Artificial Ground Freezing

Artificial Ground Freezing
Outline
1 Description 3
2 Finite Element Model 6
2.1 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Initial Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.1 Extra Geometry for Mesh Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.2 Mesh Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Enthalpy-poroelastic Analysis 38
3.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.1 Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.2 Ice Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.3 Darcy Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Appendix A Additional Information 50
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1 Description
Artificial ground freezing is a technology that can provide temporary support and/or waterproof layer for geotechnical engineering construction projects.
This tutorial illustrates how to model freezing in the presence of groundwater flow. The ground freezing problem is modeled with the enthalpy-poroelastic analysis procedure in D IANA.
This application is based on a coupled multidimensional thermo-hydraulic approach that considers freeze-thaw processes, groundwater flow and heat transfer mechanisms1 .
The finite element model presented in this tutorial considers the following phenomena:
• freezing of soil water and formation of frozen region

• coupling of heat and groundwater flow
• melting point depression (unfrozen water content)
1
For more information on enthalpy-poroelastic analysis see D IANA Documentation.

The geometry of the model is presented in Figure 1. The model has the following characteristics in terms of geometry and conditions:
• the geometry consists of a layer of soil with 85 m length and 30 m height, in which twelve freezing pipes are installed around a ring wall with a radius of 3 m [Fig. 2]
• the diameter of the freezing pipes is 0.1 m [Fig. 2]
• in terms of the initial conditions, the soil temperature is 10° C
• for the flow boundary conditions, a fixed head of 10% is considered along the up gradient (left) and down gradient (right) faces and, zero flux (no flow) conditions are considered in
the other locations
• for the thermal boundaries the following conditions are considered
– imposed temperatures of -20° C on the edges of the twelve freezing pipes
– constant temperature of 10° C on all other boundaries.
Figure 1: Geometry of the model Figure 2: Detail of the twelve freezing pipes and ring wall

The material properties for the soil including elasticity and enthalpy, freezing parameters, are listed in Table 1. The curve considered for the specific enthalpy variation with temperature is
presented in Figure 3.
Since the enthalpy-poroelastic analysis in D IANA is a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical procedure, it requires the definition of the elastic parameters. However, in this tutorial, these
parameters are not used because all the translational degrees of freedom are constrained, as explained in Section 2.3.
Table 1: Material properties for the soil
Parameter Value
Elasticity parameters Young’s modulus E N/m2 1.8e+08
Poisson’s ratio ν [-] 0.3
Mass density (dry) ρs [kg/m3 ] 1835
Density of ice ρice [kg/m3 ] 920
Porosity n [-] 0.41
Thermal expansion coefficient solid αs [/ °C] 5e-06
Thermal expansion coefficient fluid αf [/ °C] 7e-05
Enthalpy, freezing parameters Solid heat conductivity λs [W/m°C] 4
Liquid water heat conductivity λlw [W/m°C] 0.6
Ice heat conductivity λice [W/m°C] 2.14
Specific hear capacity cps [J/kg °C] 860
Residual unfrozen water content S ∗ [-] 0.05
Exponent a [/ °C2 ] -4
Bulk freezing temperature Tf [°C] 0
Modified initial permeability k 0 [m3 s/kg] 1.18e-09
Rel. permeability ice-water mixture parameter η [-] 7.5
Intrinsic bulk modulus of the non-porous solid Ks [N/m2 ] 5e+13
Intrinsic bulk modulus of the fluid Kf [N/m2 ] 3.7e+09
Figure 3: Specific enthalpy vs. temperature

2 Finite Element Model
We start a new project for two-dimensional plane strain model and for structural and enthalpy analyses. We use linear mesh order [Fig. 4]. The units and the directions are displayed in the
reference system section of the geometry browser [Fig. 5]. We choose meter for the unit length, kilogram for mass, newton for force, second for time and degree celsius for temperature
[Fig. 6].
D IANA IE
Main menu File New [Fig. 4]

Geometry browser Reference system Units [Fig. 5]
Property Panel [Fig. 6]
Figure 4: New project dialog Figure 5: Geometry browser - reference system Figure 6: Property panel - units

2.1 Geometry
We start to create the geometry of the model. We first add the sheet for the surrounding soil mass.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 7] [Fig. 8]
Figure 7: Add polygon sheet Figure 8: Geometry view

We create the circles in the middle of the soil mass representing the tunnel excavation area and the feezing wall around the excavation tunnel area where the freezing pipes will be
located.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Create Circle [Fig. 9] [Fig. 11]

<Repeat 2× >
Figure 9: Add circle sheet - excavation area Figure 10: Geometry view Figure 11: Add circle sheet - freezing wall Figure 12: Geometry view

We imprint these circles in the soil, so they are part of the shape.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Modify Projection [Fig. 13]
Figure 13: Shape projection Figure 14: Geometry view

We now create the holes for the freezing pipes. For that we first create one circle sheet with a radius of 0.05 m. We zoom in the location of the tunnel excavation to see the freezing pipes.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Create Circular sheet [Fig. 15]
Figure 15: Add circle sheet - pipe Figure 16: Geometry view

We then copy it 11 times around the freezing walls, with an angle of 30 ° to have the 12 pipes of the model.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 17] [Fig. 18]
Figure 17: Array copy pipe Figure 18: Geometry view

We finally subtract the 12 pipes from the soil to make the holes.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Modify Subtract [Fig. 19] [Fig. 20]
Figure 19: Subtract shapes Figure 20: Geometry view

2.2 Properties
For the soil domain we use a linear elastic isotropic soil model including the aspects for enthalpy flow-stress and thermal effects. The parameters used for the definition of the material,
including the enthalpy and freezing parameters, are listed in Table 1.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 21]

Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 22] Edit material [Fig. 23] – [Fig. 25]
Figure 21: Assign properties to the soil Figure 22: Add material Figure 23: Edit material

Figure 24: Edit material - Enthalpy, freezing parameters Figure 25: Specific enthalpy vs. temperature

2.3 Supports
Three types of supports are considered in the model to simulate the boundary conditions:
• enthalpy supports [Fig. 26 to 29]:

fixed enthalpy at the four edges of the surrounding soil mass
fixed enthalpy at the edges of the soil around the freezing pipes
• pressure potential supports [Fig. 30 to 31]:
fixed pressure potentials at the lateral boundaries of the soil
• translational supports [Fig. 32 to 33]:
fixed translations in X and Y directions in soil shape

We start with the fixed enthalpies in the surrounding edges of the soil mass.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 26] [Fig. 27]
Figure 26: Fixed enthalpies Figure 27: Soil boundaries

We continue with the definition of the fixed enthalpy at the edges around the freezing pipes.
D IANA IE
Figure 28: Fixed enthalpies Figure 29: Edges around the pipes

We define the fixed pressure potentials at the lateral boundaries of the soil.
D IANA IE
Figure 30: Fixed pressure potentials Figure 31: Lateral boundary edges of the soil

We finally define the fixed translations in the entire model, the soil shape.
D IANA IE
Figure 32: Fixed translations Figure 33: Soil shape

2.4 Loads
We define three load cases in the model:
• inflow pressure potential [Fig. 34 to 36]

prescribed pressure potential of 83385 N/m2 defined in the left boundary of the soil mass with an associated time curve (time (s) vs. factor) of [(0,0), (1, 1), (1e+20, 1)]
• enthalpy freezing pipes - add [Fig. 37 to 39]
prescribed enthalpy applied at the pipe edges with a prescribed enthalpy of -361667 J/kg (equivalent to -20 °C [Fig. 25]) and with an associated time curve (time (s) vs. factor)
of [(0,0), (86400, 0), (172500, 1), (1e+20, 1)]
• enthalpy freezing pipes - remove [Fig. 40 to 42]
prescribed enthalpy applied at the pipe edges with a prescribed enthalpy of 41820 J/kg (equivalent to initial temperature -10 °C [Fig. 25]) and with an associated time curve (time
(s) vs. factor) of [(0,0), (86400, -1), (1e+20, 1)]

We start with the definition of the inflow pressure potential from the left edge of the soil and the associated time function.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Assign Loads [Fig. 34]

Geometry browser Loads Cases Inflow pressure potential Edit time dependency [Fig. 35]
Figure 34: Inflow pressure potential Figure 35: Time curve Figure 36: Left boundary edge of the soil

We now define the addition of enthalpy in freezing pipes and the associated time function. This represents cooling of the freezing pipe wall down to -20 °C.
D IANA IE

Geometry browser Loads Cases Enthalpy freezing pipes ADD Edit time dependency [Fig. 38]
Figure 37: Enthalpy freezing pipes - add Figure 38: Time curve Figure 39: Edges around the pipes

We now define the removal of enthalpy in freezing pipes and the associated time function. This represents removal of the initial freezing pipe wall temperature which is 10 °C.
D IANA IE

Geometry browser Loads Cases Enthalpy freezing pipes REMOVE Edit time dependency [Fig. 41]
Figure 40: Enthalpy freezing pipes - remove Figure 41: Time curve Figure 42: Edges around the pipes

2.5 Initial Fields
The initial enthalpy field of 41820 J/kg is applied to the entire soil shape.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Assign Initial fields [Fig. 43]
Figure 43: Initial enthalpy field Figure 44: Soil shape

2.6 Mesh
2.6.1 Extra Geometry for Mesh Refinement
Before defining the mesh properties we create some extra geometry entities to be used in the refinement of the mesh. The idea is that we have a finer mesh around the freezing pipes
and the excavation tunnel that becomes increasingly larger in the freezing wall and in the surrounding soil mass. We do this in order to optimize the computation time, having a finer mesh
in the location where the freezing process occurs.
We first define the geometry for refinement around the freezing pipes. For that we create small rings around the freezing pipes with circumferential and radial edges. To do this we first
create one circle around one pipe and two lines that divide the circle into four equal parts.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Create Circle [Fig. 45]

Main menu Geometry Create Line [Fig. 46] [Fig. 47] <Repeat 2 × >
Figure 45: Add circle Figure 46: Add line Figure 47: Add line Figure 48: Geometry view - one small ring

We then array copy the circle and lines around the ring of the freezing wall in order to have one small ring around each freezing pipe.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 49]
Figure 49: Array copy Figure 50: Geometry view - small rings

We imprint and cut the small rings into the soil in order to have the circumferential and radial edges as part of the soil shape. For the shape projection operation [Fig. 51] we only select
circles and for the cut shapes operation we only select lines [Fig. 53].
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Modify Projection [Fig. 51] [Fig. 52]

Main menu Geometry Modify Cut [Fig. 53] [Fig. 54]
Figure 51: Shape projection Figure 52: Geometry view - small rings Figure 53: Cut shapes Figure 54: Circumferential and radial edges

We now add extra lines in the surrounding soil that enables the definition of a coarser mesh in the boundary areas of the soil.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Create Line [Fig. 55] – [Fig. 58]

< Repeat 2×>
Figure 55: Add straight line 1 Figure 57: Add straight line 3
Figure 56: Add straight line 2 Figure 58: Add straight line 4

We imprint the lines so they are part of the geometry of the model.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Modify Projection [Fig. 59]
Figure 59: Shape projection - imprint Figure 60: Geometry of the model

2.6.2 Mesh Properties
We now define the mesh properties for the different parts of the model:
• tunnel excavation area with desired element size of 0.25 m [Fig. 61 to 62]
• ring of the freezing wall with 0.75 m
• circumferential edges of the small rings around the freezing pipes with 4 divisions
• radial edges of the small rings around the freezing pipes with 8 divisions
• surrounding area of the soil closest to the freezing ring wall with desired element size of 1 m
• boundary areas of the soil with desired element size of 2.25 m

We start with the seeding for the tunnel excavation area.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Mesh Mesh properties [Fig. 61] [Fig. 62]
Figure 61: Mesh properties Figure 62: Tunnel excavation area

We define the seeding for the freezing ring wall.
D IANA IE
Figure 63: Mesh properties Figure 64: Freezing ring wall

We define the seeding for the circumferential edges of the small rings around the freezing pipes.
D IANA IE
Figure 65: Mesh properties Figure 66: Small rings - circumferential edges

We define the seeding for the radial edges of the small rings around the freezing pipes.
D IANA IE
Figure 67: Mesh properties Figure 68: Small rings - radial edges

We define the seeding for the surrounding area of the soil closest to the freezing ring wall.
D IANA IE
Figure 69: Mesh properties Figure 70: Surrounding area of soil

We finally define the seeding for the boundary areas of the soil.
D IANA IE
Figure 71: Mesh properties Figure 72: Boundary areas of soil

We generate the mesh.
D IANA IE
Main menu Geometry Mesh Generate mesh [Fig. 73] [Fig. 74]
Figure 73: Finite element mesh Figure 74: Finite element mesh - detail of the freezing area

3 Enthalpy-poroelastic Analysis
3.1 Commands
We now define the analysis for the artificial ground freezing. For that we add a new analysis and a structural nonlinear command.
D IANA IE
Main menu Analysis Add analysis

Analysis browser Analysis1 Rename Artificial ground freezing [Fig. 75]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Add command Structural nonlinear [Fig. 76] [Fig. 77]
Figure 75: Analysis browser Figure 76: Command menu Figure 77: Analysis browser

In the nonlinear effects we consider both physically nonlinear and transient effects. In the transient settings we choose the Euler backward method for time integration and we consider
the time derivative effects [Fig. 80].
D IANA IE
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Nonlinear effects Edit properties [Fig. 78]
Figure 80: Transient effects

Figure 78: Analysis browser Figure 79: Nonlinear effects properties properties

In the nonlinear analysis we consider two execute blocks: one with start steps for the initial state and other with time steps for the time sequence of the analysis.
We first remove the default execute block for load steps. We then add the start steps execute block and name it Initial state [Fig. 81]. In the start steps properties we tick off the default
option for use load of previous phase [Fig. 82] and the establish equilibrium option. We use the default equilibrium iteration properties [Fig. 83].
D IANA IE
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear new execute block Remove
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Start steps
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename Initial state [Fig. 81]
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Initial state Start steps Edit properties [Fig. 82]
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Initial state Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 83]
Figure 81: Analysis browser Figure 82: Start steps properties Figure 83: Equilibrium iteration properties

We now add the time steps execute block and name it Time sequence[Fig. 84]. The time steps considered in the analysis are: 8640.(10) 864.(100) 86400.(200) (in seconds), which
represents 10 steps of 2.4 h plus 100 steps of 0.24 h plus 200 steps of 24 h [Fig. 85].
D IANA IE
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Time steps
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename Time sequence [Fig. 84]
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Time sequence Time steps Edit properties [Fig. 85]
Figure 84: Analysis browser Figure 85: Time steps properties

For the equilibrium iteration we set the maximum number of iterations to 3 and we select the force convergence norm. We maintain the default iterative method, type and first tangent
settings to Newton-Raphson, Regular and Tangential, respectively [Fig. 87]. We select the force convergence norm with a tolerance of 1e-06 and abort criterion of 1e+20. We chose to
continue the analysis if convergence is not achieved [Fig. 88].
D IANA IE
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Time sequence Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 87]
Figure 86: Analysis browser Figure 87: Equilibrium iteration properties Figure 88: Force convergence norm settings

For the results settings, with the user selection tool we select the results of pressure potentials, enthalpy, ice fractions and Darcy fluxes. To facilitate the analysis of the results we chose
a limited number of time steps for output: step 10, step 20, step 110, step 120 and step 310. We run the analysis.
D IANA IE
Analysis browser Artificial ground freezing Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties [Fig. 89] Result User selection Modify
Main menu Analysis Run selected analysis
Figure 89: Analysis browser Figure 90: Output properties Figure 91: Results selection

3.2 Results
3.2.1 Temperatures
We present the development of temperatures in the soil for four time periods in the analysis: 1.1 days, 2 days, 12 days and 202 days. To better interpret the results we use specified
values for the color scale limits (-3 °C for minimum value and 10 °C for maximum value) and 19 contour levels. We can observe that the frozen part (phase change) is not symmetric and
this is due to the coupled thermal and groundwater flow effects. The expansion of the frozen part causes change in the permeability of the soil which, in its turn, affects the groundwater
flow response.
D IANA IE
Main menu Viewer View results

Results browser Artificial ground freezing Output Element results Temperatures TE [Fig. 92] – [Fig. 95]
Figure 92: Temperatures for t = 1.1 days Figure 93: Temperatures for t = 2 days Figure 94: Temperatures for t = 12 days Figure 95: Temperatures for t = 202 days

We zoom in to see the temperature field in detail in the freezing area for the final time step of the analysis.
Figure 96: Temperatures for t = 202 days Figure 97: Temperatures for t = 202 days - detail of the freezing area

3.2.2 Ice Fractions
We present the development of the ice fractions for the same analysis times. These results are linked with the temperature gradients [Fig. 92 to 95]. The ice part increases with time and
in a non symmetrical way. To better interpret the results we use specified values for the color scale limits (0 for minimum value and 1 for maximum value) and 19 contour levels.
D IANA IE
Results browser Artificial ground freezing Output Element results Ice fractions ICEFRA [Fig. 98] – [Fig. 101]
Figure 98: Ice fraction field for t = 1.1 days Figure 99: Ice fraction field for t = 2 days Figure 100: Ice fraction field for t = 12 days Figure 101: Ice fraction field for t = 202 days

We zoom in to see the ice fraction field in detail in the freezing area for the final time step of the analysis.
Figure 102: Ice fraction field for t = 202 days Figure 103: Ice fraction field for t = 202 days - detail of the freezing area

3.2.3 Darcy Flux
We present the development of the Darcy flux for the same analysis times. As consequence of the frosting of soil, the Darcy flux increases with time. To better interpret the results we
use specified values for the color scale limits (0 for minimum value and 4.32e-6 for maximum value) and 19 contour levels.
D IANA IE
Results browser Artificial ground freezing Output Element results Darcy flux DFXYZ [Fig. 104] – [Fig. 107]
Figure 104: Darcy flux field for t = 1.1 days Figure 105: Darcy flux field for t = 12 days Figure 106: Darcy flux field for t = 2 days Figure 107: Darcy flux field for t = 202 days

We zoom in to see the Darcy flux field in detail in the freezing area for the final time step of the analysis.
Figure 108: Darcy flux field for t = 202 days Figure 109: Darcy flux field for t = 202 days - detail of the freezing area

Appendix A Additional Information
Folder: Tutorials/GroundFreezing
Number of elements ≈ 3410
Keywords:
ANALYS : nonlin physic transi.
CLASS : large.
CONSTR : displa initia suppor.
ELEMEN : pstrai q8eps t6eps.
LOAD : deform time.
MATERI : conduc elasti isotro permea porosi.
OPTION : backwa direct newton nonsym regula units.
POST : binary ndiana.
PRE : dianai.
RESULT : displa pressu temper total.

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• freezing of soil water and formation of frozen region

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Table 1: Material properties for the soil

Figure 3: Specific enthalpy vs. temperature

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Main menu File New [Fig. 4]

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Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 7] [Fig. 8]

Figure 7: Add polygon sheet Figure 8: Geometry view

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Main menu Geometry Create Circle [Fig. 9] [Fig. 11]

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Main menu Geometry Modify Projection [Fig. 13]

Figure 13: Shape projection Figure 14: Geometry view

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Main menu Geometry Create Circular sheet [Fig. 15]

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Figure 17: Array copy pipe Figure 18: Geometry view

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Main menu Geometry Modify Subtract [Fig. 19] [Fig. 20]

Figure 19: Subtract shapes Figure 20: Geometry view

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Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 21]

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• enthalpy supports [Fig. 26 to 29]:

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Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 26] [Fig. 27]

Figure 26: Fixed enthalpies Figure 27: Soil boundaries

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Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 28] [Fig. 29]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 30] [Fig. 31]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 33] [Fig. 32]

Figure 32: Fixed translations Figure 33: Soil shape

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We define three load cases in the model:

• inflow pressure potential [Fig. 34 to 36]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Loads [Fig. 34]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Loads [Fig. 37]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Loads [Fig. 40]

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Main menu Geometry Assign Initial fields [Fig. 43]

Figure 43: Initial enthalpy field Figure 44: Soil shape

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2.6.1 Extra Geometry for Mesh Refinement

Main menu Geometry Create Circle [Fig. 45]

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Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 49]

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Main menu Geometry Modify Projection [Fig. 51] [Fig. 52]

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Main menu Geometry Create Line [Fig. 55] – [Fig. 58]

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Main menu Geometry Modify Projection [Fig. 59]

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