For agiven movement, itis the sum oe of red, yellow, and green signal displays, OF sum of Effective Green and Red Times. DEGREE OF SATURATION - The ratio of arrival (demand) flow ‘ven flow period, Also known Tate to Capacity during a as the Volume to Capacity ratio, DELAY - The additional travel time experienced bya Vehicle or Pedestrian with teference ‘Dabase travel time (eg. the free-flow travel time) DENSITY ~ (4) Itis defi ined as the Number of Vehicles Per unit dis: O'roadway at a Given instant time and is u tance Occupying a Section isually Measured in Vehicles Per mile of Per km. 2) The Sumber of Vehicles Per unit distance along a ‘oad segment as measured at an "stant in time, ~ Number of Sparing) a given re Vehicles of Pedestrians Per unit time Passing (arriving or eference Point ~ The time elapsed between the front bu following Vehicle Passing a gi Imper of one Vehicle ang the agiven Point. n index Of the ©Perational Performance Of traffic On a given traffic ection, bas, on ice leasured Such as delay, degree of Ind speed during a given flow Period, at An ilerupted traffic Condition when a numb Ue to insufficient Capacity durin, a traffic gi (toca SY failure) Yering er Of queued Vehicles are Not 'gnal or Qap-a eptance Cycle '@ during the Maximum-volume hour of the @ flow rate Within th : i ting Beak ne Peak hour: a Measure of traffic 4.8. BaYogo Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 ffic during the day, PEAK PERIOD - The period that has the highest demand volume of traffic g ay ip of roadway marked for the use of ING - A transverse strip of tha sign ant pode SRVeREA te road (midblock or at intersections) at a place wi ig ee 7 1. . : % without alternating flashing twin yellow lights. it i or more movements receive right of - f a signal cycle during which one ¢ Is re can way stb W tetion of nf vehicle or pedestrian Pia tea - : i identified by at least one movement gaining fight of way al Movement losing right of way at the end of it. PLATOON - A group of vehicles or pedestrians travelling together because of signal control, geometric conditions or other factors QUEUE - A line of vehicles or pedestrians waiting to proceed through an intersection, SIGNAL PHASING - Sequential arrangement of separately controlled groups of vehicle and pedestrian movements within a signal cycle to allow all vehicle and pedestrian Movements to proceed. TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNAL - At or mechanically operated b specified direction. type of road traffic signal whether manually, electrically, y Which traffic is alternatively directed to stop and proceed in a TRAFFIC VOLUME - The number Of vehicles moving in a Specified direction on a given lane or roadway that Pass a given point during specified unit time and is usually expressed as vehicles per hour or vehicles per day. AVERAGE ANNUAL DAILY TRAFFIC collected every day in the year. These co compute accident rates, and establish tr (AADT) - The average of 24-hour traffic counts Uunts are used to estimate highway user Tevenues, raffic volume trends, AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC (ADT) - The average of 24-hour traffic @ number of days greater than One but less than a year. These counts Ng Current traffic de Counts collected over are used for planning 19 existing traffic flow. of highway activities, measuri ; i M Imber of vehicles that pass a point on a cata oe a ee minutes. This Volume is ieee for lances fon seometric design Standard Selection, it i development of Operational Programs, and development Of parking Tegulatone. anal. gi SURVEYING STRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerING TION ENGINEER’ PORTA pan JOLUME - maximum number of vehicles that pass a point on a highway M : ‘, KHOR nsecutive minutes, iod of 60 const gg a pen i id. . travel usage along a section of roa TRAVEL (VMT) - A measure of age é yeHICLE Wee n volume (ADT) and the length of roadway in miles to which the ae rsteprotire measure is used mainly as a base ‘or allocating resour , « apical and improvement of highways and to establish highway system usag maintenance ren is tion of road. It is the eh OF TRAVEL - It is a measure of travel along a sec n 1 ae Tie volume and the length of Toadway in miles to which the volume is duct amicable. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING - SAFETY AND DESIGN ASPHALT - A dark brown to black which the predominatin Bhning petroleum, cementitious mater tial solid or semi-solid in consistency, 19 constituent is bitumen which occur in nature as residue in BALLAST - Gravel used as the base below the track for rail. BRAKING DISTANCE - Distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes ‘nit will Stop, DRLNEATORS _ light retro-refi SES, to indicate lecting devices mounted at the side of the Toadway, in the foadway alignment, DELINEATORS ~ Roadside Markers used to Quide drivers through turns, especially at "aht or at times of poor Visibility, ESIGN speen he m The maximum Speed at which Vehicles can Continuously travel Safel Under favorable Conditions, , 7 ~The rate of Change in acceleration (or less Often, deceleration), i TANCE . Minimum sight distance fequired on a two-lane, two-way ae ate Permit a driver to Complete a Passing maneuver without Colliding with an hicle and without Cutting on the Passed vehicle, The distance ahead that must be clear to permit Safe Sig . DISTANCE ~ The longest distance a driver Can see in front of him, JG, BAYoGo Scanned with CamScannerpANSPORTATION ENGINEERING HOUR VOLUME - maximum number of vehicles that , i Pass a point it riod of 60 consecutive minutes. Point on a highway Pl uring 4 ste product of the volume (ADT) and the length of foadway in miles to which the volume is applicable: This measure is used mainly as a base for allocating resources for maintenance and improvement of highways and to establish highway system usage ends. vEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (VMT) - A measure of travel usage along a section of road. VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL - It is a measure of travel along a section of road. It is the qraduct of the traffic volume and the length of roadway in miles to which the volume is aoplicable. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING - SAFETY AND DESIGN ASPHALT - A dark brown to black cementitious material solid or semi-solid in Consistency, in which the predominating constituent is bitumen which occur in nature as residue in reining petroleum. BALLAST - Gravel used as the base below the track for rail. BRAKING DISTANCE - Distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes inti i will stop. DELINEATORS - light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in ‘Series, to indicate the roadway alignment. DELINEATORS - Roadside markers used to guide drivers through turns, especially at Aight or at times of poor visibility. DESIGN SPEED - The maximum speed at which vehicles can continuously travel safely Under favorable conditions. JERK -The rate of change in acceleration (or less often, deceleration). PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE - Minimum sight distance required on a two-lane, two-way ighway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an Ng vehicle and without cutting on the passed vehicle passin SIGHT DISTANCE - The distance ahead that must be clear to permit safe wy Sour DISTANCE - The longest distance a driver can see in front of him. Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.] SKID RESISTANCEICOEFFICIENT OF FRICTION - The ralio between parallel forces divided by the normal forces (in banking of curves). SLIP LANE - A turning movement lane separated from an adjacent lane by a triangular island SUPER ELEVATION RUN-OFF - The length of super elevation development from zero cross-slope to full design super elevation in a circular curve alignment. CONTINUITY LINE - A pavement line, which is used to indicate that portion of a carriageway assigned to through traffic. It is intended to be crossed by traffic turning at an intersection or entering or leaving an auxiliary lane at its start or finish. This line is generally 4m. long, 100mm - 200mm wide with gaps of 1 m. LONGITUDINAL LINES - are those laid in the direction of travel. These include: Center Line, Lane Line, Double Yellow Line, ‘No-Passing’ Zone Markings, Pavement Edge Line, Continuity Lines, and Transition Line. TRANSVERSE LINES - are laid across the direction of travel. These include Stop Line, Give Way Lines, Pedestrian Crossing Markings, and Roundabout Holding Lines. OTHER LINES - includes: Turn Lines, Parking Bays, Painted Median Islands, and Bus & PUJ Lane Lines. OTHER MARKINGS - includes: approach markings to islands and obstructions, Chevron marking, diagonal markings, Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps, Curb markings for Parking restrictions, Approach to Railroad crossing, Messages and Symbols, and Pavement Arrows. REACTION TIME - The time taken from the instant the object is visible to the driver to the instant the brakes are effectively applied. PERCEPTION TIME - The time required for a driver to realize that brakes must be applied. {tis the time from the instant the object comes on the line of sight of the driver to the instant he realizes that the vehicle needs to be stopped. EMOTION TIME - The time elapsed during emotional sensations and disturbance such as fear, anger, or any other emotional feelings with reference to the situation, VOLITION TIME - The time taken for final action, gi SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanneraNSPORTATION ENGINEERING 1 ROAD TERMS & DEFINIT <7 Signs and Pavement Markings) <= pewn- Ri pure ser SIGNS device mounted ona fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support wa sions) whereby & specific message is conveyed by means of words or symbols esi prerected for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic. REGULATORY SIGNS ded, will consti signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, titute an offense. jase SSECIAL INSTRUCTION SIGNS - signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule gqurements or road condition no 5 stor wor creck || [iGieeryerS ws on CREASES ant WARNING SIGNS - war road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be senecied or hazardous. A SLOW DOWN @ PED XING —| ~ AHEAD SUDE SIGNS / INFORMATIVE SIGNS - inform and advise road users of directions, Ssances, routes, the location of services for road users, and points of interest Seoena® FOADWORK SIGNS — warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could Hier toad users or the men and equipment engaged on roadwork, RHEAD SIGNS - signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information 2 : band | is required, or where Seo) ullilane roads, where some degree of lane use contro is req 7 {oad clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign. 7 tration from the Htiees - highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular pene! ah vyenioes ‘aq Way 10 areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to my ae i Occupants, and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedastrians ane Worsers, BAYOGO k Scanned with CamScanner |The Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 i i ther controls and devices FLASHING LAMPS - waming devices used to supplement other c levice necessary to alert motorists of construction and maintenance activities or obstructions in the roadway. DELINEATORS - light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in series, to indicate the roadway alignment. TRAFFIC CONES - devices which may be conical in shape or tubular shaped capable of performing channelization of traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or Tigidly attached for continued use. TEMPORARY CURBING - roadwork devices consisting of pre-cast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which, may be used to guide traffic at the construction site. FLEXIBLE POST OR BOLLARD - device used in place of rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of 450mm by 50mm wide with alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for delineation of traffic. SHAPE Standard sign shapes are: 1. The octagon is reserved exclusively for the STOP sign; 2. The equilateral triangle, with one point vertically downward is reserved for the GIVE WAY Sign; 3. The circle symbol is mainly used for regulatory signs; 4. The circle symbol may sometimes be mounted on a rectangular base either for easy recognition or for additional information; 5. The equilateral triangle with one point vertically upward is used for warning signs; 6. The Fectangle, usually with long axis horizontal is used for directional signs, service signs, road work signs, signs for special purposes, and supplementary plates for warning signs; 7. The rectangle, usually with long axis vertical is generally used for facility inpametion signs, instruction signs, guide signs, and destinations of point of interest; and, The pentagon, with point Up is used only for pedestrian and school crossing sign. 626 | SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGIN EERING Scanned with CamScanner1RANSPORTATION ENGINEERING R i bia dard colors for signs are as follows: Red is used as a background for STOP signs, as border col i 4 waming signs and prohibitive signs in the regulatory type, ieee 2 2, Black is used as legend color for signs havin 19 white, ‘ellow, orange, fluorescent yellow green back Tre orange, fluorescent ground and as chevron for hazard markers, 3 Yellowis used as background color for Toadwork signs, 4 White is the background color for most si : gns and legends for some colored backgrount 5, Fluorescent yellow green is used as background color for signs related to pedestrian movement, school zones, and road work hazard markers to give additional emphasis and guidance to vehicle Operators. Fluorescent orange is used as background color for To legends relate to personnel working. adwork signs whose Green is used as background color for direction signs. § Blue is used as background color for service signs. Brown is reserved as background color for all tourist facility directional and information signs. ROAD MARKERS means any traffic control device marked on the surface of the tamiageway used to regulate traffic or to warn or guide road users. They are used either aioné or in conjunction with other signs or signals to emphasize or clarify their meaning. Nedian islands are not classified as road markers. ROAD means the entire surface of any street open to traffic, including shoulder and Sidewalk, HIGHWAY shall mean any public thoroughfare, public boulevard, and avenue, but shall Not ot include foadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges, universities, or ober similar institutions, CARRIAGEWAY means the part of the road normally used by vehicular traffic. LANE mean Is one of the longitudinal strips from which the carriageway can be divided, Whether or ng ot defined by longitudinal road markings. INTERSECTION Means any level crossroad, junction, including open areas formed by Crossroad. BUILT-UP AREA means an area with entries and exits especially sign posted as such or mise defined in domestic legislation. POMESTIC LEGISLATION is the entire body of national or local laws and regulations in cen the country, Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 i wer other than the muscu, hall mean any vehicle propelled by any powe lar aoe is pb highways, except heavy construction equipment, trolley Cars, street Eeepere sprnkers lawn mowers, amphibian trucks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes. STANDING a vehicle is said to be standing if it is stationary for the time needed to pick up or set down persons of to load or unload goods. it is stationary for the period during which the PARKED a vehicle is said to be parked if it is si vehicle is not limited to the time needed to pick up or set down persons or goods, DRIVER shall mean any and every licensed operator of a motor vehicle, ROAD USERS shall mean any persons using the road including drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, and commuters. URBAN ROADS roads where speed limit is 60 kph or less. RURAL ROADS roads where speed limit is over 60 kph. Although there are high-speed roads in the urban area, for the purpose of line marking, they are defined as rural roads. HIERARCHY OF ROADS ROAD NETWORK defined as a hierarchy in terms of road types and according to the major functions the roads will serve. The main classification is whether the road is to be used primarily for movement or for access. NATIONAL ROADS roads continuous in extent that form part of the main trunk line system; all roads leading to national ports, national seaports, parks or coast-to-coast roads. PROVINCIAL ROADS roads connecting one Municipality with another; all roads extending from 2 municipality or from a Provincial or national road to a public wharf or railway station; and any other road to be designated as such by the Sangguniang Panlalatwigan. CITY ROADS these roads / streets within the urban area of the city to be designated as such by the Sangguniang Panglungsod. MUNICIPAL ROADS ~ these roads / streets within the blacion area of a municipali to be designated as such by the Sangguniang Bayan, 7 aay BARANGAY ROADS - tural roads located either outsid industrial, commercial or residential subdivisi hi ivisions which and which are not otherwise fe the urban area of city or outside ; act as feeder farm-to-markat roads, Classified as national, provincial, city or municipal roads. gw SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerEVALUATION EXAMINATION 7 ject: TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING. Date: i AlUtopi der Transportation Eng’ Duration: INSTRUCTION: Select the BEST answer to each of the following quastions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided at the end of the questionnaire. Use pencil no. 2 only. STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. DO NOT FOLD OR MUTILATE THIS PAPER. SITUATION |. Forty (40) vehicles pass a given point in 1 minute and traverse a length of 1 kilometer. 4. Evaluate the flow, in vehicles per hour. A40 Cc. 6000 B. 1200 D. 2400 2. Evaluate the density, in vehicles per kilometer. A20 C.40 B.30 0.50 3. Evaluate the time headway, in seconds. A42 C.3.0 B15 0.2.7 SITUATION II. The arrival rate of vehicles entering a tollbooth is 3 vehicles per minute and the average Separture rate is 4 vehicles per minute. 4, What is the traffic intensity? 4.0.50 C. 1,50 2075 D.1.25 5 eine the number of vehicles waiting to be served. C3 B2 D4 : 'S defined as the number of vehicles por unit distance occupying a section of ‘Cadway at a given instant in time and is usually measured in vehicles per mile or per jeter, density C. flow Sapacity D. volume wee Peak hours, 4400 vehicles pass through a certain highway from 9:00 am to "2m, with space mean speed of 20 kph. What is the traffic density in vehicles ne kilometer? 90 ©.105 8 tto D. 100 Scanned with CamScannerThe Artof civil Engineering Voll During peak hours, 3800 vehicles pass through a cerlain highway from 9 0 8. 14:00 am, with space moan speed of 20 kph, What Is the average Space he, a bo per vehicle’? 6.95 %y ros 0.105 tain lane of road with average , 1 2340 vehicles por hour passes a cor! 99 Spend ot : determine the appropriate spacing of Dale 2 kth, . 2.2m A,33.3m B.55.5m 0.44.4m i 1d in a certain section of hi ; 40, The number of accidents for 6 years recordet t of high it the average dally traffic is 476, what is the accident rate per nilon iar vehicles? [CE Board Nov 2018) ering A, 5547 C. 5893 B.5712 D. 5652 44, Given five observed velocities in kph: 60, 35, 45, 20, and 50, determine the ime. mean speed. A42 C.39 B.36 D.45 42. The following data were taken on five cars traversing a 1.5-km highway. CAR | TIME (minutes) | A 1.3 B 11 c 14 D 1.0 E 1.2 Determine the space mean speed. A.81 kph C.72 kph B. 62 kph D. 75 kph + 413. The spot speeds in kph observed at a road section are 66, 62, 45, 79, 32, 51, 56, 60, 53, and 49. Evaluate the median speed in kph. A524 C55 8.535 oles 14, Tecan ster for 6 years recorded in 10-mile long highway is 5432. Ithe rahe? y traffic Is 476, what is the accident rate per hundred-milion enterng A.52210 sa cae 490 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerneat r ematical model N = Ax? ~ 36x 4 7 math ao rion fi ; 1000 a ‘ J, N per 60 million miles driven, for dri Pptoximates ' ni drivers ages 16 through 74, hee “feats oe ‘a as driven, are there for 20-year-old drivers’? any acldens per 50 nit, f ial C. 440 ‘a 0. 480 jlowing data were taken on five cars traversin ki i ; ’ roy 2017] ga 24 Kilometer highway car TIME (minutes! 1.3 B 14 c 1.4 D 1.0 E 1.2 Determine the space mean speed. A125 kph C. 115 kph 3110 koh D. 120 kph ao z= \eoer ee ZZZZZZBZZELZEZZEZE ZEEZZZE \ = so: = - os \ gidgids’esr see aad sees S@ieansawe esr ae ag SFE Te 5 Bh Scanned with CamScannerANSWER KEY & SOLUTIONS FoR EVALUATION EXAMINATION 7 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING : Date: ae Alltopics under Transportation Eng’g Duration — ae = 19. A.10.9m 37. C. 1800 = : a 20. 0.25 8 B36 3 BAS 21. C. 161.4 39. D. 1125 4. B.075 22. D.270.6m 40. C.240 3 03 23. D.0.35 41. C.200 5, A-density 24. C.91.3 42. B.36 7, B.110 25. A. 182.6 43. B. 1/10 8. D.10.5 26. A.210m 44. D. Steepness 9 C.222m 27. B. 240m 45. D. mean lower low water 10. D.5652 28. A.0.60 46. A. Breaking waves 41. A42 29. D. 318mm 47. ©. 11:18 PM 42. D.75 kph 30. A. 160.7 mm 48. A. 18dBA 13. 0.54.5 31. A. 3600 49. B.5 vehicles 14. C.52110 32. C. 5600 50. D.0.83 min 15. €.440 33. B. 4°46’ 51. All 16. D. 120 kph 34. C.6°22' 52. D.40m 17. C.1.96 m 35. D.5° 43' 29" 18. C.73.7% 36. A. Perception ... Scanned with CamScannerTl EVI NONaAW SITUATION |. Traffic flow, nN 40 vehicles = 2400 vph =_——w Te Tinin x HOU in Traffic density, N40 vehicles = 40 veh/km T= Tm Time headway, ; dvek ere eos 2aooVehy, TRE. SITUATION II. sven 60 min 9 Veh Arrival rate,A = avehy x /y hr = 18 Var i = 249 veh Departure rate, p = avehy x 60 min /t hr = 240 Ve Traffic intensity, A 180 —~=>—=0.75 Hh 240 ° Assuming M/M/M Gueueing, the average delay time Per vehicle is, A 180 w= PTE . MAA) 240(240 = 180) ~ 00125 hour Using Little's formula, the average number of vehicles in queue is, = Aw Q= 180 x 0.0125 Q= 2.25 vehicles = 3 vehicles TRAFFIC DENSI ITY The Aumber of vehi i i Vehicles ber mie or pe in Of Vehicles Over a Stretch of highway, Expressed in 500 SURVEYING STRANSPoRTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerGE yymber of vehicles, N = 4400 veh inne, L= 2 hours " mean speed, SMS = 20 kph Space rac fo" _N_4400 oan veh q=T Ry = 2200 Veh), density, rele q = SMS Xk 2200 = 20 xk k = 110 veh/km Gwen, Number of vehicles, N = 3800 veh Time, t= 2 hours Space mean speed, SMS = 20 kph Traffic flow, N 3800 —-=—= veh 1900 ¥eN/,. qs 2 Traffic density, q = SMS xk 1900 = 20 xk k= 95 veh/km Space headway, 1veh 1000 m veh x —— = 10,526m 1 h,=-= Sik gsveh/ Tkm SO J.G,BAYOGO 501 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 oe Traffic flow, q = 2340 veh/hr Space mean speed, SMS = 2 kph Using the relation, qe SHS xk =52k azqovehy = s2km/ x k k = 45 veh/km ci icles / space headway, Spacing of vehicles / spé ; Nay oe S=P =m * Gg 7 22-222 ko gsvehy km Given, Number of accidents during the period of analysis, A = 5892 Time of period in years, N = 6 yrs Average daily traffic, ADT = 476 Using the formula Ros A 1,000,000 ADT x Nx 365 R 5892 1,000,000 ~ 476 x 6x 365 R= 5652.124 ts =2Y _ 90435 4454.20 4 59 WO a2 kph Scanned with CamScanneration =” ee ONS | p . SMS = ST Ma SMS = 5 veh “THe Voie fr We we ty, TS os = Loo +e 4 “eg oa 1 leg SMS = 75 kph b 10 MODE 3-4, and input the reciprocal of each velocities in kph, x 1.31 (60x1.5) 1.4 1(60x1.5) 4.41 (60x15) 4.0/ (601.5) 4.21 (601.5) . . ulo.oNe ‘idl ress © then input : nO 6 Hence, the space mean speed SMS is 75 kph. rr} iE} hat are SPEED is the speed at the middle value in series of oo Ne Gs attanged in ascending order. 50% of speed values will be greater will be less than the median. Rearrangi el 32, 45, 49, 51, sao 60, 62, 66, 79, Hence the median speed is in between 53 and 56, 53486 kph Median Speed = =" = 54,5 kp 1a payoco 503 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering vour own Number of accidents during the period of analysis, A = §432 Time of period in years, N=6yrs average daily trafic, ADT = 476 Lenath of segment, L = 10 miles Using the formula A _ i 700,000,000 ADT x N x 365 x L R 5432 ee eo 100,000,000 476x 6x 365 x 10 R=52108.515 N = 0.4x? — 36x + 1000 N = 0.4(20)? — 36(20) + 1000 N=440 Go to MODE 3-1, and input the reciprocal of each velocities in kph x 1.31 (602.4) 1.4 1(60x2.4) 1.41(60x2.4) 1.01 (60x2.4) 1.2/(60x2.4) then input x Hence, the g 120 vine space mean speeq eed SMS jg 120 k ph, 504 sy VEY, ING STRANSPORTATION FNeu Scanned with CamScannerjuation Examination / - sotutions Be ight distance formula, 6, stopping S'a ' SSD = vt ieee ace 2a(l+ G) 80)? 80 SsbD = 3g O5+ wa 3.6 81)(0.4 £0 SSD = 74.04 m (40) x = 76 — 74.04 x=1.96m From the breaking distance formula, ss v O= 3gGFtO) Where, n = break efficiency (19/5.6), - eon) 12.2 = Fe gIn x 0.70 +0) 1 = 73.68% 4,G,BAY0GO 505 Scanned with CamScanner | IThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol. snialhieatitatnniii ve SD = Vt 5g a no OM 6) SSD © yore yo SSD © 69,156m xe MO = 69,156 x= 10,064m NOTE: 1 mile = 1,609 km or use CONV calculator function, Press @ \8) then input o7 md Lenk To convert 65 mph to kph, 7 aT 65mni Lerktn 104. 60736 dsvt 14, 72.2 = h607I6 3.6 '= 2,48 seconds 50.3 = 5 =2 x13 Y= 161.446 kph The averag ‘2 Sean i Usually use 2.5 nine ED SSI No DS TED (MY), 2 S Oma; 2 a Scanned with CamScannerd= ue 49 = 0/36)? 20.81) 0) f=0.354 Pay the head light sight distance HSD is equal to the stopping sight dista ince. 6 65 HSD = SSD =x pg plea) ia 2(9.81)(036 +0) 913m 2 The intermediate sight distance ISD is equal to twice the stopping sight distance 65/,\° : Isp = 2x SSD =2x Sass ae) a 3.6 2.81)(0.36+0)|~ “826™ Anegative grade followed by a positive grade is a sag vertical curve. Value of A, A=48-(-23) =7.1 SIGHT DISTANCE CRITERION Assume, CASE 1: S < L. 2 2 pa 71 x180"__ 208,68 m > $ 120 +3.5S8 120 + 3.5(130) *. OKAY! COMFORT CRITERION Since velocity is given, we check for the formula, = AKe = 7A x80 _ 115.04 m 395 395 Sight distance criterion governs therefore, we use 240 m. y.G.BAvoGO 507 Scanned with CamScannerpawation Examination 7 - Solutions ye 6 " d= 2g(C+G) 2(9.81)(F + 0) f= 0.354 spe neat light sight distance HSD is equal to the stopping sight distance. 65 (65 /. ) HSD = SSD ==—x 25+ 36) __ 36 298103640) 3™ ri) The intermediate sight distance ISD is equal to twice the stopping sight distance. 65/,.)° 65 /. Isp = 2 x SSD =2x |——X2.5+ ( 3.6) —\_ 136) _| _ 192.6 3.6 2(9.81)(0.36 + 0) m Anegative grade followed by a positive grade is a sag vertical curve. Value of A, A= 48-(-23) = 71 SIGHT DISTANCE CRITERION Assume, CASE 1: < L 2 ‘AS? 7.1.x 130" _ 208,68 > S __ Ae ee L=ayp¢355 — 120+ 3.5(130) » OKAY! COMFORT CRITERION Velocity is given, we check for the formula, AK? _ 7.1 x80! _ 445,04 L= 3957 395 395 Sh distance criterion governs therefore, We US? 240m. J. Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol. Frog angle, t We 2 = IK 10 = 5°43'29,32" In general, Stopping Sight Distance SSD is given by the formula, 2 vi SSD = vt +-———— OT 2e0FED) tis the perception reaction time while the expression cane is the breaking distance. SITUATION IV. 37-38 Average Spacing at Rest % ————}- 5m i x ae the ha headway to which the drivers space themselves for them le to safe stop; should the Preceding vehicle exec Itean be modelled by the following relation Ne OSA he +X, =X, 45 Eq. (1) 512 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanneration Exaniitte 2 VAUUONS \u ae igtance travelled by car 1 from the time the dri ig he O FE Ver ay aS tel stopped. From the stopping sight distance oe the brakes to the i oo eed as 0, the distance can te a v2 e D=vt+— 2a vest tne reaction time t as zero (0) for the driver of the fitst car since ty son, THUS, © he initiate, sent 7 d the X=—t- 1" 205) 0.20V? the seoond car, the reaction time t = 1 sec and the deceleration fe ay =a, — Aa = 25-05 = 2.0 m/s? aril be taken as, basically assumed that the second car has a weaker deceleration ability to consider reworst case that may occur. 2 Vv. X, =V,() +4 = 2 2 = V2(1) 2 Vz + 0.25V,' From Eq. (1), h, + 0.20V? = V, + 0.25V? +5 Eq.(2) Since no data is available for the spot speed of each car, we may use the space mean speed SMS for this traffic stream. Hence, V, =V, =SMS=V (we set this to V for implicity) Eq.(2) then becomes, h, = 5 +V+0.05V? From the relation, h, = SMS x he Weknow that hs is the space headway and V is the space mean speed, hs = VX he Wo obtain, sve 5+Vt 0.0: h=—y : ho trafic OW «, cing back o the relation between the time heat hy, and t h = 7/4 y,6,Bavoco 513 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 We obtain, | Vv 9 54 V+ 0.05V? To maximize the flow, we differentiate q with respect to time, dq _ (5 +V+0.05V?)(1) - V1 + 0.1V) aC EVH005VE—— Take ay =0, (5+V + 0.05V2) — (V+ 0.1V?) (5+ V + 0.05V2) 0=5+V+0.05V? —-V-0.1V2 —0.05V? +5 =0 Vv? = 100 V=10m/s > kph V=36kph For the maximum single lane flow, Vv Amox = S54 005ve 10 max =————____ 5 +10 + 0.05(10)2 Qmax = 0.5 veh/sec max = 1800 veh/hour Given, Time headway, hi = 3,2 seconds Using the time headway elation, h,=1 /q 3.2 sec = 1 /q 4 = 0.3125 veh/., » x 3600 sec “x 4 = 1125 veh/hr 1 hour 514 SURVEVINIE orn Scanned with CamScannerjyatio® Examination / - Sowuons a2 Gier™ Flow capacity of the highway, qeap = 3300 veh/hr Flow speed, Viow = 55 km/hr sity. anes ie = Adar = 4 3300 ye = a5 = 240 vee ven, , a Give™ Elow capacity of the highway, dea» = 3000 veh/nr Flow speed, Viow = 60 km/hr Jam density, Aqeap _ 4% 3000 = —? = —— = 200 veh/km kj [2 60 Given, Traffic density, k = 40 veh/km Time headway, ht= 3 +4 +3= 10 seconds Traffic flow, q q= N = — = 1440 veh/hr t 10sec x */3600 sec From the relation, q=SMSxk 14goveh/, = SMS x 40 ven SMS = 36 km/hr Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 Relation between wave length and wave velocity, ab Ve lon 100 [9.81 x 36 1 L = 494,204 m Wave steepness, Wave height, H Wave Steepness = Wave length, L 50 1 Wave Steepness = 94.204 fod WAVE STEEPNESS. In wave theory, steepness is defined as the ratio of the wave height to the wave length. In the study of oceans and other bodies of water (and its practical application especially in the design of ports and harbors), the abbreviation MLLW stands for MEAN LOWER LOW WATER which is defined as the average of all the lower low water height observed at a tide station each day. BREAKING WAVES - are waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest Parlicles exceeds the velocity of the propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when the wavelength L is less than 7 times the wave height. In shallow water, when the depth is equal to 1.25H where His the wave height. 516 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannergyatuation Examination 7 - Solutions a speed can be calculated using the formula, Wave speed, V = vexd re, Wher y= 9.81 mis? = depth at which the disturbance occurred V= 981 x 11,000 V = 328.497 m/s V = 1182.59 kph Time it takes for the first tsunami wave to reach Catarman, 000 T8259 ~ 1.6912 hours = 1441M29s Hence, 9:37:00 + 1:41:28 = 11:18:28 Therefore, the evacuation must be completed by 11:18 PM. BARRIER ATTENUATION reduction of the intensity of sound using a barrier. — 12m 20m ——_> RAR ROR CIVIC” BRING From the figure, A= ia? + 6 — 24) = 12.528 B = (202 + G— 2)? = 20.396 C= (G2 + 20)? + (24 = 2.0)? = 32.002 — rrtnv0c0 Bet Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol. Parameter 8, = A+ B- C= 12.528 + 20.396 002 = 0.922 Fresnel Number, Barrier attenuation, , v2nN A=5 4 20log{ -—== tanh v2nN, 20 X 3.073 AeS4 20106 (ants vanes tanh y21t X 3,073 A= 17.86 © 18 dBA ai i 2:cosh quay (5? geet 3 enna zt NOTE: Press for the hyperbolic tangent function, tanh. SITUATION V. Given, Arrival rate, A = 300 vph Average time at the stop sign / time it takes to be served, t= 10 se Solving for the departure rate using the formula, A t=- 1veh we Aree 360 vph 10 sec X 3600 sec Traffic intensity p, Arrival rate, 4 _ ae = 0.83333 Bares Departure rate, It 360 in the va line / queue length, Average number of veri it ines 3333" _ 4,167 vehicles Q=q=p I- a aaa Consider 5 vehicles ANSPORTATION ENGINEERING p18 SURVEYING STR Scanned with CamScannerRee gyaluation Examination / - Solutions yer vehicle / waiting ti puto delay ne fall “a ne inthe queue, w= [@=2) 3600860 — 30) = 1013 00) 809 hr = 0.8333 my wee in TERNATE SOLUTION other WAY of solving the value of Q is by Little's Law, Ano 300. hr X 0.0138889 hr = 4.167 vehicles + Consider 5 vehicles Rail connected to the ties with fasteners Ballast usually supported by the base then the subgrade Ties or sleepers SPIKES are NOT part of the overall railroad track structure. Values of A, A=05-(-0.7) =12 Assume, CASE 1:S < L 2 pe Stn EAH asz5mL, 120 + 3.5(220) 1 2s — 204558 = 1D) ill satis ight distance The resultis negative; therefore, any length of via cure ws ee Criterion, 4.G.payoso 51? Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Volt Comfort criterion, 4 2 pe Ae Wate 3476m "395 395 Therefore, use 40 m length of sag curve. JEERING 520 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINI Scanned with CamScannerEVALUATION EXAMINATION g TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING ject subjec Alltopics under Transportati i tae coverag on CTION: Select the BEST answer to . answer for each item by shading the box answer sheet provided at the end of each of the following questions. f Mark onl Corresponding to the letter of your °n choice on the que i ts LAE CURESMLOWen Te questionnaire, Use pencil Papen NOT FOLD OR MUTILATE THIS SITUATION |. i The specific gravity ofa voidless mixture (i.e., the maximum 0 theoretical an asphalt concrete is 2.550. the components are specified cated as follows: [WATERIAL | SPECIFIC GRAVITY [ APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAMTY | BY WEIGHTS | Asphalt cement | 1.020 2 63 Limestone dust_| 2.820 2.650 137 Sand 2.650 2.905 30.4 | Gravel 2.650 2.873 49.6 4. What is the air void content if the bulk specific gravity of the mixture is 2.340? A.8.2% C.8.6% B. 8.5% D.8.7% 2. Whatis the apparent specific gravity of the aggregate? A.2.35 C. 2.55 B. 2.65 D. 2.85 3. Whatis the effective specific gravity of the aggregate? A280 C. 2.86 B. 2.84 D, 2.89 4. What is the bulk specific gravity of the aggregate? A267 C.2.73 B. 2.69 D.2.75 5. What is the asphalt absorption? A. 1.90% us : C.2.13% B. 2.05% D. 2.18% : y i he 8. How much would the percent air voids of the mixture change if the weight of tl asphalt were increased by 2% A.0.17 decrease C, 0.06% decrease B. 0.17 increase D.no change Scanned with CamScannerThe Artof Civil Engineering Vol.1 7. The primary consideration in the design of geometric cross-section for hj hi taxiways, and runways is hays [CE Board November 2017] A. Drainage B, Shoulder C. Parking D. None of the above 8 Many factors need to be taken into consideration when choosing the intersection to be provided al a given location. In the DPWH Road Safety Dai Manual, roundabouts (rotundas) may be appropriate in the following situations sign |, Atintersections with high accident rales. Il. When physical control of speed is desirable. I, When the flows on each approach are balanced and capacity analysis indicates that volumes can be managed. IV. When the volume of the left turners is significant. V. Iftraffic signals may be inefficient e.g. due to a large number of phrases, VI. For multi-legged intersection Vil, Where satisfactory geometric design cannot be provided due to insufficient space of unfavorable topography. C. Il thru VII only A. {thru Vi only D. All of the above B. Ill thru VII only The DPWH Road Safety Design Manual states that the key points to consider in road network planning include the following: |. Networks should be planned such that areas are separated into self-contained zones (often referred as neighborhoods). Il. The natural barrier of main routes can be incompatible uses and to reinforce local identities. Ill, Each class of road should clearly convey to the road user its rol with respect to both traffic volume and design speed. IV. Each road should intersect only with roads in the same class or one immediately above or below it in the hierarchy. used to segregate and contain le in the hierarchy Which of these statements are inclusive? A.L, ll and Ill only C. | and Il only B. Ill and IV only D. Allof the above ee 522 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerjon Examination ¢ yation git! ¢ stated in the DPWH Road Sately and Desi s i ign Ma i * ‘gatements are elements to consider when planning Halon ae OF the following : ‘ads? Limited frontage access. Development set well back from the highway, All access to premises provided via provincial toads. iy, Number of intersections to be minimized. : 1 Suitable al-grade channelized intersections for minor fk vi. No roadside vendor. vil Their primary function is movement and not access, \ I Uh ‘ows and other elements, A tithru Vi only C.1,1V, VI and Vil only g.lthru V only D. All of the above ; ee these listed standards of significance for traffic impacts of a project are | Ifthe projected traffic will cause the existing intersection or highway roadway levels of service to drop below an acceptable level of service. Il, Ifthe projected traffic will contribute to the increase in traffic along arterials or at intersections currently operating at unacceptable levels. Ill. If the project design does not have adequate parking or circulation capacity to accommodate an increase in traffic. IV, If the traffic increase or roadway design will result in safety concerns. V. If the project does not include adequate provision for bicycle, pedestrian, or public transport access. A.1, lll and V only C. All of the above B. 1, Il, Il and V only D. All of the statements are false . According to the DPWH Road Safety Design Manual, which of these factors are needed to be considered in choosing a design speed? functions of the road, anticipated operating speed & speed limit, economics B. anticipated operating speed and speed limit, road geometry, economics C. functions of the road, road geometry, economics D. economics, road geometry, traffic safety | The DPWH Road Safety Design Manual emphasizes that at least four (4) different criteria are used for the establishment of sag vertical curves. These are A headlight sight distance, drainage control, directions, and general appearance B. headlight sight distance, passenger comfort, drainage control, and general appearance C. headiight sight distance, passenger comfort, drainage control, and directions D. headight sight distance, passenger comfort, general appearance, and directions ee ee J.G.BAYOGO 523 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol. 14, The DPWH Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual have indicated stay colors for road signs, Which among these colors are inclusive? near |. Red Vil. Green Il. Black VIII, Blue Ul. Yellow IX. Brown IV. White X. Pink XI, Lavender V. Fluorescent yellow green VI. Fluorescent orange C.1, Ill, Vil, and VIII only A. [thru IX only D, All of the above B. |, Vi, and VIl only 15. The provision of safety sight distance depends on the characteristics of A. The Driver, the Vehicle and the Weather B. The Driver, the Road Environment, and the Weather C. The Driver, the Vehicle and the Road Environment D. The Vehicle, The Road Environment, and the Weather 46. Each type of sight distance consists of three elements. Choose the best answer as stated in the DPWH Road Safety Design Manual. ‘A. Driver Eye Height, Object Height, Sight Distance B. Driver's Height, Object Height, Sight Distance C. Sight Distance, Object Height, Traffic Signs D. Object Height, Traffic Signs, Driver Eye Height 47. Uniformity in the design of signs facilitates identification by the road user. Among these which of these statements following general design principles have evolved under the DPWH Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual. | The driver should not be unduly distracted from his task of driving by reading a traffic sign. ; I. A traffic sign should be perceived and understood by the driver trave 85% percentile speed of the traffic on the road, in sufficient time for him traveling at the to safely take any action necessary. . Ill. Traffic signs should be placed in the middle of the road for the driver to read easily. A. only C. llonly B. | and II only D. All of the above 524 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanneralwation Examination / gy prion lh ; ei the following according to the DPWH Road Safety and 0, ely and Design Mania J ich of tI e following speed limit is appropriat vy High tod Standard expressyr assways, Y wich have OW crash rate, a80 C. 50 8.40 D. 100 Which of the following is the current speed limit for ti us roads with no blind comers not closely bordered by haba aceon A.80 C.40 , B.50 D. 100 Which of the following is the current speed limit for passen onstreets OF boulevard clear of traffic, with no blind totais 126s ani oir A.80 c.40 B.50 D. 100 The maximum number of vehicles, which have a reasonable expectation of passing over agiven section of alane or a roadway in one direction or in both directions during one hour under prevailing road and traffic conditions. [CE Board Nov 2018) A. Road Traffic C. Road Volume B. Road Capacity D. Road Vehicles 22. According to the DPWH Road Safety and Design Manual, which of the following is the ideal capacity for a road. ‘A. 1500 vehicles per hour B. 2000 vehicles per hour According to the DPWH Road Safety and Design Open country a. C. 2500 vehicles per hour D. 3000 vehicles per hour Manual, which of the following are 2B. considered vulnerable road users? |. Pedestrians IV. Motorcycles Il. People with disabilities Vv. Sidewalk vendors ae Ill. Non-motorized vehicles Vi. Stray dogs and other animals A.| though V C. | though Il B.I though IV D. Allof the above i lt 24, Minimum K value of vertical curves should be selected on the basis ofthree controlling factors: . ; |, Sight distance is a requirement in al situations for driver bath santo I Appearance is generally required In OW fil and tat opera 1 Secest08 II Riding comfort is a general requirement wit 2 ii ‘i floodway where the length of depression needs to ICE Board May 2016] 4,6. BAYOGO 525 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 A.Lonly C. Land Ill only B Land ll only D. Allof the above 1ON Il, Batornine the following based on the DPWH — Road Safety and Design Manual, he basic one-lane width appropriate for national roads is. . paom C. 3.60 m B.3.35m D.3.65m 26. The basic one-lane width appropriate for national roads can be increased UD to maximum of A.3.20m C. 3.50 m 8, 3.35m D.3.65m 27. According to DPWH, shoulder Paving is a valuable method of Providing: |. integrity of the pavement; Il. width to place edge line pavement markings; Ill. additional safety to prevent vehicles skidding or drivers losing control in gravel: IV. low maintenance costs compared with unpaved shoulders, A. Lonly C. Hand Ill only B.I, Il, and IV D. All of the above 28, Can be considered as a special form of overtaking lane but are only provided on inclines. A. Auxiliary lanes C. Overtaking lanes B. Climbing lanes D. Sloping lanes 29. The design of Overtaking lanes and climbing lanes requires the consideration of the: |. Initial diverge taper; Il. Auxiliary lane length; and Ill. End or merge taper. ICE Board May 201 6] A. lonly C.1, and Ill only B.1 and Il only D. Allof the above 30. Itis fequired at the start of an auxiliary lane to provide for the lateral movement of traffic. A. letter C. peter B. taper O. skater 34. The dividing of a Single stream of traffic into separate streams, A. merge C. taper B. diverge D. auxiliary lane 526 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerwwation Examination 7 _ 1 a ——: converging of separate streams into a Single stream, ‘ merge C. laper B diverge D. auxiliary lane ga very short section of fully Constructed shoulder or added t tek slow vehicles to pull aside and be overtaken, "ane that is provide lo A sip-lane B overtaking lane C. tum-out D. auriliary lane uu, The types of intersections that generally oxist On the toad network are: “| Unflared and unchannelized intersections : li. Flared and unchannelized intersections i. Channelized intersections A land Il only C. tll only B.1and Ill only D. All of the above 35. Itoccurs where two travel paths interact or cross, A. Intersection point C. Accident B. Conflict point D. Disaster 36. It is a type of thermoplastic lane marki ing designed to aid and provide motorist with visual audio and motion warnings on t he road. ICE Board Nov 2016] A Chevron strip C. Rumble strip B. Road strip D. Pedestrian lane 37. These are small devices which are fixed to the concrete pavement surface to stimulate or supplement painted pavement markings. A. Object Markings C. Lane Lines B. Raised Pavement Markers D. Pavement Markers ings? 38. Which of the following are the types of pavement and curb markings? ICE Board May 2016) : - A. longitudinal lines, transverse lines, diagonal lines, oe bing B. longitudinal lines, diagonal lines, other lines, cer Sonia C. longitudinal lines, transverse lines, other ed ott sagt tes D. longitudinal jines, transverse lines, diagonal lines, limited to: 39, Messages when painted on pavements should be limite ICE Board May 2016] ¢. four words or loss A. two words or less five words or less B. three words or less Of 4,¢.BAYoGO 527 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 Se he warrant for the use of safely barriers can be established Considering: 40. The wal e rd May 2016] “ For slope or back slope steepness and height; Il. Unforgiving hazards within the clear zone; and UI Water hazards within the clear zone. C. land II only 8 funy D. All of the above 41. Itis aretroreflective safety devi of raised pavement markers. A. Worm's eye B. Bird's eye ice used in road marking and was the first of the fange C. Cat's eye D. Bull's eye 42. It is the maximum number of ‘easonable expectable over a given section of lane or roadway in one direction or in both directions during one hour under Prevailing road and traffic conditions, ICE Board Nov 2018] A Density C. Flow Traffic B. Free Flow D. Road Capacity 43. These are used to emphasize to the approaching driver a Marked change in the direction of travel and the Presence of an obstruction, A farming Sign: C. Hazard Markers, B. Pavement Markers D. Chevron Signs 44. a SI9NS are used to guide drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the oad. A Road Signs : C. Petron Signs B. Delineator Signs D. Chevron Signs 45. Are small reflective Panels or buttons Mounted on guideposts or Quard fence as an effective aid to delineate the foadway for driving at night, A. Street lights C. Delineators Reflective Studs D. Barriers 46. . Depending On the directioy A. broken of Solid . ong, Short, OF broken Cc, longitudinal, transverse, OF oblique Fi longitudinal, transverse, OF straight 59 URVEYING TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Nn, Pavement lines may be: Scanned with CamScannerbi aluation Examination 7 a. a Depending on the use wanting dtan nes nd meaning of such : A. broken of solid "lines, Pavement lines may be: B. long, short, or broken C. longitudinal, transverse, or oblique D. longitudinal, transverse, or Straight 4s. Itis the longitudinal profile along the Centerline of the toad, A, Vertical alignment C. Centerline Profile B. Horizontal alignment D. Cross-sections 48, This refers to PUJs, buses, and taxis, A, Public transport C. Uber B. Car D. Broom-broom 50. Itis one of the safest type of intersec tion treatments. It the middle of an intersection and traffic Moves around i A. Turn-around C. Rotunda B. Fuente circle D. Merry-go-round Consists of a circular island in in an anticlockwise direction. 51. Pavement markings shall onl ICE Board Nov 2018] ALTO B. PNP ly be applied and/or removed by : C. DPWH D. DOTC 52. The purpose of installing edge lines is generally based on the following except: |. To discourage travel on road shoulders. . c | To make driving safer and more assured, particularly at night and during inclement weather by providing a continuous guide for the driver. To act as a guide past objects which are close to the edge of the pavement and which constitute a hazard. WV. To Prevent parking at or near intersections. ICE Board May 2018] Al B.Ill CIV D. None of the above. i ified directic iven lane 53. Itis defined as the number of vehicles moving in specified direction on a g 5 f imo. Itis usually expressed Or roadway that passes a given point during specified unit time. Itis usually in vehicles per hour or vehicles per day. ICE Board May 2018) it A. Traffic volume c Mea B. Traffic capacily p. Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.) 54, 55. 56. 57. 58. 59, 60, that wam road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may bg Road signs a B unexpected or hazardous. ie a aa C. Guide Signs A. Regulatory Signs 8 8 Waring Signs D. Roadwork Signs i ined 15-minute rate of ined as the maximum sustaine 0 he by a uniform freeway segment under Prevailing or direction. It is also expressed in passenger-car per hour per |: ICE Board May 2018) , Traffic Characteristics C. Peak-Hour Factor B. Roadway Characteristics D. Freeway Capacity flow which can traffic Conditions in ane, \tis defined as the ability of roadway to accommodate traffic volume. itis expressed as the maximum number of vehicles in a lane or a road that can pass a Given point in unit time, usually an hour. It is usually expressed as vehicles per hour Per lane of roadway. ICE Board May 2018) A. Traffic volume C. Traffic density B. Traffic capacity D. Basic capacity Waves under the influence of the winds that generated them, ICE Board May 2018] A Swells C. Wind sea B. Wind waves D. Seiche Guide signs are generally ____in shape. ICE Board Nov 2018] A. Circle C. Square B. Triangular O. Rectangular Based on the ©xpression of the technical resolution of the International Water Way Congress, about how many percent of tide is guaranteed safe for the ships? ICE Board Nov 2018) A.98% C. 80% B. 95% D. 75% 'n many parts of the world, the high waters reach their greatest height and the ba oe at the least height, soon after the time of full and new moon, these tide Called: ICE Board Noy 2018) A. Flood tides C. Ebb tides B. Neap tides D. Spring tides 530 SURVEYING S TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerivi i ring Volt Art of Civil Engineering a es EXAMINATION 7 - SO} SITUATION |. Gna = maximum specific gravily of paving mixture = 2,550 Ge = bulk specific gravity of the mixture = 2.340 The percent air void of the paving mixture is taken as, Gmax — Gp oy, = 22580 — 2.340 aaa Air Void (%) = Ga * 100% = — 7550 % = 8.23% | Remember this formula in solving the composite specific gravity (combined specific gravity of multiple substances or materials), Prt Py te-+P, oR Rea G "G, Gy Composite apparent specific gravity of aggregates (limestone + sand + gravel), P, + P, +P; 13.7 + 30.4 + 49.6 a testcnce: 13.7 30449. oe G,°G.°C; 2650+ 7.905 + 23873 The following data are given in the problem, Pr= total loose mixture (in percent) = 100% sphalt percentage by total weight = 6.3% Gnas = maximum specific gravity of paving mixture = 2.550 2 = Specific gravity of asphalt = 1.020 Ge = effective specific gravity of aggregate Effective specific gravity of the aggregates, 100% — 6.3% 100 6.3 G G, 25507 1.020 it (here, we removed the contribution of asphalt on the specific gravity of the mixture The remaining Specific gravity will come from the aggregates.) = 2,836 Bulk specific gravity of total aggregates, = Pith +Py 49,64 13,7 +304 eet a vu" FR ae a7 oa Grete, zes0t 202+ 265 534 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerF aluation Examination 7 - Solutions yi : tn asphalt absorption is therefore, e ' : ‘ Asphalt Absorption (%) = (Ge~ Grape)tn GeGivagg 100% Asphalt Absorption (9) = @836= 2.674) x 1.020 2.836 x 2.674 * 100% Asphalt Absorption (%) = 2.179% Forthe last question, we assume a 100-N of mixture. Hence, MATERIAL, SPECIFIC GRAVITY | BY WEIGHT % [| WEIGHT (nN) ‘Asphalt cement 4.020 6.3% 63N [Limestone dust 2.820 13.7% 1B7N | Sand 2.650 30.4% 30.4N [Gravel 2.650 49.6% 49.6N W = 100 N (total weight) Inreasing the weight of asphalt by 2%, the new weight of asphalt will be W, = 1.02 x 6.3 = 6.426N So, the total weight will become, W = 6.426 + 13.7 + 30.4 + 49.6 = 100.126 N New percentage of asphalt, 6.426 = X 100% = 6.418% Pa 100.126 From the formula, a Bre be Ge= Fee Gmax Ga i i ecific gravity of We recall the previous result. Note that this paral ae specitc 9 2garegales) will not change due tothe inerease in aspha } G, = 2.836 Substituting, 100 — 6.418 2.836 = Fog, _ 6.418 imax 2 = 2,545 jty of the, paving mixture) (new maximum specie 0° e y.6.pavoso 5 Scanned with CamScanner GraxThe Art of Civil Engineering Voll ez tcc Gm = the new maximum specific gravily of paving mixture = 2.545 Gy = bulk specific gravity of the mixture = 2.340 The new percent air void of the paving mixture is then, Gmax— Gy _ 2.545 — 2.340 New Air Void (%) = Fea — 745 « 100% = 8.06% Recall the previous air void (%) is 8.23%, the change in percent air void is therefore, AAir Void (%) = New Air Void (%) — Previous Air Void (%) AAir Void (%) = 8.06% — 8.23% AAir Void (%) = —0.17% (negative, decrease) DRAINAGE is the primary consideration in the design of geometric cross-sections for highways, runways, and taxiways (source: DPWH - Road Safety and Design Manual) Many factors need to be taken into consideration when choosing the type of intersection to be provided at a given location. ROUNDABOUTS MAY BE APPROPRIATE IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS: |. Atintersections with high accident rates Il. When physical control of speed is desirable Ill. When the flows on each approach are balanced and capacity analysis indicates that volumes can be managed; \V. When the volume of left tumers is significant V. I traffic signals may be inefficient e.g. due toa large number of phases; and VI. For muti-legged intersections, 536 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING aul Scanned with CamScannerr ation Examination 7 - Solutions ee i eval! ascents E APPROPRIATE IN THE F ours MAY NOT BE AP OLLOWING sf 7 INDI ore sas iatONY geometric design cannot be provided due Dime rable topography: ia acai a uunfavol Where unbalanced flows with high volumes are on one or more approaches a major road intersects a minor road and a roundat " vnancel@be delay to the major road; or bout would result in Where there IS considerable pedestrian activity and due to high traffic volumes, i 7 dificult for pedestrians to cross at the intersection. H cold be (source: DPWH — Road Safety and Design Manual) Road network is defined as a hierarchy in terms of road types and according to the major functions the roads will serve. The main classification is whether the road is to be used primarily for movement orfor access. THE KEY POINTS TO CONSIDER IN NETWORK PLANNING ARE THE FOLLOWING: | Within the hierarchy, networks should be planned such that areas are separated into self- contained zones (often referred to as neighborhoods). The size and scale of these zones will depend upon the importance of the road bounding them. il The natural barrier of main routes can be used to segregate and contain incompatible uses and to reinforce local identities. The network can be such that traffic can enter zones from an extemal or internal system. Il, Each class of road should clearly convey to the road user its role in the hierarchy with respect to both traffic volume and design speed. This can be achieved by appearance and related design standards; and, NN. Each road should intersect only with roads in the same class or one immediately above oF below it in the hierarchy. In that way, anyone using the network has a clear impression a graduated change in conditions between the low speed access roads and the segregated, higher speed “through routes” at the top of the hierarchy. ae DPWH - Road Sefely and Design Manual) IE ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER WHEN PLANNING Limited frontage access i Development set well back from the highway, WV ll access {0 premises provided via provincial roads; {7 Number of intersections tobe minimized: or flows and other laments Vi tebe al grade channelized Intersections for min payoco 537 NATIONAL ROADS ARE: Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol) al) (source: DPWH - Road Safety and Design Manu OPOBED TRAFFICIMPACT ROAD SAFETY IS GIVEN IMPORTANCE IN THE PR¢ ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES, THE GENERAL SCOPE OF WORKS ON THE PROPOSED GUIDELINES COVER THE FOLLOWING: |. Transportation Improvement ll, Road Geometry Wi, Traffic Safety \V. Site Circulation and Parking \. Transportation facilities related to public transport, bicycle, and pedestrian travel Vi. Transportation demand management VII. Neighborhood traffic and parking management Vill. Funding for countermeasures LIKEWISE, THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION STUDIES TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES HAVE LISTED THE STANDARDS OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR TRAFFIC IMPACTS OF A PROJECT: |. Ifthe projected traffic will cause the existing intersection or highway roadway levels of service to drop below an acceptable level of service; |. Ifthe projected traffic will contribute to the increase in traffic along arterials or at intersections currently operating at unacceptable levels, Ill. If the project design does not have adequate parking or circulation Capacity to accommodate an increase in traffic, IV. If the traffic increase or Toadway design will result in safety concerns; or, V. Ifthe project does not include adequate provision for bicycle, pedestrian, or Public transport access, (Source: DPWH - Road Safety and Design Manual) WHEN CHOOSING A DESIGN SPEEI CONSIDE 'D, THE FOLLOWING FACTORS NEED TO BE |. Function of the Toad. An arterial road su i Ich as a national hi higher design speed than a local road, ‘way woud general havea (continue on next page...) 538 SURVEYING S TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanner¢ aluation Examination 7 - Solutions vi erating speed. For exar ticipated oP mple, a nati f 7 Main would generally have a lower design ‘peed ry highway in an area with rata highway In flat terrain where higher g sal on er radius Curves ence large radius curves adopted. In teas, en Denerally be aalchee a od of the new facility (that may include improved algnnen anticipated operat the basis (or determining 4N appropriate design speed, fates "OA sufaca), shu speed of the existing road. » father than the Speratng anticipated speed limit. When considering necessary t0 adopt a different design g circumstances change. For example, 19 the design Speed al a fouta. band {or different sectors of Daina ie Within a town of on the road Section between towns Y also he Economics. The implications relating to cost of Construction, jqurce: DPWH ~ Road Safety and Design Manual) ‘Atleast four different criteria are used for the establishment of sa e ig vertical curves. headlight sight distance, passenger comfort, drainage control and general open (source: DPWH - Road Signs and Pavement Markings) The standard colors for signs are: Red, Black, Yellow, White, Fluorescent yellow green, Fluorescent orange, Green, Blue, and Brown (source: DPWH — Road Safety and Design Manual) . The provision of safety sight distance depends on the characteristics of the driver, the vehicle and the environment: DRIVER alertness of driver, recognition of the hazard, actions available to the driver to stop or to change direction VEHICLE {ype of vehicle - car or truck, friction between the tire and the roat Speed of vehicles id, eye height of the driver, and ROAD ENVIRONMENT "0ad geometry - grade and curvature sight limitations, OF Tough, road illumination at night road surface - sealed or unsealed, smooth Scanned with CamScanner(source: DPWH — Road Safety and Design Manual) Each type of Sight distance Consists of three elements: DRIVER EYE HEIGHT is the observed eye height of a driver; OBJECT HEIGHT \s a possible object in the path of a Vehicle; and SIGHT DISTANCE is depey Control when deter design (source: DPWH — Road Signs and Pavement Markings) Uniformity in the Gesign of signs facilitates identification by the road user, Standardization Of shape, color, dimensions, legends and illumination OF reflectorization is important so that Various classes of Signs can be easily Tecognized. The following general design Principles have evolved: |. The driver should not be unduly distracted from his tas IA traffic sign should be perceived and understooc Percentile speed of the traffic on the toad, in sufficie ndent on, design speed and Vehicle type, itis a major mining the horizontal rena and vertical geometric alignment for anew. ‘or rehabilitation k of. driving by Teading a traffic. ‘Sign. d by the driver traveling at the 85% nt time for him to safely take any action Necessary, SITUATION II, 18-20 (Source: DPWH - Road Safety and Design Manual) CURRENT SPEED LIMITS IMUM DESCRIPTION me On open country roads with No “blind comers” Passenger cars and 80kph not closely bordered by habitation Motorcycles ‘motor trucks and buses ‘SOkph On “through streets* or boulevards clear of ~ | passenger cars and 40kph traffic, with no *blind comers" motorcycles motor trucks and buses 30kph | Oncity and municipal streets, with Tight trafic, passenger cars, when not designated “throughstreets” motorcycles, 30kph Motor trucks and buses Through crowded streets, approaching Passenger cars, intersections at ‘blind corners’, passing school motorcycles, 20kph zones, passing other vehicles which are motor trucks and Stationary, or for similar dangerous buses circumstances (continue on next Page...) 540 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannersta" a eden 00 60 kph iw iste on a high tandro suplcated cartons 29 were 03h ot bps ain ig prope: see ona 00088 iso) oct which have 3 agent 0 appronsal very standard expresstahs we speed incre Should rea high ard geomet 248 Foul be feel ge Te ts fay cannot be eM ad erred trey shousbe She we Snare haa wala Des Manuel) eat set te pe ighY Capacity Ma al (HM) isthe ym number eT ned expect Ot passa 0 er 8 secon Seat are seer ore di sc erections urns © under evatig road and fic conor. (source. _ Road sarely and four’ panty of 20288 2,000¥ Det out (veh). (source: Roe Ste Tey gn Manuel) oie VULNERABLE ROAD U! INcLUI UDE: Pedestrians, People with disabilities. Non-motorized vehicles, and é nnn a (Gource: DPWH - Road Safely and Desi menue 2) ouLp BE SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF ion A Oro 1 Sight distance ts a requirement In al situations for aver safely: IL Appearance is generally required In low fil and flat topography situations: and quirement wit specie rood on approaches (0.4 floodway where Wl, Riding comfort is general ds to be minim the length of depression nee Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.) SITUATION Ill, (source: DPWH ~ Road Safety and Design Manual) The basic lane width appropriate for national roads is 3.35 m. (can be reduced on the basis of economy) For a single lane road traffic, the lane width is 4.0 m. For @ two-lane national road, the minimum width Is 2 x 3.35 m lanes (total 6.7 m). This width can increase up to a maximum of 3.65 m. Pes Bl DPWH — Road Safety and Design Manual) ‘SHOULDER PAVING IS A VALUABLE METHOD OF PROVIDING: | integrity of the pavement; Il. width to place edgeline pavement markings; Ill. additional safety to prevent vehicles skidding or drivers losing control in gravel; and IV. low maintenance costs compared with unpaved shoulders, ‘Shoulder paving provides width for traffic when passing or ‘maneuvering from oncoming vehicles and sheds water away from the regular trafficked width, (source: DPWH - Road Safety and Design Manual) Se LANES can be considered as a Special form of overtaking lane but they are only provided on inclines. (Source: DPWH — Road Safely and Design Manual) The design of overtaking lanes and climbing lanes requires the consideration of the: |. Initial diverge taper, M Auxiliary lane length; and Ml. End or ‘merge taper, ATAPER i si ERs required atthe start of an Auxillary lane to provide for the lateral movement of trafic 542 SURVEYING STRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanneration Examination 7 - Solutions WH - Road na and Design Manual) (Or eRGE is the dividing of a single stream of traffi i OM a through traffic lane is based on a lateral shit ae separ parale streams, The diverge tapar | foment of traffic of + mig ghift of 1 ms means thal for every second of travel in the | al a Moxe movement oft mete. longitudinal direction thera is a 8 pPWH - Road Safety and Design Manual) AMERGE ig a converging of separate streams into a single stream, e taper length is based on a lateral shift movement of traffic of 0.6 e and 1.0 mis for an acceleration lane taper. A lateral shift of 0.6 ia neon takin be second of travel in the longitudinal direction, there is a transverse movement of 0.6 meter. oety isource: DPWH — Road Safety and Design Manual) ‘Atum-out is avery short section of fully constructed shoulder or added lane that is provided to allow stow vehicles to pull aside and be overtaken. Tum-out lengths of 60 to 470 m for average approach speeds of 30 to 90 kph respectively and a width of 3.7 m are to be used. (source: DPWH - Road Safety ‘and Design Manual) THE TYPES OF INTERSECTIONS THAT GENERALLY EXIST ON THE ROAD NETWORK ARE: { Unflared and unchannelized intersections (without widening or traffic islands); iL Flared and unchannelized intersections (with widening but without traffic islands); and, Wl Channelized intersections (traffic islands to guide traffic). COMMON TYPES OF INTERSECTION ARE: |. Cross intersections, {l, T-intersections, Ill. Y-intersections, IV. Other multiJegged junctions and roundabouts. ACONFLICT POINT occurs where two travel paths Inter 4.6, BAYOGO 543 Scanned with CamScanner act oF cross:The Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 RUMBLE STRIP is a type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to ald and provide ‘motorist with visual audio and motion warnings on the road. = Re igns and Pavement Markings) RAISED PAVEMENT Maantaes are small devices which are fixed to the concrete Pavement surface to stimulate or supplement painted pavement markings. They may be reflectorized or non- teflectorized, depending on their use and positions when installed. They are generally ot obscured at night under wet conditions and the reflective types are more brilliant than reflectorized Paint markings. (source: DPWH - Road Signs and Pavement Markings) TYPES OF PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS LONGITUDINAL LINES which are those laid in the direction of travel. These include: Center. Line; Lane Line; Double Yellow Line; ‘No-Passing' Zone Markings; Pavement Edge Line; Continuity Lines; and, Transition Line; TRANSVERSE LINES which are laid across the direction of travel. These include: Stop Line; Give Way Lines; Pedestrian Crossing Markings; and, Roundabout Holding Lines; OTHER LINES, which include: Turn Lines; Parking Bays; Painted Median Islands; and, Bus & PUJ Lane Lines; and, OTHER MARKINGS which include: approach markings to islands and obstructions; Chevron marking; agonal markings; Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps; Curb markings for Parking restrictions; Approach to Railroad crossing; Messages and Symbols: and, Pavement Arrows. Messages when painted on pavement should be limited to three words or less, They shall only be used to supplement other traffic control devices, (Source: DPWH - Road Safely and Design Manual) ‘The warrant for the use of Safety barriers can be established considering: |, Fore slope or back Slope steepness and height; Ml. Unforgiving hazards within the clear zone; and Nl Water hazards within the Clear zone. 544 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanner =pauation Examination 7- Solutions 6 EYE (REFLECTIVE ROAD STUD) uote safety device used In road marking and Was {he fist of a range of 99 of raised pa A tes das the combination of i gk can be define N Of the likelihood R i and the Consequence of a crash (source: DPWH - Road Signs and Pavement Markings) HAZARD MARKERS are used to emphasize to the approaching driver a marked change in th direction of travel and the presence of an obstruction. Hazard Markers are rectangular and oe consist of a series of alternate black and white bands. The white portion is always aaa eu ands may consist of either diagonal strips where only a target is required or of chevron where directional, as well as target, properties are desirable. wvement cc (source: DPWH - Road Signs and Pavement Markings) CHEVRON SIGNS The Chevron Signs should be used to guide drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the road, The HM1 CHEVRON HAZARD MARKER shall generally be used to delineate curves where visbilty is poor, or with restricted sight lines. DELINEATORS are small reflective panels or buttons mounted on guideposts or guard fence as an effective aid to delineate the roadway for driving at night. Depending on the direction that lines are TRANSVERSE or OBLIQUE. marked on the pavement lines may be LONGITUDINAL, J.G.BAYOGO 545 —— Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol.1 CTA WH — Road Signs and Pavement Markings) : ee the use and meaning of such lines, they are either broken lines or solid fines A BROKEN LINE shall consist of line segments with equal lengths separated by uniform 9p. The speed of vehicles on the section of road or in the area in question should be taken Into Account in determining the lengths of the line strokes and of gaps between them, A SOLID UNBROKEN LINE is used where crossing of the line is elther discouraged or Prohibited, it is generally used to replace or supplement a broken line where required @.9., barrier lines, and, Center lines, Solid lines may be either yellow or white depending whether or not crossing the line is legally prohibited VERTICAL ALIGNMENT is the longitudinal profile along the centerline of the road. It is made up of series of grades and vertical curves. The profile is determined by a consideration of the planning, ‘200ess, topographic, geological, design controls, earthworks and other economic aspects, PUBLIC TRANSPORT refers to public utility jeepneys, buses and taxis. 4 roundabout (or rotunda) is one of the safest type of intersection treatments. It consists of a Circular istand in the middle of an intersection and traffic moves around itn an anticlockwise. direction, LTO ~ Land Transportation Office, a front-line government agency showcasing fast and efficient Public service for a progressive land transport sector. PNP — Philippines National Police, the armed, civilian national police force in the Philippines. DPWH ~ Department of Public Works and Highways, the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities, especially national highways, flood control and water fesources development systems, and other public works in accordance with national development objectives, DOTC - Department of Transportation and Communications, the primary policy, planning, Programming, coordinating, implementing and administrative entity of the executive branch of the pve ‘on the promotion, development and Fegulation of a dependable and coordinated network of transportation and communication Systems, as well as in the fast, i , , safe, efficient and reliable ‘transportation and Communications services, _ 546 SURVEYING TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScannerjgns and Pavement Markings) vad Si no is use to delineate the edge of the traveled way to distinguish it from the shoulder el eho a soli line rq 400 mm and 200 mm wide Studs, or raised oavenest pon ls junction with edge lines: where there are paved shoulders. i may be used in Co! 6. ppw= Ro! e of installing edge lines 1S generally based on the following: THIET ic0ueae ravel on road shoulders: jing safer nd more assured, particularly at night and during guide for the driver. ich are close to the edge of pl quide past objects whic! whi hazard. w. To prevent pal jing at or near intersections. ig inclement the pavement and punone ofthe above a . ppwt- Road Signs and Pavement Markings) 6 TRAFFIC VOLUME - defined as the number of vehicles moving in specif ‘oadway that passes 2 given point during specified unit ti expressed in vehicles per hour or vehicles per day: fied direction on @ time. It is usually (source: DPWH - Road Signs and Pavement Markings) of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be WARNING SIGNS - warn road users ‘unexpected or hazardous. A “ane AB 5 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS - Any characteristic of the traffic stream that may affect pect free-flow speed, or operations, including the percentage ‘composition of the traffic ream by vehicle type and the familiarity of drivers with the freeway. 847 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol. _ ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS - The geometric characteristics of the freeway segment under study, including the number and width of lanes, right-shoulder lateral clearance, interchange spacing, vertical alignment, and lane configurations, f PEAK-HOUR FACTOR ~ The peak-hour factor (PHF) represents the variation in traffic flow within an hour. Observations of traffic flow consistently indicate that the flow rates found in the peak 15-min period within an hour are not sustained throughout the entire hour. FREEWAY CAPACITY - The maximum sustained 15-min flow tate, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, that can be accommodated by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in one direction of flow. (source: DPWH - Road Signs and Pavement Markings) TRAFFIC CAPACITY - Defined as the ability of roadway to accommodate traffic volume, Itis expressed as the maximum number of vehicles in a lane or a road that can pass a given point in time, usually an hour. It is usually expressed as vehicles per hour per lane of roadway. “Th (source: wikipedia.org) WIND WAVES Or Wind-Generated Waves, are water surface waves that occur on the free surface of the oceans and other bodies (like lakes, rivers, canals, puddles or ponds) They result from the wind blowing over an area of fluid surface. WIND SEA When the wind wave system is directly generated and affected by local waters. SWELLS After the wind ceases to blow, wind waves are called swells. More generally, a swell consists of wind-generated waves that are not significantly affected by the local wind at that time. They have been generated elsewhere or some time ago. SEICHE Asstanding wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water i.e. lakes, reservoirs, swimming pools. 548 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanneration" ps b. pPWH- Road Signs and Pavement Markings) OCTAGON Exclusively used for STOP sign EQUILATERAL (One point down) TRIANGLE Exclusively used for YIELD or GIVE WAY sign and RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING a ING ADVANCE PENTAGON Exclusively used for SCHOOL ADVANCE WARNING SIGN 0 CIRCLE Exclusively used for some REGULATORY SIGNS CROSSBUCK (Two rectangles in an X configuration) Exclusively used for RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING DIAMOND WARNING SIGNS RECTANGLE (Longer vertical dimension), Used for REGULATORY SIGNS (Longer horizontal dimension) Used for GUIDE SIGNS, some WARNING SIGNS, and some TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS RECTANGLE Based on the expression of the technical resolution of the International Water Way anteed safe for ships. Congress, about 98% of tide is guar: 1 payoco 549 Scanned with CamScannerThe Art of Civil Engineering Vol. (source: htips:/oceanservice.noaa. govfacts/springtide, mi) The period between high tide and low tide during whi a va flows away from the shore, 9 Which FLOOD TIDES The rising tide of an ocean, the opposite of ebb lide, SPRING TIDES There are instances when the Earth, Sun, and Moon an nearly in alignment causing the average tidal ranges fg be . slightly larger, this usually happens during full moon or new moon. Afull moon happens when the earth is between the Moon ww and the sun while New moon happens when the moon is directly between the earth and the sun. During both instances, the gravitational pull of the sun increases the pull of the moon on earth, causing the oceans to bulge more than usual. This means that during this time, high tides are higher and low tides are lower than average, ‘ (this has nothing to do with spring but rather derived from wv the concept of the tide “springing forth") Several days after the spring tide; the sun and moon will be at right angles to each other. When this happens, the bulge of the ocean caused by the sun partially cancels out the bulge of the ocean caused by the moon. This produces moderate tides known as neap tides, causing high tides to be lower and low tides to be higher than average. Neap tides occur during the first and third quarter moon. NEAP TIDES wv wv be thu tes oe 550 SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Scanned with CamScanner