COMPUTER A computer is an electronic machine which stores, reads and processes data to produce meaningful information as output. Components of Computer + Input Unit Devices used to give instructions, eg. Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Optical character reader, CDs, Bar code reader, Touch screen, Light pen, Scanner, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR), ete + Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the device for the manipulation of information inside the computer. CPU is known as the brain of the computer, but commonly called a processor and has the following components, Arithmetic Logie Unit (ALU) performs all logical and arithmatical operations + Control Unit (CU) instructs, maintains and controls the flow of information. + Output Unit is the device to display the result of processing, eg. Visual Display Unit, Printer, Monitor, Speaker, Pen Drive, ete Memory Memory holds all the raw and processed data, set of instructions and information inside the CPU Primary Memory Primary Memory stores the data which is currently in use by the computer + RAM (Random Access Memory) It is a volatile. memory. It is a temporary storage + DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory + SRAM Static Random Access Memory + ROM (Read Only Memory) It is a non-volatile memory where all logical data is stored that cannot be changed. * PROM Programmable Read Only Memory. + EPROM. Erasable Read Only Memory + EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Programmable Secondary Memory It stores data, program, instruction and information permanently. Hardware Any peripheral device which can be seen and touched is hardware. Computer hardware includes input devices, output devices, storage devices and processing devices. Software It is a set of instructions that directs the computer to process information. It can he classified as System Software and Application Software. Networking Computer networking relates to the commumication hetween a group of to or more computers linked together. Most common example of networking is Intemet, connecting millions of peaple all over the world together, According ta seale or size, computer network can be categorised in three ways + Local Area Network (LAN) Graphical area spread over 1km to 10km or within asame building, + Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Graphical area spread over a city or town, + Wide Area Network (WAN) Graphical area spread over counties, Security Threats + Worm It isa self contained program and does not need to be a part of another program to propagate itself, + Spam Spam is an unsolicited message sent over the Internet in the form of e-mails, to a large number of users for the purpose of spreading malware, advertising phishing, ete. + Spyware It is a type of malicious software installed on computers and collects information about users without their knowledge and may send such information to another entity + Malware A sofiware which is specifically designed to disrupt or damage a@ computer system. It is a superset of computer viruses, worms, spyware, trojan horses and other malicious or unwanted software. + Virus A virus is defined asa program or a piece of code that gets loaded onto the computer without users knowledge and replicates itself, e.g Creeper, Stuxnet, Melissa, Conficker, Code red, SQL Slammer, Nimda (derived from the word ‘Admin’), et Antivirus Antivirus is a software consisting of computer programs that attempt to identify, detect and prevent the malware from the computer. Some Commonly Used Terms + Cache Memory It isa temporary storage, where frequently accessed data can be stored for rapid access. + Registers These are defined as the special memory units used by the CPU to speed up the rate of accossing information + Operating System Tt system software, Consisting of an integrated set of programs that control computer resources and provides common sezvices for efficient execution of various application software, + Compiler Tris a computer program that tansforms human readable source code into the Machine readable code at one go. + Interpreter It wansforms soure code into the machine readable code by converting it line by line + Assembler It converts assembly Janguage program into machine language program, + Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) An electronic device used to convert computer (digital) electronic signals to communication channel (analog) electronic signals and vice-versa. + Cloud Commuting is the delivery on-demand computing —_resources, everything fiom applications to data centres, over the Internet, eg. Google + Dual Core Procossor is the processing technology in which two processors are of GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ~ General Science scheduled together and when one is busy the other takes over: + Infernet Its the worldwide, publically accessible system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data hy using the Internet protocol + Cryptography It is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular coded form so that only those can read and process it, for whom it is intended. It includes encoding and decoding of data Super Computers A super computer can be defined as the most powerful computer in terms of performance and storage capacity. They are highly expensive and are employed for specialised applications such as for weather forecasting, several scientific researches, ete, Super Computers Developed in India Name Year — Mit Company Prayush 2017 ITM (Pung) Param 2016 CDAC NIT Kanchenjunaa Sikkim Param shan 2016 CDAC EIT Guwahati faditya 2013 Indien insite of Tropcal Metecrology PARAM YUVA 2019 C-DAC, PUNE 2011 ISRO ANUPAM AGhya 2010-11 BARC Super Computers of the World Name Year Country Operating System IBMSunrit 2018 America IBM Sunway 2016 China Linux Tainulight Tianhe-2 2018 China _Kylin Linux Titan 2012 America Linux Sequoia 2011 America Linux K-Compuier 2011 Japan Linux Mra 2010 America Linux Sophia In October, 2017 Saudi Arabia has provided citizenship to a robot Sophia. This robot can ‘change the facial expressions of the face and can chat with people