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He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.” 1. Life He was bom into a poor family. He was a voracious, reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune, He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He ‘was one of the makers of the new nation, 2. Major works Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography IL Selected works @ The Auiobiography 1, Main content It depicted the background of Benjamin Franklin, including his studying in his young age and his experiences of work. And his achievement in politics, science and economy were also mentioned in this book. ‘There are four parts in this book. The first partis the experiences of his first 25years of his life. The second part, written in Paris, is the accomplishments on science and the cause of public affairs. The third and fourth part, ‘written in Philadelphia, is the record of his life from 25 to 51-year-old, 2. Comments (1) The Autobiography was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of ‘American’s first self-made man, He represented in ‘America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream, (2)The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was a spokesman for the new 1. trea WAGE LARA AORN. MLL, DIMER. He ee ee a PR WOR TRIER, KA SNE =. 1 er ASAE FPA RANGE. 16 BREE “He fre SORE. 17 BAT BEE SURE. RON MENA T SIE KE A} 9 99 BREDA ATR HAE HORSES. AAEM CARICA RMMMEHZ—. 2. aESRfEA, (rte cater ain © cee 1 ean BRBALSEILRL TA MIS Bie AMAR RAT LARLE. ooh ORE 7 (AEB AYP Re fo. ASEAN ADS) BMAP TH AE 25 FEET EMS TER, CC EE ASEH, REM BI T TR, FE TEBUT IA 25 BE Sie, 2. i C1) CRD FE EMH La EAE. EMOTES] AAMT at Se He MwA EARN T DIR He A TGNERLSBI AE. AACHEN, ESE FR, ARBEIT, tt (AS 5 A PRR ATL EAL RR, eat ROMS. (2) CEHED EAN T ESCA Is the RRAAMCR A. KLAR ICC Ee TRorder of eighteenth-century enlightenment. It is also a | # ANE %.'C tia AiW Re UH Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and | #669], A FHCAINRID. ALBIS. self-improvement. The book is also a convincing | #h. iti. illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrial, frugal and prudent. (3) CE FED ROS OR SSL LAE 8) The style of The Autobiography reveals that itis | #. FO, MRP the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. 1.2 REDE Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Key: Because that when he was young, he has “never had a pleasure in obtaining any anecdotes” of his ancestors, and he held that it was a great pity because he was curious about them. So, he thought that his son would also want to know the story of him and he himself also had responsibility to share it with his son. In addition, he thought that his experiences and success would give some useful advice to his son. With such consideration in mind, Franklin wrote his autobiography. what made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? Key: The altercation between Franklin and his brother made him decide to leave. His brother considered himself as Franklin's master and treated him harshly and tyrannically. This kind of treatment annoyed Franklin, so he decided to leave. How did he arrive in Philadelphia? Key: He arrived in Philadelphia with great difficulties. At the very start, he set out in a boat for Amboy, and in crossing the bay he, along with his companions, met with a squall that tore the rotten sails to pieces and drove him upon Long Island. On approaching the island, they had to drop anchor and swim out their cable towards the shore, ete Ina word, he went through many hardships on the way to Philadelphia. . What features do you find in the style of the above selection? Key: This selection is written in the form of letters to his son. By this way, it can show the author’s honesty and frankness, which will make the reader stand close to him and actually feel and understand his emotions and experiences. Another feature is that this biography has a good narrative and reads like a story, which can arouse the readers’ reading interest and curiosity.2ST; RN Rew 21 SaSic 1. Introduction to author Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) is a novelist, poet, and critic. 1. Life Poe's childhood was a miserable one, He lost both of his parents when still very small, and was taken care of by a wealthy merchant. Father and son enjoyed nothing but an unhappy relationship together. Poe entered the University of Virginia but did not finish, He went to West Point as a cadet but was dismissed because of misbehavior. Poe wrote and worked as editor most of his short life, He was poor all his life, At 27 he married his cousin, whose death in 1847 left him inconsolable and bitter with life than ever. He died, in October, 1849. 2. Major works (1) Poems Tamerlane and Other Poems Al Araaf Poems The Raven and Other Poems (2) Short stories Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque The Fall of the House of Usher The Masque of the Red Death Ligeia The Black cat The Cask of Amontillado The Murders in the Rue Morgue The Purloined Letter The Gold Bag (3) Literary theory The Philosophy of Composition The Poetic Principle IL Selected works The Cask of Amontillado 1, Theme and style ‘The theme is about horror and death, Poe pursues the style of shortness and fast tempo and to, reach the climax quickly. To achieve the effect, he reduces the background information and the words he used are ‘concise. In this short story, even nothing is redundant. 2. Main plot It is the narrator’s account of his ability to carry out a chilling plot of revenge against his offender, Fortunato, Montresor baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a pipe of a rare vintage of 1. PRES See (1809-1849), Ap WOK. WPA, sib. 1. ae cfs AAA AE Ate He, ALTREC K IRIE A ESE AEE, AURORE. RIE TER OMA AT BATTER AL EA A IKE FumATAe. AYES. 27 AULA AAI, 1847 AEP ARG NALARAESRTEA. 1849 4 10 FA, SHE T 2. SBE i (AULD CAR ID cs CS IGRSUILIFED 2) HN cB ee AY Cec ever mi aw? coma corieaan eH D CUTER acer caer (3) REE conten COPA kite © conten enh 1, EES Pt ANE ERIE SiH R UML TR SUN, IAT RM A Jy TASC, (ta TARA. IF ALAA, RRR, BEE ETA. 2. ENT SESEUHIB T AUB SHEILA, RL, AEE A HB AE Ae a.‘Amontillado, He claims he wants his friend’s expert opinion | SERPAUEE RBH # 1b T — on the subject, Fortunato goes with Montresor to the wine | HIIBIESE2 238, (se NAA % cellars of the latter’s palazzo, where they wander in the | #8, 808M 2:uH abe. SEAL catacombs. Montresor offers wine to Fortunato. Montresor | s(0 4% #8 Ami 2-81 7 ee We displays a trowel he had been hiding and killed Fortunato, | si F#8%. HIME UMEMIL-S A. HI 3. Analysis 5 BALE eH eI OE (1) Precision in time, place, and setting preclude the | 436712. idea of risk and allow the narrator both the retribution he | 3. frie seeks and the impunity he demands. 1 58 AD T (2) Itis set during the “supreme madness” of Camival. | HJ (i S82 IFS SE Ot RL 32% In such a riotous atmosphere, it is easy to see how a crime | iit. could go unnoticed. (2 feb “HASSE” (3) Because Montresor is aware of the unfortunate | 3:i8it-21, (RASA AME. Fortunato’s impending death, dramatic irony also plays a 2) AB BRST role in the comedy of horrors of "The Cask of Amontillado,” | B7E2:. RUE WATIEACHDIEIT. A Dramatic irony is the result of the disconnect that occurs | FA: 37S a 9 SPR 2 ‘when a character, namely Fortunato, is not aware of the true | 27-7 ARRIHE5EIR. ice "fA meaning of his own actions. The very setting of the story is | SUED sok. SEARLE PRET T ironic, in that Montresor has chosen the jovial carnival | SH $4 0.it Reis ist A det season to enact his murder because no one will be at his | HURT Hh THAIS 8 BaP Ay estate to witness the crime. Fortunato himself is dressed in a | (Ht DL lv im Yer (A jester’s outfit, and the jingling of his jester’s bells reminds | SEK 153 CRU UL S38 FN us of the atmosphere of happiness and cheer outside the | SHSM, SKIINENEALTIRT, catacombs. Later, as they drink the Medoc, Fortunato drinks | F196 3°3&30761 IE. to the dead and buried, not realizing that he is about to join | ##/25iR Att RImR HERE. them, and Montresor wryly drinks to Fortunato’s health, 22 RSD ‘Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress? Key: Montresor is the narrator, He had borne thousand of injuries of Fortunato as best he could, and he decides to take revenge on him. He must not only punish Fortunato but with impunity. ‘What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar? Key: He said to Fortunato that he got a pipe of Amontillado, and he was doubt about it, so he wanted someone to make sure for him, At the same time, he deliberately showed his doubts about Fortunato’s connoisseurship in wine and cared about his health, which firmed Fortunato’s decision to go with him to his wine cellar. ‘What happens to Fortunato in the end? Key: He was locked in the cellar by Montresor, and can only wait for death. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Forcunato as contrasts? Key: Poe characterizes the two characters with striking contrasts between them in many aspects. Firstly, their names, are endowed with opposite symbolic meanings: Montresor symbolizes “monstrous”, while Fortunato symbolizes “fortunate”, Montresor is the devil in the story, and Fortunato is fortunate through his life and makes great fortune, but finally, he ends in a very unfortunate way, which is very ironical, Secondly, their clothes are very different: Fotrtunato “wore motley”, while Montresor put on “a mask of black silk” and drew “a roquelaire” closely about his person. Last, their psychological activities and consciousness are in contrast: Montresor knows clearly what is going on and what will happen, while Fortunato is always kept in the dark till the end.BIST NKR ERS BRE 31 Sic I. Introduction to author Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) is an essayist, poet, and one of leaders of The Transcendentalism, 1. Life Emerson was the descendant of a long, England clergymen. When he was still a child, the family fortune fell. He went to Harvard. Later he embraced of New Unitarianism and became a Unitarian minister to the Second Church of Boston. But not for long, he found the rationality of Unitarianism intolerable and left his job. He went to Europe and brought back with him the influence of European Romanticism, He formed an _ informal ‘Transcendentalists” club with some friends and edited for a time the Transcendentalist journal, the Dial, to explain their ideas. He became the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. During his lifetime he was considered one of the two or three best writers in America, and certainly the most influential among his contemporaries. He was the prophet of his age and exerted great influence on ‘Thoreau, Whitman, Hawthome and others in varying degrees. 2. Major works Nature The American Scholar The Divinity of Address Essays Essays: Second Series Representative Men English Traits The Conduct of Life Poems May-Day and Other Pieces IL Transcendentalism 1, Major features (1) The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe, ‘The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, ‘omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part. This represented a new way of looking at the world. It was a reaction to the eighteenth Newtonian concept of the universe. It was also a reaction against the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America ‘was taking, against the popular tendency to get ahead in ‘world affairs to neglect spiritual welfare, (2 The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most 1. tPA RRA HRS ERA (1803-1882), BOC, HRA, bs STEM SH. 1 ee EEE FAITE AP aR ZS She aN Cem PMR. ARE AHL, ENB ALARM. RA, Baal ie —se re AR OIC LITA. ARIA ie Sa ABE ISU Act RATES SUA” 5 sila LEP CAL BY, AARNE RAT. REIT SUS eA HA UAE ATER SE HERZ, I Ra Hom A SCA BE, AR PAREN, AHR a OE RRS TARO ma 2. AEE «fer Gib BP EAD qeE DESL ibs) Gib HY ARMED CORTSHED OEE IND isis aA Masa: x 1. ERE eee UL i Ya REEL URE ARTA REBT PRATER, TA HZ Fi. SAME. A 10 WSCA HURL, Bed ea BURA, BA LACAN RR, SILANE FSO Sa ante R (2) aise ari} A EEimportant element of society. The ideal type of man were the | #. il]U st A 44> EAR self-reliant individuals. The individual soul communed with | R84. 10 A AEE E8809 A. 4> the Oversoul and was therefore divine. This new notion of | AS LAR. BIT SLAM. 3 the individual and his importance represented a new way of | #65 A 2 SUaL- 3 +0 0 Fame ooking at man, It was a reaction against the Calvinist | 1 Afr. 2 paxd ince conception of total depravity, against the process of | AUIGINEE, RAI RAC: I-FEBTERI dehumanization that came in the wake of developing | sk AYER. capitalism, (3) The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of | (3) ANGE L2DLESTM ECE FEF nature as symbolic of the spirit or God. Things in nature | #8, UNFR ERLAERAR F( SE. tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a | EiRRYE7/#EFSLE AEH. Shi EIE ME symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of | Ht! EAU ES. inal SEE literary symbolism in American literature. PRUE LAER. IIL Selected works fei Self-Reliance © Gena 1. Main content 1, Ae It is an essay from Essays. The theme of the essay is GOAN) TEER 185% about “trusting yourself” and one of the important works | Se}. ii 3 AEH et RBM mt that express the ideas of The Transcendentalism, He | sMic¥ethfhit2—. “#B(E EEL" J criticized any form of not being independent. He thought | 28/4 ick. — tus scm every great man in history is different from ordinary man | ff: fRgESC"* HES AE ITEStOORE because they keep being themselves even if they may be | iii. (UHI LAUR AMBER ‘misunderstood by others HCA, RAAT ame, 2. Analysis 2. ABO (1) Emerson’s master principle self-reliance is also the > aakeete Gee FFA ‘main theme of the American Transcendentalist movement | 20H # ty 48 JIN Si % i840: This essay provides us sayings as well as builds up new | Ri MC mie Ais T mar concepts through which the author paves the path for the | #82, )(hie# ein Chaba st4s readers to follow, and furthermore, he tries to force the | SF REMshiuAR MIA. readers to be self-reliant in order to obtain their self-reliance (2) BERERLZ Ste FOR successfully. RGR IA He eR AM EID. (2) The distinction of Self-Reliance is the elegant style | (HX REMC AITHAE 8. PUR of prose and vivid expression of his thoughts. His words can | ¢Es048ighIT ME WSA-ER. capture the thoughts of people. He also used a lot of figures 3) UR WAH PeaR mca of speech to emphasize his ideas. EL AA AA ET (3) The idea of abolishing the slaves can be also found | 787-42 M0481, in this essay. But he also tells people that love your neighbor not the far-away slaves. 3.2 RSE 1. What is the author’s attitude towards charity? Why does he hold such an attitude? Key: The author thinks that not all charity is good, especially when malice and vanity wear the coat of philanthropy. And it is not his obligation to give money to the poor. What's more, he feels shameful when sometimes he succumbs and gives the dollar, and itis a wicked dollar. He objects to the charity. Because he thinks that people’s good actions, such as doing charity, are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world, However, he holds that people should not wish to expiate, but to live. 2. According to the author, what do most people believe to be virtue? And what is real virtue? Key: Most people believe that virtues are rather the exception than the rule, and they are penances. The real virtue isthe rule that people must do what concerns them rather than what the people think. . Why does the author dislike “consistency”? Do you agree with him? Do you think that people should give up consistency? Key: Because that consistency scares us from self-trust, and makes us less confident. It also makes us have a reverence for our past act or word because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loth to disappoint them. What’s more, a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of litle minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. And with consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. It will ruin a man’s creativity | cannot totally agree with him. Although I confess that there are some positive meanings in his proposal, I can not neglect the positive aspects of consistency. Because that we sometimes need consistency to restrict people's behaviors. For example, nature has its own law that we must follow, or we will violate the order of it In my mind, whether people should give up consistency or not depends on the specific situation, That is, Keeping it firmly or giving it up is not wise choice. We should treat it case-by-case. ‘What is the agreement of one’s actions? Why is it important for people? Key: The agreement of one’s actions is that the actions will be harmonious, no matter how unlike they seem. Because only with this agreement, can people be each honest and natural in their hour. Conformity explains nothing, and people’s genuine action will explain itself and their other genuine actions. So, it is important for people.BAST MBER ER 41 asic 1. Introduction to author Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) is a novelist. 1. Life Hawthorne was bor in Salem, Massachusetts. Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy. One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate, notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers, and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692. Gradually, the family fortune declined. Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life. 2. Writing style (He is the most ambivalent writer, a consummate romantic in the American literature history. One salient feature of Hawthome’s art is his ambiguity, of which the technique of multiple views employed in the last part of his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter offers a good illustration. (2)He is good at exploring of the complexity of human psychology. He is anatomist of "the interior of the hear. His works are full of mental activities. G)Allegory is used to hold fast against the crushing blows of reality, the symbolism serves as a weapon to attack and penetrate it, Hawthome is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. The symbol can be found everywhere in his writing, and his masterpiece, The Scarlet Lette, provides the most conclusive proof, 4. Influence Hawthome’s influence has been great. He was accorded due recognition by his contemporary James Russell Lowell in the latter’s A Fable for Crities, He changed Herman Melville's original scheme for his Moby Dick, William Dean Howells leamed to use Hawthorne's fiction as the benchmark for their novel-writing practice, In this century William Faulkner and some Gothic novelists clearly show their indebtedness to him. 5. Major works The Scarlet Letter Twice-told Tales ‘Mosses from an Old Manse ‘The House of the Seven Gables The Blithdale Romance The Marble Faun 1. trea SRMUB I « BR (1804-1864) JE AeA. LaF SRA Fn a fi, fet —Ab ule 17 MAES He Heb Hef APR MRUIMITECE, WS AER TREE RM, A EME, 1692 SERN ICALSRAR EE. Sc Sera ARR TL A, ei A NT APTA eMC, ILA, He HHO RAR ABE ZA. 2. SHER (DRA ILR Ti L A oP. fe PMA MOREE KTRERER EAM T EE {ME Ceti Cet Cece) Ma — BM RSGR T 3 OLE HS. Cote T RT AMSEC EA oP ct BI ANNA A HO ORAS. Oni EALSSUURMH TI BE SUM RIE A A RES ER AAI, AMAR T RA HE, ST RIN. AEA HN HAA TIL, RSCAEHROU ICME ALD a simi 4. Reni EARMIORLE TT TA. 8 a Aciteaee CSRRALIR A BD FRAT AL A Heme T BRE EARS CED FRI REP RE «Se » REM AC HERI AR IRN BIN ie OL MSE ERNE RII LSA eo SANRIO fh PRBS 5. ea ae ie Cretey A ED Gomme caasteeeyII. Selected works TL. fr dhe @ The Scarlet Leuer oar () Theme—This novel assumes the universality of ($k 1H TE guilt and explores the complexities and ambiguities of | (Mr # smite JFAOU TACT 2 IE E1 man’s choices. Hawthome does not intend to tell a love | S45 77H ARTES At Story nor a story of sin, but focuses his attention on the | 2 FI tHaR AEB tte. ETP moral, emotional, and psychological effects or | SAS eh Pa A wk set ash eet ‘consequences of the sin on the people in general and those | i Hid CF iH0OMEE, Mime main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension | #257} A2 (al SAUL. PE between society and individuals, To Hawthorne, everybody | Skit. + AMMERFERITEA. LR is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore | i905". Ate 75m indispensable for the improvement of human nature. (2)Symbolism—Hawthome portrays Hester as an SAE E X—$§ EE auistocratie and sensitive young woman who meets her | #— f(a seme T. sentence with dignity and courage. When she is set free, | JAEUIGWINAD ATA. “SBVRFEIE. Me she does not flee the community. She supports herself and | 332 (/)8480C Ae #4 Meme her child by doing fancy needlework, devotes her life to | OFHHRi EIA, sab ti chy her child and helping the sick and the poor, and wins the | FIFE S99, HAC T FIZ admiration and love of her fellowmen again. So, The | AfMtseAI32 Mk. (Nhl, ¢203) BEA Scarlet Letter is a hymn on the moral growth of the | — fit @sslii RA) tiak icy peak. <0% woman, The scarlet letter at first is a token of shame, | AMMEAENEHAE. 2 “HOME: MRI Adultery, then the genuine sympathy and help she offers to | [vii] At okey PIM AN ABD her fellow villagers change it to Able, Later in the end, A | (9257208084 "AF", ME. £1 appears in the sky, signifying Angel. Her life eventually | A UREA, Bway “FHL acquires a real significance when she establi Sse EE TRO, meaningful relationship with her fellowmen. WE MER T BIER RE L 42 RED 1. Why is the prison the setting of Chapter I and what is the implication of the description of the roses? Key: Because the protagonist, Hester Prynne is expected to appear here as an infamous culprit. The description of roses carries such implication that Hester Prynne was remaining faithful to nature and morality. In the bottom of her heart, she is still a pure and gracious woman. The roses symbolize hope and future of humankind. 2. Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her. Key: Hester Prynne was a tall woman with perfect elegance, characterized by a certain state and dignity. She was lady-like, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days. She appeared so graceful because that she possessed true love, which she thought was something noble and worthwhile and for which she was willing to sacrifice herself. She was strong-minded and independent, and she had power and courage to endure serenely and quietly the public abuse, insult and hardness of reality. In the crowd, different people had different attitude towards Hester. Some were sympathetic, and feel sorry for her. Some are very harsh and critical towards her, especially those cold-hearted, middle-aged women. They expressed their hatred towards Hester because they thought that Hester has brought shame on them, Even there were some people thought that the present punishment was too mild, and death should be the just penalty 3. What has happened to Hester? Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate? How does this tell us about her character? Key: Hester has offended the Puritan rule, sinned, guilty of adultery. Condemned to wear on the breast of her gown the scarlet letter “A”, she was to stand on the platform before the meeting so that her shame might be a warning and a reproach to all who saw her,‘She makes the letter “A” so elaborate out of her true love for Dimmesdale. She is loyal to her true lover, faithful to morality, honest to herself, She becomes strong and independent in psychology, generous in action, iving a life with dignity and great fortitude.BSB BRSSRER Si Sic 1. Introduction to author Herman Melville (1819-1891) is a famous novelist and poet in American literature. 1. Life Melville had little education and began to work after stopped schooling. There are three things which deserve mention about his life: going out to sea, his marriage and. his friendship with Hawthome. His experiences and adventures on the sea furnished him with abundant material for fiction. Melville had to do hackwork for the money he needed to keep his wife in her extravagant style. Melville saw in Hawthome the one American who was expressively aware of the evil at the core of American life. He found Hawthome’s understanding of evil, that blackness of vision, unusually fascinating. A significant change came about in the original design of his masterpiece Moby Dick when the two men met, and the novel was rewritten into the world classic that we read today. 2. Major works Typee Omoo Mardi Redburn White Jacket ‘Moby Dick ‘The Confidence Man Battle Pieces Claret John Marr and Other Sailors Timoleon Billy Budd IL Selected works © Moby Dick 1. Main content Captain Ahab, who, having lost a leg in an earlier battle with White Whale called Moby Dick, is determined to catch the beast and destroy it. After the relentless voyage of Ahab and his crew, they finally met the giant whale. ‘They had a heavy fight for three days. At last, Ahab killed the whale but Ahab drowned together with Moby Dick. Only one sailor survived and he told the story to other people. 2. Analysis (D Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once 1. PRA HR + ARMIN (1819-1891) ERPS ZAPATA. Lae IRA SEINECA ATL, EZ AR OOTRAE Le. Mem HA EEA i, Ae A fe FT HO HH IO FROM. CBee, HAMA OE HERI ETHER AA AVATA EAD RSE OL his etE ROB. lS ARAL. SB MBSE, ARH feet CR Mm IR Ta BSE AS OM AEB HEE HER. 2. 2m ostey wey eae came eve ces FH HetmetemD case Cee AR 5H RANEY coy HAL + E20 TL. teenie © (ete 1 Sem A 5 — een EL» AEN To BL FIOM Pee CARRE AEE HHA, Sent keiemctr, Seneca OA RT AC AAT SET DR, APE, SRO ARIE T Fa EEL WET Cite. 2m RAB FAKE, (MISCHA IRE Thala 2. HARSH (CED FRE T AE Pe a ON HE GTgodless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of | thea LOT. EADIE futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of | 02. TIMB 2:8 SCE ‘the West were expressed in Melville’s work so well that the | SSesi48 46st vf ci io, ‘twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. | i 20 the AWDARWUEABICELSI AA, (©) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, | Bt. Which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, | @ WsiRH:ESERAK. eRe between man and man, man and society, and man and | ¢-P/cMBAR/ isnt (G80-S EH nature. Melville also criticizes New England | AS AZM, A222 0M, LIAS ‘Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and | FL#%2 i]. 2e/RABACPIBD et aI Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and | 32: XUMEBRI-D A 3 AAD RMLAT quest” HEL et BLA ahh (3) The novel is highly symbolic, The voyage itself is | "83. ‘a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the | @) BebWAA NER. ALTA ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most | 2/2 A0239, SLR Rest H (90, conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many | 1.2: SM e/E4e ie ROB RAE, interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of | ‘EAILU AMR. TAE eA goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is | HAUAEACE TMA, WAI paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and | 2°24. ttc EEA IN corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth, It | Bt, RECHT 5ECAUR:, LAR T represents the final mystery of the universe which man will | #8ili. HABE. EAC 7 aOR do well to desist from pursuing. PORE, JURE DRIER. (®) Melville manages to achieve the effect of | © ABABA Sm mm ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple | 2:5U13:58HUbRA ATR AUR. ARF view of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised, 5.2 RGB 1, What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick? Key: Ishmael describes the appearance and mysteries of Moby Dick. He thinks that Moby Dick is not only ubiquitous but immortal. Many whalers want to haunt and conquer it, but no one can do that. When Moby Dick fights with men, . On the contrary, men are usually injured by it seriously, it always can survive and recover from its wound and injuri 2. Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale? Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy” and calls him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not? Key: Because that the white whale bit off one leg of Ahab, and he resolved to take revenge on i agree with Ishmael, Because, on the one hand, the white whale not only injured Ahab’s body, but also injured his mentality and self-respect. His tom body and gashed soul bled into one another, which made him mad. So, he becomes a raving lunatic whose only aim is to revenge. On the other hand, it seems mad to try to fight the forces of nature and God, symbolized by Moby Dick in this story 3. What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter? Key: Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.BoB FH AB RP 61 SSic 1. Introduction to author Henry David Thoreau (1917-1862) is a renowned New England Transcendentalist, essayist, philosopher and poet. 1. Life Thoreau was a friend of Emerson and his junior by some fourteen years. Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts. He went to Harvard at 17. After graduation, the made friends with Emerson and embraced his ideas. In 1845 he moved in a cabin on Walden Pond and lived there in a very simple manner for a little over two years. During his stay in Walden, he went back occasionally to his village, and ‘on one visit he was detained for a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll-tax he thought unjust. This inspired him to write his famous essay, “Civil Disobedience”. He wrote about his experience in the famous book, Walden, after he moved back to Concord. He became a major voice for nineteenth-century America, now better heard perhaps than Emerson's. His influence goes beyond America. His status was placed in the Hall of Fame in New York in 1969. 2. Major Works Walden ‘A Week On the Concord and Merrimack Rivers IL Selected works Walden 1, Main content Thoreau’s masterpiece, Walden, is a great ‘Transcendentalist work. It is a faithful record of Thoreau’s reflections when he was in solitary communion with nature, ‘an eloquent indication that he not only embraced Emerson's ‘Transcendentalist philosophy but went even further to illustrate the pantheistic quality of nature, Walden can be many things and ean be read on more than one level, It consist of 18 passages, recording the nature he ‘observed and the living condition, including building the Jog, plowing the field and receiving friends, 2. Analysis of the work (1) It is a book about man, what he is, what he should bbe and must be. Thoreau holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection, Thoreau. has been regarded as a prophet of individualism in American literature (2) In this book, Thoreau was very critical of modem civilization. Modern civilized life has dehumanized man and 1. fe FA KU + RB (1917-1862) RE BMT NO SH, OR AL 1 ee PALMA Pe, ESE 14 Bf Pa 17 BME MORES. Kat HM BREAN RI CENA TRBCEMIUME. 1845 SEURERL AR EME —AEAATE, TES A POR ae TAA Ue HIM eat HEARST LAI CE BAKO. PIB, HOP KLE PRL MOLES AT Bei CUED. SLED WAN Joi 19 Use HE SRIF tee ay PHRME. 1960 SF, HBP RHA eT MEN RAL 2. SEB Cle ANS eT FAD Ufa © cree 1. me PWC CLARE) JB HOE LER ASHI T HO a HSIN RE. CRORE FOLGE T ARO ROR CATE EL So RP AL EAR EEA Ht. CRED AIR, AI SH MMEAMR. CRARTEIED oh 18 CRA, eT A BLE Let, ABER EG MACE MT 2. HEAP ) CRAKE AMEE, ADA SE Saf 2 REEL. BA AU OH A LA ASM LHF. IP WAI KLAR LINE 2) Be UP AER TRAC Wf BEAR SCO tk AI TAplaced him in a spiritual quandary. fe ARPA LOOT. (8) Furthermore, the book is full of ideas expressed to |) AS, PRTSZeBIEB-A SHIH, jostle his neighbors out of their smug complacency. He | 228 (306i. oie AMIN. biz records how he tries to minimize his own needs on Walden | 3&'F C248 FLAK SEM LIRA A Pond. He holds that spiritual richness is real wealth. One's | RBFSIARIS/ NI ABU JEM a soul might not help one to get up in the world, but it will | #7 A:SCIEM ACA A MINAS help make real progress in self-improvement. EBA CAB, RATA PATE RS (® Thoreau went to the woods to experiment a new | #(iitPEt RAYE (ite. way of life for himself and for his fellowmen, And he felt | (0) #2 2:RAS HEH MEIC. that he came out of ita better man, reborn and reinvigorated. | HIRES RAFAH. AA Thus, regeneration became a major thematic concern of | H!(HKIN-DEAE TA, Ret A SSA Walden and it also decided its structural framework. PRR REY CHUA PE (HAE —, IRL T EOE m. 6.2 TRE Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? Key: He lived in woods, and pursued his own simple and meaningful lifestyle at a very high physical and spiritual level . Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying? Key: No, he had never bought a farm. Because he liked to have dealings with others, from which he can get a lot of fun. Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why? Key: Yes, itis significant, Because the Fourth of July is the Independence Day of America, and from this day on, ‘America has become a new and independent nation. By mentioning it, Thoreau wanted to state that he also began to be independent and selt jant from the same day, and that will be the regeneration of him. . How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection’? Key: That means his flocks is always out of his control, and he can not manage them effectively. The shepherd will be disturbed and annoyed by them rather than get some pleasure from feeding and raising them. The shepherd’s life will be a mess.S77 19 HOSA 11 Sasic I. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) 1. Life Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine. His father was a lawyer. In 1822, the 15-year old Longfellow enrolled at Bowdoin College. There, Longfellow met Nathaniel Hawthorne, who would later become his lifelong friend. After graduation, he traveled around Europe and studied the language and literature of France, German, Finland, Spain and other countries. When he returned to the United States in 1836, Longfellow took up the professorship at Harvard. In 1855, Longfellow retired from Harvard devoting himself entirely to writing. 2. Major Works Voices of the Night Ballads and Other Poems Evangeline The Song of Hiawatha 3. Analysis of major work @ 1 Shot an Arrow ‘The poet wrote this famous poem to praise friendship. In the first line of the first stanza, the word arrow represents friendship because, like arrows, friendships can fly a far distance, He sang a song and then he forgot it. But his friend bears in mind for a long time. This poem is very simple as ‘well as profound, And itis the reason why it’s known to all in ‘western countries 4 Psalm of Life Longfellow believes that people should lead heroie and courageous lives and not sit idle and remain ineffectual while the world rapidly changes around them. His use of the word “strife” is especially interesting, since it clearly acknowledges that life is inherently difficult, is a constant struggle, and will never be easy. Longfellow then encourages everyone to have faith and trust the lord and not to rely on an unknown future to be stable and supportive. Il. Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) 1. Life Poe's childhood was @ miserable one, He lost both of his parents when still very small, and was taken care of by a wealthy merchant, Father and son enjoyed nothing but an unhappy relationship together. Poe entered the University of Virginia but did not finish, He went to West Point as a cadet but was dismissed because of misbehavior. Poe wrote and worked as editor most of his short life. He was poor all his life. At 27 he married his cousin, whose death in 1847 left him inconsolable and bitter with life than ever. He died, in 1. FA RAL + RD 1. EF ne a 2 ARIE. 1822 AFA Be, EMM TR. FEIT AR tAPRI AC. ENZO AIRADIER, H.-R, ANTI ZBME AIC, 1836 5, MMe OB oP OE 1855 AF RATA, £OMASIT A eth 2. ABER coe ici 2340 LAIRD feeb 3. ERIE © (RANE MCR T ARIMA. HE Rar, BREACH. By ACR S HAH eat JER. (OOF —FRK, JER. ARTUR Ae — HIE. SAY RELL. ULE A FRAME. © Ea APU ABD RBA A OREM AME. SPIE BOE AEA 8 ETE “surife” iBT T AHR OH NL SUT AE, oe AE A FERIA A. OM RRNA AA Bev (aa HL PTA BHC iit. 1. Stine 3Efes (1809-1849) 1 ee SAE ARIB LTA HA IN Se APRS, RIC, SOE PLR. EA ID Fe ORE A, PURENESE RP, RICE T OS ACEH, RAT Ia RET FRR. OMT AT Ae am a A AES (RIL IE. hee se tT Web. 27 Bh, HTN, 1847 S620 HE A 5October, 1849. 2. Major works Annabel Lee The Raven To Helen Sonnet—To Science 3. Analysis of Major Works Sonnet—To Science Poe worries about and rejects scientific dogm: because he regards it as too unimaginative and stagnating, For him, science is a predator or, like a vulture, a carrion-eater, and it has damagingly crippled his imagination with “dull realities." © ToHelen To Helen is one of the most famous of Poe’s lyrics. It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe’s in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things, for example, its rhyme scheme, its varied line lengths, its metaphor of a travel on the sea, and its oft-quoted lines, “To the Glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome. IIL, Walt Whitman (1819-1892) 1. Life ‘Whitman was brought up in a working-class background, ‘on Long Island, New York. He had five years schooling and a 200d deal of “loafing” and reading, Thirsting for experience and gregarious in habit, Whitman tried at a variety of jobs and picked up a first hand knowledge of life and people in the new world, The experience with the people and the country furnished both the material and the guiding spirit for his epic, Leaves of Grass. When the Civil War began, he worked as a “wound dresser” in a military hospital. In 1873, he suffered a paralytic stroke and moved to New Jersey where he was taken ‘good care of by his friends and where he spent the remaining years revising his Leaves of Grass. 2. Major works Leaves of Grass One’ Self I Sing © Captain! My Captain! Drum Traps 3. Analysis of major works Whitman broke free from the traditional iambic pentameter and wrote “free verse” that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. One's Seif 1Sing ‘Whitman extols the ideals of equality and democracy and celebrates the dignity, the self-reliant spirit, and the joy of the common man, One’ Self I Sing reveals a world of equality, ‘without rank and hierarchy. 0 Captain! My Captain! 1849 7 10 Fl, WT. 2. AEBS Cem EY a8 Pour sen) cite 3. ROT © CHT —aates AIH, BAH. FOAM IN, SMA fA EAH. HG IS SBMA. LA MeIR IS “HARI”. © ciety CHG) RIMM H BR. A AR AE a Fe WE (PIER. Ga aHORITE KRDO ENE, LR HEM LTT NR. NODULE, HD FH. TL, RASH + AE. 1. EF MAS SP H]AA. ABBE. HIER, cae MIE LM Ta. eh TES MANERA INTE, HT eH SAO PRG T aE Ee CRAM AMIO PR Be ROSS ATA EC Ra BCR BTCA PUMEET. Aa Mkit ee CRO SID H KT RHAS AUR. MARTE, AEA SBORBE MICE OR. 1873. SE aM PPELEREN, EMR fom, SET CHRO ACEH 2. AREER ORE ORD Ck, KY Rae cops 3. EBL ROT AG BAT HET TA A 4A He OH HE POI “ELLY” im, wate eA BenNiRHNIEAR. o cnRZ wD RR TPT 28, MART Atm, ALAA He, AONE MINSK. CERZAKD SE BT AP AT a aeWalt Whitman wrote the poem after Abraham Lincoln's assassination. Repeated metaphorical reference is made to this issue throughout the verse. The “ship” spoken of is intended to represent the United States of America, while its "fearful trip" recalls the troubles of the American Civil War. The titular “Captain” is Lincoln himself With a conventional meter and rhyme scheme that is unusual for Whitman, it was the only poem anthologized IV. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) 1. Life Dickinson was born into a Calvinist family. Her father, an old Puritan, with a heart “pure and terrible”, influenced his daughter in no small way. She was shy, sensitive, and sometimes rebellious. It was during her mid-twenties that Emily became a recluse. She wanted to live simply as a completely independent person. 2. Writing styles () Her poetry abounds in telling images. In the best of her poems, every word is a picture. So she is regarded as the precursor of Imagism poetry. @) Her poetic idiom is noted for its conciseness, directness and plainest words, ()Dickinson’s poems are usually short, and the first line of Dickinson's poems is used to be the title, 4) The capital letters in her poems are used for emphasis. 3. Influence Her poetry abounds in telling images. Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainest words. All these characteristics of her poetry were t0 become popular through Stephen Crane with the Imagists such as Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell in the twentieth century, She became the precursor of the Imagist movement. 4, Analysis of major works To Make a Prairie This simple poem tells readers imagination is the most important. The word “revery” demonstrates an advanced achievement, far beyond ordinary day-dreaming or cogit Ultimately, this speaker is claiming that without any ph objects at all, the mind of one advanced in the art of revery can produce any object that mind desires. @ Success Is Counted Sweetest In this poem, the author believes that only through the failures, one can know the success is sweet while those who have succeeded a lot of times could not understand the true meaning of success. Dickinson uses the simple but concise words to persuade readers to know that the losers can understand and feel sweetness of success. Oh, MEE RENTED aS ARAL A, MOBIOLA ae”, AB TR MRE” ARENA. i “AE” WUE. AER T He SA PAT FERAL, AER RR BIE ry iB TV. SORRY + HkeeAR (1830-1886) Ley he Mae SBE, MUNICH “MUG RTTA AG” AS Ara, APC ART HRCHONCM. Seat, BAB, ASU. Cee Sey BIBL. ha a, (meas. 2. SHER (Mua RoRREE A a AR te RONEN RAFTER. eal EA. Le a yea. 2) MGR NEB, a, Fae a. ©) Recep MMR, so rae yam A i RE ACS 3 em MARU Ga HRA HD Bi FUR, A. cab IR ‘iAPa + SERRLAN 20 HEE RUT A SCAT « HE AAIIOOK + Heat. SUN IR REMIT. 4. ase © ahi Hm eA AMIS, REBECA RAM ACRES. Srevery” i To FREER ai a PEE fA a eae MHI © CRS MERIB SED SPIE T AMET RIC. A AIA HAL T MRL. ade (ay Tk, SLC AST APAEEME oO RREEZHD ROW RAT MAME, JRL SCAT ED, HR AR HEE#1'm Nobody LMR HE, TOMI ‘The poem is told in the monologue and full of ironic | 2%. Heth vrs teik FM tha Ae tones. It seems that Dickinson enjoyed her life in seclusion | i (38%. and truly wanted to be nobody. But it may also express her longing to the social lite 72 RSE “TShot an Arrow” 1. Why did the speaker lose sight of his arrow and song? Key: Because that the arrow flew so swiftly and the song was invisible and no one had so knee and strong sight to catch them, he lost sight of his arrow and song. 2. In what circumstances did he find them again? Key: After a long, long time, he found the arrow still unbroken in an oak, and the song, from beginning to end, in the heart of a friend. They were both well-preserved after a very long time. 3. What do arrow and song stand for in this poem? Key: Arrow and song stand for friendship, affections and true sentiments towards friends in this poem. “A Psalm of Life” 1, What kind of person is the speaker of this poem’ Key: The speaker of the poem is an optimistic person. He loves life and is enthusiastic about life. He is encouraging and invigorative. He encourages those who encountered hardships and were suffering. He is also a doer who always acts rather than yearns for future and makes plan for it, He knows that a person should “be up and doing, with a heart for any fate” and keep achieving and pursuing, and learning to labor and wait. 2. According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us nearer to death? Key: According the poem, “life is real, life is eamest! And the grave is not its goal.” Although we go towards death everyday, it is not our destination, for the aim of life of ours is to pursue, achieve and improve ourselves. That is, “but to act, that each tomorrow / Find us farther than today.” So, we should “Be a hero in the strife” and “actin the living present!” 3. Interpret the metaphor of "Footprints on the sand of time” (line 28). Key: “The sand of time” refers to the lifetime of a man. If a man has done nothing and achieved nothing, his whole life would be empty and worthless. There was no any “footprints”. “Footprints on the sand of time” refers a person's traces of struggle and his achievement recognized by others. ‘“Sonnet—To Science” 1. What kind of image does science have in this poem? 1¢ daughter of Old Time” and changes all things with its “peering eyes”. It becomes formidable adversary to imagination and poetry, because it stops the poets’ wandering in the jeweled shies. Key: According to the poem, science is “ According to Poe, what will a poet do, if he is free from the bondage of science? Key: If a poet is free from the bondage of science, he will wander in the jeweled skies to seek treasure, that is, writing ‘materials, for his poems, and have the summer dream beneath the tamarind tree so as to send his imaginations fly. 3. What might science deprive the speaker of? Key: Science might deprive the speaker of “wandering” and “the summer dream beneath the tamarind tree”, becausescience, like a vulture, preys “upon the poet’s heart” and it also ruins many beautiful legends. Science explains everything in a scientific way, leaving poets no place to imagine and wander. In the end, the speaker even can not dream under the tamarind tree. “To Helen” 1. Why does the poet compare Helen’s beauty to "those Nicean barks of yore"? Key: Because the poet thinks that Helen is a classical beauty and “those Nicean barks of yore” implies the same kind of beauty, which is gentle, dreamy and heart-shaking. 2, What have brought the wayfaring speaker home? Key: Helen’s “hyacinth hair, classic face and Naiad airs” have brought the wayfaring speaker home. 3. In what form does Helen appear in the final stanza? Why does she carry a lamp in her hands? Key: She stands “in yon brilliant window-niche” like a statue. Because now, she appears in the incamation of Psyche, who was very curious about his husband and carried a lamp to see him. And here, the poet reproduces the classic scene of the mythology so as to make Helen mysterious. One's Self I Sing 1. What is the significance of singing about one’s, self? Key: Singing about one’s self is celebrating human beings’ individual spirit, which is typical of American people. This exaltation puts mankind at the first place and increases their confidence and self-esteem. 2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy? Key: Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person. 3. What does Whitman mean by the term of “the Modern Man”? Key: He means that “the Modem Man” should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one who is full of bias. The life of “the Modern Man” is full of passion, pulse and power, and people's action are cheerful and freest under the divine laws, “O Captain! My Captain!” 1. Why is the word “Captain” capitalized throughout the poem? Key: Because, in this poem, the word “Captain” especially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States. 2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem? Key: The poet compares America to be the ship on the sea, and the sea symbolizes the Civil War of America. President, Abraham Lincoln, is compared to be the “Captain”, who is killed just before the victory. 3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring while the speaker remains so sad? Key: Because people on the shore welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor. “To Make a Prai 1, What things are needed to “make” a prairie? In what sense can one really do it? Key: Itneeds grass and insects. One can really do it by imagination, 2. How can “revery alone” create a prairie? Key: By imagination, everything on a prairie can come into our mind, and thus, we can create a praitie,“Success Is Counted Sweetest” 1. Why is success “counted sweetest by those who never succeed”? Key: Because those who never succeed have a strong desire to succeed and they think that being successful is the most meaningful and worthy thing that they pursue. For them, success is the most attractive goal and is counted sweetest. 2. Who are “the purple host"? Key: “The purple host” refers to those so-called successful people in the world. 3. Who is “he” in the last stanza? Key: “He” refers to anyone who is pursuing his success m Nobody!” 1. Who are the “pair of us” and “they" in this poem? Key: The “pair of us” refers to the speaker in the poem and the reader. “They” refers to the public, especially those in power. 2. What does “an admiring bog” really mean? Key: “An admiring bog” really mean the vain and empty people, who are always admiring and pursuing the celebrities. ‘What is the theme of this poem? Key: The theme is that many people want to be somebody, and enjoy admiration of their admirers. But, being somebody is not as fancy as it seems to be. On the contrary, being nobody is a nicer choice, for we can stay alone and enjoy our own happiness. 4, Do you want to be “nobody” or “somebody”? Explain your reasons. Key: I want to be nobody. The main reason is that I prefer to doing my own things rather than being focusing on by the public light, Being nobody, we can still pursue our goals and do not have to care about others? opinion that will influence our minds and actions.ser Breit 81 Sic ‘Mark Twain (1835-1910) 1. Life Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was an American novelist and humorist. ‘gtew up in Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He Twai apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper. Afier toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion, He was a failure at gold mining, so he next tumed to journalism, While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” which became very popular and brought nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well received. He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire eamed praise from critics and peers, and he ‘was @ friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. 2. Contributions to Literature Mark ‘Twain made great contribution to American literature. Before him, the writers in America has been greatly influenced by European literature, but his way of thinking, values, language, even his humor are rooted in America. Local color is the most outstanding feature of the novel, showing a regional language feature, custom and lifestyle. At the same time, his colloquial style of prose has become the origin of American literary tradition of colloquialism, and Sherwood Anderson, Hemingway, Eliot, Faulkner, and Salinger were influenced by him to varying degrees. William Faulkner called jim “the father of American literature." 3. Major Works The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) The Innocents Abroad (1869) ‘The Gilded Age (1873) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) Life on the Mississippi (1883) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) The Tragedy of Pudd ‘nhead Wilson (1894) The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 3.Selected works © The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is TY + WE (1835-1910) 1 Ee 38 + MEGRLIRARE A ARIE «3 SECM. WIRE INR ABR eK S38 PLR CEEIRI, S AO CORIIRRICD A CE «RBG Boi) MACHER fee SNe BIT, SAMAR, ate RFRA ie. AIAN I a SMT LA SOL LE FTE PEATE TE. HORII, LEELA. SEM, (OFT — ah Ae Ci FUME RRR, AAD, 9 TWAT. smear see. TE ARSON, MARAT Lea, tA Be DUST aH FESCRUMAYRA BIE RAE. 1 Bix BRS TARGHEE Be 2. Seger 9% «mei RIM AT EA Sew. ABUL BER I AS SANNA, TORO SC HL UES a. FEE AR IE EL Sh, “Si” ARAM ALE $A. FULT — MHI TAAL. ARORA. PUBL. MR UE Fe Iy SRI CB HPAI RG, MOM, ON, HS, ‘en RAE SAREE LIAN. HIER “RICE Z Se", 3. Era iQ A BEHED (1865) AGH AM. AER PR EAS. AGE BEL. Metre aedark and cold for them. One reads the book and comes away | Hi. B72 8h. kA Ni RAF with the impression that misanthropy is justifiable. sea DCHEI 13.2 RE 1. What are the qualities that Granny possesses which help her live successfully? Key: Granny is very responsible for her family, and she is always ready to do what she should do, therefore, she struggles live successful for the sake of her children, She loves her children very much. Granny is also very diligent, and keeps everything in order. She is very strong-minded, and has the will to go through hardships. After she is abandoned by her lover, she still has courage to live on. She is very intelligent, and her children like asking her for advice. However, in some way, she is a little stubborn, sticking to her own opinions. Perhaps, that is also a helpful ‘quality for her to live sucessfully. 2. Does Granny have any weaknesses? If so, what are they’? Key: Yes, Granny has some weaknesses. She, sometimes, likes complaining about something. She is a little stubborn, and can not forget about what and who has done harm to her and she is tortured. She is a little bad-tempered and impatient. She is, in some way, not very friendly to others, She is also nostalgic and can not accept the truth that she is already eighty years old, 3. What intelligent advice and wisdom does Granny give her family? Key: Granny gives her family many intelligent advice and wisdom through her won actions. She teaches her children to be diligent, economical and strong-minded. More importantly, she lets them know that a person, especially a ‘woman, should be independent. 4, Thy to reorder the events told in the story as they would have happened in real life or as they flashed through Granny’s mind. Key: Granny's boyfriend, George didn’t show up on their wedding, thus, Granny was abandoned by him. Then, Granny was married to Jack, who died at an early age, and left children with her. She raised her children all by herself, and had good times with them until they left her and built their own families. After they left, they still eame to her home to seek advice from her, even when she was very old.S14 7E HAIRS TERETE 41 Sic F Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) 1. Life Fitzgerald was born into a St. Paul middle-class family. He had education first in private schools and then at Princeton, In 1917 he left Princeton and enlisted in the army. But he never went to the war, During the period of 15 months of service in the army, he fell in love with Zelda Sayre, the daughter of a judge. Zelda told Fitzgerald that she would ‘marry him only if he could get up in the world, In 1920 Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise was published and became immensely popular. On the strength of this one successful book, he won the expressive prize of Zelda. The Fitzgeralds ‘were not always happy in their married life. They were also fighting each other all the time, Zelda began to have breakdowns and had to be put in a mental institution, Loneliness, alcohol and the awareness that he was dissipating his talent eventually combined to break him down. In the last rear of his life, he began to write one very interesting novel, The Last Tycoon, which he never finished. In 1940, he died at the age of 44, Fitzgerald was essentially a 1920s person. His Tales of the Jazz gave its name to this crucial period in the cultural history of America, He was the spokesman of the Jazz Age. 2, Major Works This Side of Paradise (1920) Flappers and Philosophers (1920) The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) The Great Gatsby (1925) Tender is the Night (1934) The Crack-Up (1945) Selected works ©The Great Gatsby (1) Gatsby's personal experience approximates the whole of the American experience up to the first few decades of the twentieth century. Here modem men lives in sterility and ‘meaningless and futility as best illustrated by Gatsby's essentially pointless parties. Thus Gatsby's personal life has assumed a magnitude as a “cultural-historical allegory” for the nation. Here lies the greatest intellectual achievement that Fitzgerald ever achieved. (2) The very rich attracted and repelled Fitzgerald at the same time, But Fitzgerald has always been critical of the rich and tried to show the disintegrating effects of wealth on the i MAIR» TEREATLAB (1896-1940) 1. Ee Sse EP eI HERB Ah ML. PASE). IRAP MB 1917 FARM, ALS AR. ERLE 15 APIS, He ET HETIL, RAIA « HRA. ER SA EA IEA PA HEEB ESE. 1020 SEseae ASH HOSE — ANBAR MEY RH NED AAR. ASR 8 ART id. FRR IR, AEOLIAN ROR, TIE HSL, RT RADE. Oa WR, ACES, API Law LAE Doe, RMCRERNBR TRIS. A Ubi Fe, FRAT AIDE CURIONI ROE 1940 SE GUA, HER 44 SRE ASHU HAE 20 HL 20 FEAR ARREARS. MARTHA CE FROM COOMED LTT 20 ACHAT 2%, HOR AAR ERIC (HA. 2. Ear «AMIE (19209 ses STAT 1920) cSt EHD 1922) CLR REMACD (1922) TARBALL 1925) (Petit) (1934) ciate) 194s) 3. inf oT Rta aL (BELAY YAH 545 20 WHS Slee A I 2 BUCA ASEH ROO EDL, REL eA MALE, APT aR He Hea LA TI LEA AAAI ERIE FISICA ARBAB. aRdeASH eee LAR MULE RAR IE CE Pa. SRA MRE A BS SEAT HEE, TT, OEE Be. He PRE HEREC FA Mtemotional make-up of his characters, Here in The Grear | HearRuiiWom. te (TAHIR AIEEE 9 Gatsby we have Tom and Daisy, completely dehumanized and | #4 0 RRHE33 “SA SE T Mt dehumanizing. ASHEOCHINE, UROL ARIE. (8) At his best Fitzgerald’s craftsmanship is impeccable. | (0) sii 1008045 Meabe5 0118 The choice of a dramatic narrator, through whose | SI. (8iB## FREE —RENEMEDR consciousness everything filters, ensures the compact organic | #. MLL RABIN RIIEHRULLIE. wholeness of the work. Carraway’s limited omniscience | 3 68iE THEM HRIINEENUBE— RR. determines the facts that he deals but information in such a | 1 fii iui AR DRE T HALE felt T — APB manner that he seems to withhold it first, thus creating a | UMFK. superb effect of mystery and suspense. ez. (®) Fitzgerald was one of the great stylists in American | (Osi: Se: JLIE BDF literature. Fitzgerald's prose is smooth, sensitive, and | (LfB-Af SCI. RGU HUA Ta completely original in its diction and metaphors. ts simplicity | iE. SURESH Ata, JAP ANLENG BE and gracefulness, its skill in manipulating the relationship | ARG. (ifSCaRMEAY Mak, sep between the general and the specific, its bold impressionistic | HEH THE SRL MIMI, AH and colorful quality, in short, its competence to convey the | 3835 HU 3: Fk Aes es ti vision of the author all reveal Fitzgerald’s consummate | %, 822 DUE(E AHORA, artistry. SARA TAR AA RL ERA fit. 142 RES 1. Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why? Key: It is a little complicated to say Gatsby deserves to be called “the great” or not, Because that, on the one hand, he is ambitious, passionate, hard-working, kind-hearted and generous. He cherishes hopes for his bright future. He is loyal to his lover, and willing to should the responsibilities for her. On the other hand, he makes fortune by doing illegal business, which greatly ruins his qualities. We can say that he does not pursue meaningful and valuable things, and all he wants is a kind of vanity. And, he does not know that Daisy, the woman he loves, does not deserve his sincere love. He only loves a vision in his heart, He is somewhat innocent. Does “the green light” Gatsby believed in exist in reality? Why or why not? Key: “The green light” Gatsby believed in does not exist in reality. Because “the green light” represents Gatsby's unattainable dream, especially the dream of being together with Daisy, who has been married and was never been the woman he loved. It is impossible for him to win Daisy back. What’s more, “the green light” refers to “the orgiastic future that year and year recedes before us”. Although we are longing for bright and wonderful future, it does not exist in reality for now, and it isa kind of mysterious nonexistence. 3. What does Gatsby’s Schedule reveal about him and how does it relate to the American Dream? Key: Gatsby's schedule reveals his ambitions and determination to be successful. He is strict with himself and has a sense of self-control. In order to gain wealth and social statues, he made himself such a detailed and meticulous schedule. It is the very American Dream, to gain wealth and statues, that drives him to make his schedule and work hard regardless of what kind of means he uses to make it come true. 4. When you read this line” He (the man with owl — eyed glasses) took off his glasses and wiped them again, outside and in, "what image does it create in your mind, given the novel’s numerous references to the strikingly strange scene of the spectacled eyes? Key: When I read this line, I think that the man with thick and blurry owl-eyed glasses can not see clearly all the things in the world, However, he is actually an owl-wise observer and sees more clearly that anyone else in the novel. This man, except Nick, is the only friend to appear at the funeral of Gatsby. He is a man of sympathetic. Through out this novel, we also find that Dr. Eckleburg billboard also has its huge yellow spectacles. In many rainy days, Dr.Eckleburg’s eyes are also dimmed and seem blind. But, in fact, it is a pair of “all-seeing” eyes, observing what happens in the world. The owl-eyed man is similar to Dr. Eckleburg, sadly looking at the people’s life and idealism of this time, Both of them symbolize an uninvolved spectator, the God.SBS B7C RNB Het 151 Sic William Faulkner (1897-1962) 1. Life Faulkner was bom into a Souther family with a long tradition .The town of Oxford where he was brought up became the model for his fictional Jefferson. His own family history found its way into his novels. He joined the Royal Flying Corps in Canada and still under training when the war was over. He retumed to the United States, attended the University of Mississippi for a year, and supported himself with a variety of odd jobs. His first two novels were not very promising. But Sartoris (1929) revealed Faulkner's fuller development as a writer. His next book, The Sound and the Fury, was definitely the mature work of a major work, In the following years, his major works appeared one after another. In 1946, Malcoim Cowley edited The Viking Portable Faulkner with a generous introduction of his works. Faulkner became the center of critical attention, Faulkner won the Nobel Price for literature in 1949, 2. Subject matter Faulkner wrote altogether 19 novels and three volumes of short stories. Here the Deep South is delineated in as minute as possible. Faulkner's works have been termed the ‘Yoknapatawpha saga in which he writes about the histories of a number of southern aristocratic families. In the very rise of these family fortunes, Faulkner sees their inevitable fall because they have displaced the Indians and enslaved the black race, thus putting a curse upon the land. When the same story of the tragic rise and fall recurs in one novel after another, it assumes symbolic proportion. It becomes clear that what Faulkner is talking about concerns not merely the American south but the human situation in general, ‘The spiritual deterioration which characterizes modem life stems directly from the loss of love and want of emotional response. 3. Characteristics of writings Faulkner was daring formal experimentalist, He evolved his literary strategies so as to be better able to communicate his idea. (1) Characterization was, to Faulkner, the essential ‘medium to reveal the multifaceted nature of man, He allowed the characters to enjoy a maximum degree of autonomy and independence. There are quite a few devices by means of which the autonomy of the characters is ensured. One of the ‘most important is authorial transcendence by employing a fallible narrator or multiple narrators. (2) Faulkner is a difficult writer. There are a lot of interior [RE EAN (1890-1980) 1. ee SEA EPA A PARI. HAE , RRI ER SSE EIA AE 18, es aS FN. AR fs Be FE Bh, URE ARIEL. LL eR MIA, BRE IT. ARN As a A ST A i, TG 1929 Ar Hsnay bHRELIND PLAICE NER. (BLOF CORLEY Hh, (ROE BERRA. 1946 SCRIP CY RR ARLE TL Adana CHEERY, SSPE UMA SSE fA. EAN 1049 SRR ABE DUA em. 2. ueEa HE FSCASLONET 19 ASHE ANAT RSET ANRMR. AESICHCE SAE. EGE SBOE OTT FEAT. ISA 0 he 2 HE aS i", CEA AMR CONES TES Ar. CEM “SCA RU NRAT.OR ERE. BI AMF Tene AME, WCET A, SEITIAR. SaBHLMCRE SE AARON, EMIUTT B® EEO. LGR, LEA BER FOLLIES, LA A SAARI. RARER RMN CME FR A FAS. A. 3. Siete SCTE Sk RUT OLE He. MASI SEI KP Mem A sth. See we na FMAOLAM STRAIT HE. He PANERA FENEAE EYE AUS, (OFA 7 BEF REDLIRIE Ue. Jeo RRR “ea”, cai BL ARYL A FOS RL PIES ie (Bieta IE Ate Ht.monologues; the modem stream of consciousness technique is frequently and skillfully used. Words are often run together, ‘with no capitalization and no proper punctuation. Sentences are not always clearly indicated; many long ones are pushed together in peculiar ways. The pronouns often cause irritating perplexit (©) His prose ranges from colloquial, regional dialects to highly charged courtroom thetoric, covering @ variety of “registers” of the English language. (© Faulkner has very powerful imagination. Rooting his works in the Deep South, he manages to create a literary milieu of his own through which he tries to transcend the limits of particularity to reach universality. He keeps moving his fictions toward the condition of myth and succeeds eventually in elevating a simple, true story of human life on to the plane of an elaborate mythology. 4, Major Works The Marble Faun (1924) Soldiers Pay (1926) Mosquitoes (1927) The Sound and the Fury (1929) As I Lay Dying (1930) Light in August (1932) Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 5.Selected works © Barn Burning ‘Abner Snopes, the father of young Sarty Snopes, is driven out of town afier burning down his landlord's barn. In the court case that opens the story and in which Sarty is initially called to testify, no palpable proof can point to Abner as the culprit, but the Snopes family is ordered to leave the county. They move to a new place where Abner is to work as a sharecropper for Major de Spain, but Abner cannot seem to control his pyromania and hatred for society. Shortly after arriving at his new position, Abner visits “Major de Spain’s house and tracks horse droppings on his rug. “Major de Spain orders Abner to clean the rug, which he does by using a piece of harsh-lye soap, ruining the rug beyond repair, before throwing the rug onto Major de Spain’s front porch, Major de Spain levies on Abner a fine of 20 bushels of ccom against the price of the rug. At court, a Justice of the Peace reduces the fine to ten bushels of com. Feeling once again wronged, Abner makes preparations to set fire to Major de Spain’s bam, Sarty warns Major de Spain of his father’s intentions to burn down his barn and then flees in the direction of his father. He is soon overtaken by Major de Spain on his horse and jumps into the ditch to get out of the way. Sarty hears three gun shots, but who gets shot is never revealed; the father and the brother appear in work set after "Bam Burning.” Profoundly affected by his father’s legacy, the boy does not iT ATT HE. AR REST SORA iS ALATA) Sh, BOARS. OF TORS, Karate BA—ie. {Cian CEPR INE HERR SLA ) HHT ae EE, 3 DRE, ACRE, iT SRE A I” (ASLAN G SRA 18. OME SAT EMME Se, UL HMRC, SASHA SLU a fg A Wa ASROED MINIONS), CER fp Aa A ea LA - 4. Sara RAUB BED (1924) CS AHLAHD (1926) «way C1927) RLM SRN 1929) «RIL (1930) O\AZ99 1932) PDR, HDR 1936) 5. skin © crete ri La «AAI AN « BEML, AER TA HE HE SEAN. ESRF TACHA, AOA, LOPE, See, LRLIER ASSENT WIM EI ALA, RETINA AE, SPAR A BISLAMA, BER SCPE SURREAL. 168) itr SOLER TO. PR, bl {SRA —BeORE ANT. MeN AUGER T. 28, PUES REAN ‘MeAIB THE 3h 20 HSCEI ACLU He HE EL, SERTHSOMPERE I 10 SRE. S(T LAURER, tte AREER SEAHEC, A HELA SHS NE CHE, PE AWS TEATS: HIRES ORL, ABRAM NT. Be SSSR, (AMET HT is Se SANE AE “AEC” LEAT stk. RMR Se ROHL, BATreturn to his family but continues on with his life alone, aK, TRA ES 6. Analysis of major work 6. BEE ARSH ©The Sound and the Fury © coins aD ‘The title is from Shakespeare’s Macbeth “a tale / Told by | 4nlBiti#b-HeMEO CHET A an idiot, full of sound and fury, / Signifying nothing.” There is | “sli AWA, Fem BRAY, 80 ‘enough despair and nihilism but not much love and emotion in | #47 (E18. X.” ¢:Ne He’: —ScaBe this sad story of the Compsons. Pa SR, TON It is a story of deterioration from the past to the present, | #*#0K#G3: ‘The past is idealized to form a striking contrast with the | ACHE [/AMtA-ADMe nM. loveless present. There is in the book an acute feeling of | 322 RA MWS T. BUCHNER nostalgia toward the happy past. Quentin’s suicide offers an | 15H 7 RLRUH RH. 156) 9608'F example of a complete negation of the present In a sense, | P4MPFIE2Z1N. THU AA 750, Quentin’s value system may represent Faulkner's own idea of | ¢eiMse#2. CORAL, TH an ideal way of life, that of an antebellum society. Benjamin’s | Sritife 4% 7 ALLA IF HEAL section dramatizes the theme of loss from the very beginning | ’i:#/5%—ARBIi# eL¢&— five. of the story. The triumph of rationalism over feeling and | st Hiss s\atei—srtnimiase Ty «9 compassion is best illustrated in the sterile and loveless | 2° ERE. ELAM AES individual Jason, RAVE BAIA T HS 152 RE 1. What is the nature of the story’s conflict? How does each of the story’s six scenes serve to reveal, clarify, and intensify the conflict? Key: The nature of the story’s conflict is the conflict between the poor white and the rich white, that is, the sharp class conflict between poor white and the landlord. Through out the six scenes of the story, we can find the feelings and behaviors of the child. He wanted to protect his father, but he couldn’t approve his father’s impetuous behaviors. In the every scene, we can see the struggle of the son and the sharp conflicts between his father and their landlord as well. ‘The landlord is insolent and scomful, while the father is rude and impetuous. Thus, the conflicts between them go to extreme, and the father burnt the landlord’s barn, 2, What seems to motivate Abner’s violent, antisocial behavior? Why does he try to make his son Sarty an accomplice to the buming of Major de Spain’s bam? Why does Sarty finally defy him and try to warn Major de Spain? Key: Poverty and his hatred for the rich white motive Abner’s violent, antisocial behavior. To himself, Abner wants to bbe the superior of his world and he thinks that his son should support him and always stand by him. More importantly, Abner wants his son to be rebellious and to struggle with the rich white. So, he tries to make his son Sarty an accomplice to the burning of the bar. However, realizing that his father’s behavior is reckless and antisocial, Sarty refuses to be the accomplice. He has a sense of justice and he knows what wrong and right is. So, he makes the courageous decision to act against his father and defy him and try to warn Major de Spain, 3. What comments does the story offer about the social» moral, and economic values of the old and the new South? Key: The story reveals the great changes of social, moral, and economic values of the old South, which indicates the formation of the new South. In old South, people accepted their poverty and position without any suspect, while in the new South, people, especially those poor and oppressed white people, realize the condition they are living in and take rebellions against their oppressors and exploiters. They come out boldly and fight against the existing social, moral, and economic systems and values. This traditional value of obedience turns into values of rebellions and struggles.