HISTORY OF COMPUTER Presentation by Pradaban. D MLIS-I YEAR A folTeh LER MOLALLA« As early as the seventeenth century, mathematicians were trying to create a machine that could perform basic mathematical functions such as, addition, subtraction, division and multiplication.CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-1871) THE FATHER OF COMPUTERS Charles Babbage (1791-1871) An English mathematician, Professor Charles Babbage made a “difference Engine” in 1833, which was powered by steam to solve mathematical equations. After 10 years, in 1842, he made a general purpose computer named “Analytical Engine”. This analytical engine could add, subtract, multiply and divide in automatic sequence at a rate of 60 additions per second.GENERATION COMPUTER © First Generation 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes ® Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors. © Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits © Fourth Generation -1971Present:Microprocessors © Fourth Generation -197 1 Present:MicroprocessorsFIRST GENERATION 1940- 1956: VACUUM TUBES « The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.USING TECHNOLOGY- = Technology- Vacuum Tubes » Memory -Magnetic drums » Language-Machine Language = Input -Punched cards and paper cards = Memory capacity- 10,000 to 20,000 characters = Output - Printout : Application -record keeping : Beginning of data processing businessDemerits = Very expensive « Relatively slow = Great deal of electricity = Very large in size and weight = Generated a lot of heat = Not programmable = Unreliable = Non portable Examples = ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator «(Eckert & Archly). «= UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer) I, UNIVAC II » EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) «= WhirlwindSECOND GENERATION - 1956-1963: TRANSISTORS « Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. = The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. = smaller, faster and cheaper.USING TECHNOLOGY « Technology- Transistors = Memory - Magnetic core » Language- assembly Languages, high level programming languages = Input - Punched cards = Memory capacity- 4,000 to 64,000 characters = Output - Printout = Application - record keeping, billing, etcRapid growth in data processing applicationsMerits = Smaller size compared to 1‘ generation computers = More reliable « Better portability = Less heat generated = Less prone to hardware failures Demerits « Frequent maintenance required « Air conditioning required = Commercial production was difficult and costly Example » UNIVAC III = IBM 7070THIRD GENERATION - 1964-1971: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS « The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. = Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.USING TECHNOLOGY = Technology- Integrated Circuits = Memory - Magnetic disk » Language- high level programming languages = Input - Key board, mouse, OCR etc » Memory capacity-32,000 to 4 million characters = Availability of OS = Internet started = Significant improvement in the development of SW and OS = Application -Airline system, market forecasting, credit card billing etc.= Merits = Computers were smaller = Faster, more reliable and needed less power = Easily portable, lower heat generator. = Maintenance cost is law because HW failures are rare = Demerits = AC required « Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture IC. Example = Honeywell 200 « IBM system/360 = Burroughs 6700FOURTH GENERATION - 1971- PRESENT: MICROPROCESSORS = The Microproces: sors brought the fourth generation of com, circuits were built puters, as thousands of integrated onto a single silicon chip.USING TECHNOLOGY Technology- Large scale Integrated Circuits Language- all higher level programming languages Input - Key board, mouse, GUI, OCR etc Application - Electronic fund transfer, etc« Features » Availability of programs for special applications = Introduction to networking and home computers = Improved secondary storage = Very reliable = Smallest in size = Cheaper = Easily portable = No AC requiredFIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER © Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.USING TECHNOLOGY ® Based on artificial intelligence are still in development. © Use of parallel processing. © Extremely large scale integration.CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER @ Automatic © Speed © Accuracy ® Diligence © Versatility © Power of Remembering ©NolQ No Feeling © StorageTHANK YOU