ee Syllabus : Are plants and animals made of same lypes Of tissues * oo! Plant issues - Meristematic lissue. Permanent tissue ~ Simple permanent tissue, complex permanent tissue ‘Animal tissue ~ Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous is sue. IMPORTANT TERMS WITH EXPLANATION soup of cells having common origin and performing similar functions are called Meristematic tissues : tissues in which cells have division power. 3. Permanent tissues : Formed from meristematic tissues when they lose the ability to divide. 4: Parenchyma : Living cells which provide mechanical strength to plants and helps to store and assimilate food. 5, Collenchyma : Also living cells but have extra deposition of cellulose at the corner of the calls than parenchyma. They provide mechanical strength and elasticity to plant. 6. Sclerenchyma are dead cells and provide support and mechanical strength to the plant. > Division of labour in Multicellular organisms : In multicellular organisms cells are differ. entiated into different group of cells,called tissues, to perform different functions i. division of labour in carrying out life processes. While in unicellular organisms a single cell per- forms all the life possesses. 8. Cell differentiation : The process by which cells are specialised to do specific function and form permanent tissues is called cell differentiation. 9. Pits : Oblique thin areas (unlignified) found in the walls of sclerenchyma cells and tracheids and vessels of xylem are valled pits. 10. Protective tissues : Present in the out thick and is covered with cutin. 11. Complex tissues : They include : (i) Xylem (ii) Phloem. 12. Xylem is formed of trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma and wood upward condution of water and minerals. | 13. Phloem is formed of sieve tube cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and bast fibres or phloem fibres. It helps in conduction of food. 14, Epithelial tissue is mainly protective in function and may be unilaminar or multilaminar. 15. Muscular tissue is contractile and helps in movements and locomotion. It is of three types (a) Striated or Voluntary (b) Smooth or Unstriated or Involuntary (c) Cardiac muscle 16. Connective tissue binds different structures with one another. 17. Nervous tissue conducts the nerve impulses and is formed of neurons. 18. Tendon : These are cord like, strong elastic structures that join skeleton muscles to bones ermost layer of the plant body. This layer is one cell fibre. It is involved in19. Ligaments : These are elastic structures which connect bones to bones: 20. Cartilage : It is a specialised connective Lissue which is compact and less vascular 21. Neuron : Il is highly specialised cell which forms nervous tissue which composes brain, spinal coyd and nerves, : 22. Organ : X group of tissues performing identical, specialised function in a co-ordinating manner. 23. Muscle : Muscles are the contractile tissue of body and made up of muscle cell 24. Blood : It is a fluid connective tissue made up of blood plasma which consists of blood corpuscles TEXTBOOK QUESTION WITH ANSWERS Page 69: Q. 1. What is a tissue ? Ans. Tissues are groups of cells having a common origin and are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function. Q. 2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms ? Ans. In multicellular organisms different tissues perform all basic functions Page 74: Q. 1. Name types of simple tissues. Ans. The three types of simple tissues are : () Parenchyma (ii) Collenchyma _(iii) Sclerenchyma Q.2. Where is apical meristem found ? Ans. Apical meristem is found at the tip of stem, root and their branches. Q.3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut ? Ans. Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue." Q.4. What are the constituents of phloem ? Ans. The constituents of phloem are sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma. Page 78 : Q.1. Name the tissue responsible for the movement in our body. Ans. The tissue responsible for the movement in our body is muscular tissue. Q.2. What does a neuron look like ? Ans. A neuron is long and thin and hair-like parts arise from it. It consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm. Q.3. Give three features of cardiac muscles. Ans. The three features of cardiac muscles are (i) Each cell contains one or two nuclei situated at centre. (ii) The cardiac muscle cells are composed of non-tapering cells with faint striations. (tit) They contract rhythmically and involuntarily throughout life without the sign of fatigue. (i) These cells are cylindrical and branched. i. 4. What are the functions of areolar tissue ? 8s. The functions of areolar tissue are : (9 It fills the space inside the organs. ti ttsepports the internal organs. lps in repair of tissues. aTEXTBOOK EXERCISE Page 79: Q. 1. Define the term “tis Ans. Tissue is group of cells having, a common origin gether to achieve a particular function ‘0. 2. How many types of elements together make Xylem tissue ? Name them. ‘Ans. Four types of elements logether make Xylem tissue. They are (,) Tracheids (ii) Vessels (iii) Xylem parenchyma (iv) Xylem fibres Q.3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants ? ‘Ans. Differences between simple tissues and comples tissues in plants : Complex tissues and similar in structure that work , Simple tissues 1. They are made up of only one type of cells. | 1. They are made up of more than ane type of cells. “ All the cells of simple tissues are similar | 2. The cells of complex tissues have differ- in origin and structure. ent origin and structures. They are of three types - Parenchyma, | 3. They are of two types ~ Xylem and Ph- sollenchyma and Sclerenchyma. loem. 4. Their main function is to provide me- | 4. Their mair function is to transport water, chanical support. inorganic salts and various food materi- als to different parts of plant body. Pp Q.4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall. ‘Ans. Difference between cell wall of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma : Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma 1. They have thin cell walls [1. They have thin cell walls | 1. They have thick cell walls made of cellulose, pectins | but cell walls are thick- | due to lignin (chemical and hemicellulose. ened atthe corners due to | __ which acts as cement and deposition ofcelluloseand | harderns them) pectin. 5. What are the functions of stomata ? ‘Ans. The functions of stomata are as following : (i) Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the plants and the atmosphere takes place through them (ii) Plants eliminate excessive water in the form of vapour through stomatal openings by the process called transpiration. (iii) When there is shortage of water, stomatal openings gets closed and reduce water I Stomatal openings also close down during night. Thus, stomata regulate water loss fro™ plants ie., they regulate transpiraton Q. 6. Diagrammatically show the difference in three types of muscle fibres. Ans. Three types of muscle fibres are : {j) Striated muscle or skeletal muscle, (ii) Unstriated muscle or smooth muscle, rdiac muscle. Joss. (iii) Caeen stri us es ically iscles diagrammatically between striated muscles, unstriated muscles and cardiac muscl ig Difference between s\ S, is as given below Cardi cles Unstriated muscles Cardiac mus Striated muscles 7 ee “9 YB Striations: Nuclei muscle cell 8 < |\_ Striations 7 3 5 oa Nuclei oy Sus ~ 0.» Nucleus 6@-_@ Striated muscle Unstriated muscle Cardiac muscle Q.7. What is the specific function of cardiac muscle ? Ans. The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of cardi, any fatigue under normal condition jac muscles throughout the life without s is their specific function. Q. 8. Differentiate between Striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. Ans: Differences between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles : Striated muscles Unstriated muscles Cardiac muscles Structure 1 Cells of unstriated | 1. Cells of cardiac muscles 1 Cells of striated muscles | muscles are long and | are cylindrical, branchea are long, cylindrical, un- | pointed Shapedattheends | and uninucleate branched and multinucle- | (spindle shaped) and uni- ate. nucleate. Sitellocation in the body 2 hey are found in body |2, They are found in wall of | 2, They are found in walls of wall, limbs, tongue, phar- stomach, intestine, blood heart, pulmonary veins ynx and beginning of oe- Vessels, iris of theeye,ure- | and Superior vena cava. ter and bronchi, neurons. Myelin sheeth WI oe Axon Nerve ending A neuron. our mouth. in humans.(c) Tissue that transports food in plants, (d) Tissue that stores fat in our body, (e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix. (f) Tissue present in the brain Ans. (a) Striated squamous epithelium tissue. () Tendon (c) Phloem (a) Adipose tissue () Blood (Nervous tissue (Neuro Q. 11. Identify the type of tissue in the following : skin, bark of tree, bone, lining oF kidney tubule, vascular bundle. Types of tissue Ans. Skin ~ Epithelium tissue Bark of tree ~ Protective tissue Bone — Connective tissue Lining of kidney tubule ~ Epithelium tissue Vascular bundle ~ Complex tissue Q. 12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present. Ans. Parenchyma tissue is present in between other tissues and thus forms the basic packing tissue. They store starch, proteins, minerals etc. Q. 13. What is the role of epidermis in plants ? Ans. Epidermic is the outermost layer of cells in entire surface of plant. It protects all the paris of the plant Q. 14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue ? ‘Ans. Cork acts as a protective tissue because it is thick layered and replaces the epidermis of stem. Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. They also have deposition of suberin on the walls that makes them impervious to gases and water. Q. 15. Complete the table : collenchyma Ans. Permanent tissue simple complex parenchyma | [ collenchyma ] [sclerenchyma xylem philoem“hy BF0Up oh POF Oxygen, mye ones and waste,“ kt cn perform few functions efficiently. The basic functions are taken up by different example, in human beings nerve cells carry messages, blood flows to trans contract and relax to cause movement, blood also flows to transport horri Q. 3. What are the differences between plants and animals ? Ans Plants are stationary or fixed, they don’t move. They do not consume or need m so most of the tissues they have are supportive, which provide them with structur, of these tisstes are dead; they do not contain living protoplasm Animals move in search of food, mate and shelter, need more ene: Most of the tissues they contain are living, te may ich ey al strength j TBY aS compared to Plan is 6.2 Plant TIssues Q. 4. Write the characteristic features of meristematic tissues. Ans. The characteristic features of meristematic tissues are : {The cells of meristematic tissues are similar in structure and are of thin cell walls (1i) The shape may be spherical, oral or rectangular or polygonal. (ui) They are arranged compactly without any intercellular space. tie) They contain dense cytoplasm and single large prominent nucleus. (@) They contain few or no vacuoles at all Q. 5. How can meristems be classified based on their location ? Ans. On the basis of location of meristem, it is classified into three types : (i) Apical meristem is present at the tip of stem, root and their branches. (ii) Intercalary meristem: is found at the leaf base, leaf sheaths of monocots (e.g.: grasses), above the nodes (i.e. below the base of internodes as in grasses) or below the nodes (ie. a! the upper-most region of internode as in mint). (ti) Lateral meristem is found in vascular bundles and known as cambium. The meristematic tissue, which may appear in most of dicot plants, is known as cork cambium. Both o these cause increase in girth of plants. Q.6.Compare apical, lateral and intercalary meristem. Ans. Comparison of three types of meristems : Apical meristem Intercalary meristem Lateral meristem 1. It is located in roots and |1. shoot tips 2. It leads to increase in length of the plant. Itis situated between seg- ments of permanent tis- sues. . It leads to increase in length in the regions other than tips. 1. It is situated along the sides of the stem and roots (dicot plants). 2. Itleads to increase in girth (diameter) of the plant Q. 7. Write the functions of apical meristem, lateral meristem and intercalary meristem Ans. The main function of meristematic tissue is to continuously form a number of new cells Different types of meristems have the following functions : a (1) Apical meristem : It brings about the elongation of the root and stem. It results in incre in the height of the plant. (Wi) Lateral meristem : It causes the organ to increase in diameter and girth (it) Intercalary meristem : It produces an increase in length of organ Q. 8. What are characteristics of permanent tissues ?Permanent tissues have the following characteristics + (i) They have detinite shape, (ii) They may be living or dead, (iii) They may be thin-walled or thick-walled. (iv) The celis have large vacuoles in eytoplasm. Q.9. Classify permanent tissues with help of schematic line diagram. Ans. Permanent Tissues 1 a I Simple tissues Complex tissues Pater ch Collen : ! ‘arenchyma ———Collenchyma—__Selerenchma Xylem Phloem Q.9. What is the characteristic features of parenchyma? Ans, (i) Parenchyma is a simple tissue found distributed in the plant body like stem, root, leaves, flower and fruit (ii) These are isodiametric. (iii) Their shape may be oval, round, polygonal or elongated and thin walked. Walle of (iv) These are living cells containing dense cytoplasm with central big vacuole, Q. 10. What are the functions of parenchyma tissues ? Ans, The functions of parenchyma tissues are (i) To store and assimilate food. (ii) To provide mechanical support by maintaining turgidity. (iii) To store waste products like tannin, gum, crystals etc. (iv) Parenchymatous cells containing non-green chromoplasts provide characteristic colour to flowers (e.g. petals) and fruits. Q. 11. Write the characteristic features of collenchyma. Ans. (i) Collenchyma is a living tissue consists of thin-walled cells, which are thickened at corners. The thickening of corners is due to the deposition of cellulose and pectin. (ii) Intercellular spaces in the collenchyma are absent. (iii) The shape of collenchyma may be circular, oval or polygonal. (iv) They contain very few chloroplast. Q. 12. Write the function of collenchyma. Ans. Functions of collenchyma : (i) To provide mechanical support. (ii) To provide elasticity. ; (iii) To prepare sugar and starch when they contain chloroplast. Q. 13. Write the characteristic features of sclerenchyma. Ans, (i) Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells without any protoplasm. (ii) They are long, narrow, thick and lignified cells. (iii) They are closely packed without intercellular space. (iv) They are usually pointed at both ends. (v) Due to the thickening of cell wall the cavity or lumen is almost absent. Q. 14. Differentiate between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Ans. The differences between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue :—~ Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue 1. These are thin-walled isodiametric cells. | 1, These may be thin or thick-walked permanent shape. with 2. These cells have capacity to divide and | 2. They have lost their capacity of divis produce new cells. ion, 3. They do not have a central vacuole. 3. These cells often have central big vacy ole. Q. 15. What is the difference between parenchyma and collenchyma ? Ans. Difference betwen parenchyma and collenchyma : Collenchyma | Cell wall develops extra thickening at dit thickness. ferent places. 2. Found in both outer and inner regions of | 2. It is usually found to the outer parts of plant organs. plant body. 3. It provides mechanical strength on being | 3. Itis basically a mechanical tissue. fully turgid. Q. 16. What is the difference between collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma 1. Usually cell wall is thin and uniform in | 1. Ans. Difference between collenchyma and sclerenchyma : Collenchyma Sclerenchyma | 1. Composed of living cells. 1. Composed usually of dead cells. | 2. Wall thickening not uniform. 2. Wall is of uniform thickness. 3. Wall thickenings consist of cellulose. 3. Wall thickenings consist of cellulose and lignin. 4. Cell cavity (lumen) wide. 4. Normal lumen. 5. Provides mechanical strength as well as | 5. Provides only mechanical strength. elasticity. Q. 17. What are cork cells and their functions ? Ans. The cork cells are the dead tissues present al/periphierylof stem and root. When they grow older, they become dead due to deposition of suberin. They do not have any intercellular space. Function of cork : Cork is protective in function. It is light, insulative and non-permeable to water and does not catch fire easily. Cork is used as shock absorbers in linoleum and sports goods. Q. 18. Does the outermost protective layer is throughout continuous ? If not, what interrup- tions are usually found on leaves and herbaceous parts of the plant ? ‘Ans. The outermost layer of cells i-e., usually the epidermis is not contiuous at some places e.g, on the surface of leaves or green herbaceous stems. ‘The epidermis of the young shoot and leaves contains numerous minute pores called stomata. Each stomatal opening is surrounded by two kidney shaped cells known as the guard cells. The guard cells are living and contain chloroplasts. Their inner walls (wall towards opening) are thicker and outer walls thinner. The guard cell regulate the opening and closing of the stomatal Lae . 19. Write the difference between fibres and sclereids. ‘Ans. The differences fibres and sclereids :Fibres Sclereids 1. These are elongated cells. 1. These are broad. 2, They have tapering end walls, 2. They have blunt ends. 3. They are usually unbranched, 3. They may be branched or unbranched. 4. They are formed from eristematiccells. |4, They are formed from sclerenchyma cells, Q. 28 Jn some plants like desert plants, epidermis h surface. Why ? Ans. In deserts there lants do not lose of transpiration. Cutin is : stance with waterpoof quality outer surfae of epidermis prevents transpiration Q.21. Is outer layer of tree different f ‘a8 a waxy substance of cutin on its outer water by the process and therefore its layers on Protective tissue undergoes of stem. New cells are cut of ered thick cork or the bark of the tree, Cell pacily arranged wtihout intercellular spaces, They also have depositior makes them impervious to gases and water. Q. 22. What are complex tissues ? Ans. Complex tissues ‘ade up of move than one type of cells but they work as single unit. They are of two types ( Xylem (ii) Phloem, They are also called vascular tissues, Q.23. What is the maii certain changes. A strip of {from this layer on its outer Is of cork are dead and com- of stiberin on the walls that (9) Xylem : transport Q.25. Explain the structure of xylem. ns. Xylem is a complex plant tissue or vascular tissue. Structure. Xylem consists of four kinds of cells, 7 ‘eans arranged in form of a tube.The side walls these tubes also have deposition of lignin. They are also dead cells. They conduct water and Parenchymatous, thin walled living cells. They help ion of water. They store food and fatty materials. _ (®) Xylem (wood) fibres : Xylem fibres consist of lignified dead fibres. They provide mechani: ‘al support. Q.26. Explain the structure of phloem and write their functions. Ans. Phloem is made up of fou! loem fibres r types of elements ~ sieve tubes, companion cells, phloemand phloem parenchyma. Except for phloem fibres, phloem cells are living cells. () Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls. They transport food from leaves to othe parts of plants. r »)Companion cells : It is a long parenchymatous cell which supports each sieve tube member, 1 helps the sieve tubes in the conduction of food material. «Phloem fibres : They provide mechanical support , Phloem parenchyma : They are formed of parenchymatous cells. They store the food materia, Q. 27. Differentiate between xylem and phloem. Ans. The differences between xylem and phloem + Xylem Phloem +] 1. They carry waterand nutrients from roots | 1. They carry manufactured food from to shoots. leaves to various parts of plants. 2. They are dead cells (except xylem paren- | 2. They are living cells (except phloem {i- chyma) bres). 3. Xylem lies deeper in plant organs. 3. They are situated towards outer side. | Q. 28. Differentiate between trachieds and vessels. Ans. The differences between trachieds and vessels : Trachieds Vessels 1. These are unicellular. 2. The ends are tapering or oblique. 3. The lumen is narrow. 4. Their walls are thicker. 1. These are multicellular. 2. The ends are rounded or transverse. 3. The lumen is wide. 4. Their walls are less thicker. Q. 29. Differentiate between vessel and sieve tube. Ans. Difference between vessel and sieve tube : Vessel Sieve tube . It is made up of a number of dead cells with hollow lumen. 1. It is made up of number of living cells with vacuolated cytoplasm. 2. It conducts water and mineral salts. 2. It conducts organic nutrients. 3. The wall is thick and lignified. 3. The wall is thin and unlignified. 4. The end walls are commonly dissolved | 4. The end walls are perforated to form sieve completely. plate. 5. It provides mechanical strength. 5. It does not provide mechanical strength. Q. 30. Draw a flowsheet to show various types of tissues found in plants. Ans. Meristematic tissue (capacity to divide) Simple Collenchyma __Sclerenchym Parenchyma Fibres Sclereids Plants Tissues Permanent tissues (incapable of division) Complex Phloem a Xylem (a) Trachieds (b) Vessels (a) Sieve elements (b) Companion cells ()$Xylem arenchyma (@) Xylem fibre (c) Phloem parenchyma (@) Phloem fibresQ. 30. What are the various types of tissues found in animals ? Ans. In animals there are four types of tissues (2) Epithelial tissue (b) Connective tissue (©) Muscular tissue (@) Nervous tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Connective ti Q. 31. Name the different types of tissue: Ans. The four types of tissues are : 1. Epithelial Tissue : It provides protection by covering, Itis also involved in secretion and absorption of substances. » Muscular Tissue : It is involved in movement and locomotion. 3. Connective Tissue : It provides binding support. It is also involved in transport, stors and protection. 4. Nervous Tissue : It is involved in ci conduction. 6.3 Animal Tissues Muscular tissue Nervous tissue 's in animals. Write their important functions. ‘ontrol and coordination of activities by nerve impul Q. 32. What are epithelial tissues ? Classify them. Ans. The tissues that form the covering of animal tissues are called epithelial tissues (epi means upon, thelia means layers). These tissues are found as outer (external) and inner (internal) cover. ings/layers of ‘entire body surface, body cavities and its parts. They ace of different shapes and Perform different functions. On this basis they have been classified into various categories/ groups, Epithelial Tissues | T T l T 1 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar 4. Cliliated 5. Striated Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium Squamous Shape: Flattened Shape: Cubical Shape: Pillar like Shape:Tall Epithelium or tall with cilia Shape: Flat- tened Q.33. Describe the functions of epithelial tissue. Ans. (1) By forming the outer layer of body surface it protects the b themical effects. It also protects body from bacterial or viral infections. (2) Inside the body it forms lining of mouth and (3) Ithelps in absorption of water and nutrients, (4) Helps in elimination of waste products. (5) Some epithelial tissues Perform secretory functions such as sweat, Q.34. Write the characteristics of connective tissue. Ans. Connective tissue connects various cells and tissues. It consists of a ground substance or naterial which may be semifluid or rigid called matrix. Connective tissute sometimes is also called ther organs. It gives support to the bod Connective tissues can be classified (4) Simple connective tissue. (b) Specialised connective tissue. ody from drying, injury and alimentary canal and protects these organs. saliva, enzyme etc. packing tissue because it binds cells and tissues of 'Y; Protects the delicate organs, repairs tissues, stores fats. into two categories :(a) Simple connective tissue general type of connective tissue. It’s also called connective tissue propers. It helps in binding or packing of cell; e.g. areolar tissue, tendon, ligament . (b) Specialised connective tissue : These lisse not only connect the cells or organs but also de some special functions of the body e.g., adipose connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood. Q. 35. What are the two main features of connective tissue ? Ans. The two main features of connective liste are : (i) They have cells or fibres (white and yellow), (ii) Matrix in which the connective cells are embedded or s dium. Q. 36. Give an example of fluid connective tissue. Explain ils structure. Ans. Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC) and platelets are suspended. Plasma also contains proteins, dissolved salts and hormones. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials Q. 37. Explain the structure of bone and cartilage. Ans. Bone : Bone cells have fine canals emerging [rom cell membrane. Bone cells are embedded ina hard matrix, which is strengthened by fibres and hardened by calcium and phosphorus salts. The bone cells occupy small spaces between the concentric layers of matrix. They are called osteo- eles and are linked (o the blood vessels and nerves passing through the central canal. Cartilage : It's made of cartilage cells called controcytes. These cells are suspended in the ma- trix. There are different types of cartilage defending upon the deposition of substance in matrix, such as hyaline cartilage, elastic, calcified and fibrous. It's found at the end of bones and in between ribs. It’s function is to give proper shape to body. Q. 40. What is the function of bone and cartilage ? ‘Ans. Functions of bone : 1. It provides shape to body. 2. It provides skeletal support to body 3. It provides vital body organs such as brain, lungs etc. 4. It serves storage site of calcium and phosphate. Functions of cartilages : It provides support and flexibility to the body parts. Q.41. Differentiate between bone and cartilage. Ans. Differences between bone and cartilage : Bone Cartilage pended. The matrix acts as me- Hard and inflexible 1. Flexible. Porous. 2. Non-poro Blood vessels present. Blood vessels absent. Matrix made up of protein and mineral | 4. Matrix made up of protein. salts (e.g,, calcium phosphate). SERS] Q. 42. What are tendons and ligaments ? Write their functions ? Ans. Tendon is a connective tissue. It is a white fibrous tissue and has great strength flexibility is limited. It connects bone to muscles. Ligament : Il is also a connective tissue. Il is highly elastic and has considerable strength but contains a very little matrix. It joins two bones together, Functions : Ligament ~> it joins bone to bone. Tendon -> il joins muscles to bone. but its| Q.43. Differentiate between tendon and ament. Ans, The differences between tendon and igamen| Tendon Ligament 1. Wis formed of white Lis formed of yellow fibrous tissue. 2. Itis tough and non-tlexibte 2. Wis elastic and flexible. Itioins muscles to bone. 3._ILjoins bones to bones | Q.44. What is Ateolar com i fibrous tissue. 1 nective tissue ? “ tissue. It lodges air bubbles when this tissve is separated from the skin, walls of blood vessels. Its function is Packing the space in be- Ans. It's a loos e connectivs tuxty. Itis located beneath th tween the cells, Q.45. Write a note on Blood, Ans. Blood is a fluid connective colour of blood is re cells. | | () RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles) : The: ; tissue, It flows from one part to d due tohhaemoglobin, ith another part of body. The has liquid part called plas "ma. It contains three types of cells are circular having no nucleus. Its colour is red average life of RBC is 120 days. ese cells have nucleus. Its average life span is 2 to 3 d bone marrow. Its funetion is to protect body from diseases. average life span is of 7 days, due to haemoglobin which helps in respiration to carry oxygen. The (6) WBC (White Blood Corpuscles) : Th days. I's produced from the re (©) Blood Platelets : These are small irregular bodies in blood. Its {lis produced from the red bone marrow. Q. 46. Give two points of difference between Ans. Blood : (1) It is tlood plasma. (2) Itis red in colour. Lymph : (1) It is similar to blo _— Q)Itis colourless fluid, blood and lymph. 8 fluid connective tissue, having tissue cells present in a medium called wd except red blood cells and some proteins are absent. ©! one sieve tube is continuous with those of the sieve ele fonnections passing through the Pores of the sieve plate. Companion cells : They are generally associated with sieve tubes in a small thin-walled cell aggiming dense and very active cytoplasm and large elongated rutcleus, Itis connected with the lube by pores, Q.48. Draw a flow sheet showing various types of connective tissues. Ans, Connective Tissue Connective tissue proper Skeletal tissue Vascular tissue Bone Cartilage Blood Lymph cr T T T al , Ateolar tissue White fibrous Yellow fibrous Adipose Reticular iis i i ions. Q. 49. What are muscular or muscle tissues ? ae oe functio Te ere cee ro up muscle tissues or cells. Ans. The muscles of the body are made up muscle pees so also called muscle fibres. They help in the mevement of lima by Ge puraetoH and relaxation of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) found in muscle cells. The mo a tary emalisalso brought about by muscle cells, Q. 50. What are the various types of muscular tissues ? ‘Ans. There are three types of muscular lissues : , (a) Striated muscles or skeletal muscles or voluntary muscles. 1 (0) Unstriated muscles or smooth muscles or involuntary muscles. (© Cardiac muscles, ; , Q. 51. What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give example of cael Ans. Voluntary muscles are those which are muscle. They work or move on our will ; Involuntary muscles are not directly under control of our will. We cannot stop contraction or restart contraction of stomach, intestine or heart muscles. Example : Cardiac and smooth muscles. Q. 52. Distinguish between striated and unstriated muscles. Ans. Difference between striated and uastriated muscles : Striated muscles (sachs Vol |. These muscles are attached to the bones and help in body movement Cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, | 2 directly under control of our will e.g. skeletal Unstriated muscles ] 1. These are found within the walls of all the tubular organs. hon-tapering and unbranched. 3. Transverse alternate lightand dark bands are seen on these muscles. 4. There are many nuclei which are present towards the periphery of the muscle fi- Cells are long with pointed ends (spindle shape). Mtdoes not show any stripes or striations across the muscle. The cell has only one nucleus situated in the centre. bre. Nuclei Striations Spindle shaped muscle cells Nucleus them. Each neuron has (0) Cell body : Its (b) Dendrites : Fro, dendrites, (1) Axon : The single ton, long @ (ran is called axoplasin. Wy ( Dutton. One end of the yi three parts, ° Polygonal or roun, ikea \d in shape called arise on Cyton. a \e OF ma i ‘ Fmany thread-like Projections called dendron or cell body is called ‘anches endin, anothe: xlension of the lerminates intg ler sin ctab ah fee ied ‘ e cytopl au ‘6 in club shaped structure called “Neuron. The pair of attaching is called ‘mains attIts located in brain, spinal chord & nerves. It’s function is to conduet, transmit & receive mes- sages in the body. —- Nucleus -Axon {S\_—- —- Nerve ending Fig. : Structure of a neuron. “Q. 54. What is the difference between axon and dendrites. Ans. Difference between axon and dendrites : ‘Axon Dendrites 1. One per neuron. 1. Many per neuron. 2. Arises from a conical projection (axon |2. Arise from the receiving surface of the hillock) from the neuron’s discharging | neuron. end. 3. Very long (upto several metres). 3. Very short (below 1.5 mm) q 4. Uniform diameter. 4. Tapering. ‘ 5. Conducts impulses away from the neu- |5. Conduct impulses towards the neuron. ron. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 6.2 Plant Tissues Q. 1. What are the different types of tissues in plants ? Ans. Plant Tissues : The body of multicellular plants is formed of different kinds of tissues. These tissues may basically be classified into two groups 1. Meristematic tissues and 2. Permanent tissues. The following are the main types of plant tissues