Pediatric Nursing

Week 1 | Regie P. De Jesus, MAN.

J.R Maasin SN
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AUTOSOMES AND
Influences on Pediatric Health ALLOSOMES
AUTOSOMES ALLOSOMES/SEX
 Pediatric nursing is a specialization of the CHROMOSOMES
nursing profession that focuses on pediatrics ₒ Refer to other than ₒ This is the sex
and the medical care of children, from infancy sex chromosomes chromosome
to the teenage years. This is an important field ₒ Chromosomes that ₒ Chromosome that
because the health of children is distinct from do not determine determine the sex
that of adults due to the growth and the sex of o an individual.
development that occurs throughout individuals. ₒ Chromosome no.=2
childhood. ₒ Chromosome no. ₒ Morphology is
=2n-1 different in male
ₒ Morphology is and female
A. Heredity and Genetics
similar in male and ₒ Each diploid
female organisk usually
 Genetics- study of heredity ₒ Number differs has two allosomes
 Congenital ( present at birth) defects result from species to ₒ Exhibit sex linkage
from chromosomal abnormalities, monogenic species
(singe-gene) mutations, or other intrauterine ₒ Do not exhibit sex
factors. linkage.
 Alterations in a chromosome, part of
chromosome, or gene can cause a genetic
disorder.
 Chromosome disorders - deviations in numbers
of chromosomes( gain or loss of a
chromosome) are designated with the suffix-
somy
 Turner syndrome - loss of one chromosome
from a pair, rare and the fetus is usually
nonviable. Viable monosomy, however, 99% of
these fetuses are spontaneously aborted.
 Trisomy - refers to an addition to a pair of
chromosomes., most common include trisomy
13 ( patau syndrome), trisomy 18 ( edward’s
syndrome), and trisomy 21 ( down syndrome)
 Alterations in the numbe of sex chromosomes
typically do not cause serious effects.
 Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) is the most
common sex chromosomes abnormality
syndrome.
 Classic deletion syndrome, such as cri-du-chat
syndrome.

Note:
ₒ There are 23 chromosomes, 22 are autosomes,
1 is sex chromosome.
ₒ Genotype- pairing of chromosomes.
ₒ Phenotype- is what manifested physically
 The dominant chromosome will manifest when
paired to recessive.
 Recessive will only manifest with another
recessive.

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Monogenic (single-gene) disorder

Types of inheritance pattern: Children of a heterozygous parent have a 50% chance

 Autosomal dominant inheritance
 Autosomal recessive inheritance
 X-linked dominant inheritance
 X-linked recessive inheritance
of possessing the defective gene. Children who do
not inherit the defective gene will have unaffacted
offspring.
E.g. Osteogenesis imperfecta
 Autosomal recessive inheritance
Children of two heterozygous parents have a 25%
chance of being affected. Unaffacted children have a
66% chance of carrying the gene and possibly,
passing it to their offspring.
E.g. Cystic Fibrosis
X-linked dominant Inheritance
Daughter of an affected father will probably be
affected;sons will not. Half the daughters and half the
sos of affected mothers will be affected. There are no
carriers, and normal children will have normal
offspring.
E.g. Rett Syndrom
X-linked recessive Inheritance
Males are usually affected;half the female children of
affected fathers will be carriers and may pass the
gene to their offspring.
E.g. Hemophilia,red-green color blindness
Pedigree Chart
A pedigree is a chart of the genetic history of a family
over several generations
B. Family
Family functions include the following:
 Childbearing and child-rearing
 Providing basic needs
(food,safety,clothing,shelter, and health care)
 Providing communication and emotional
support
 Enabling enculturation and socialization
 Preparing children to become citizens.
Family reactions to a child’s illness or hospitalization
vary ad may include:
 Possible impaired coping: Fears ad anxieties
about a child’s illness or hospitalization may
increase, compromising the family’s ability to
cope and their ability to help the child cope.
 Loss of control: A sense of helplessness may
result from stressors such as seriousness of the
illness,previous hospitalizations,medical family
problems,cultural and religious beliefs,family
communication and previous coping abilities.
 Possible parental display of stress: Example
include anxiety ,denial, guilt, anger, fear,
frustration, depression, and such defense
mechanism as displacement and projection.
C. Socioeconomic Factors
Social class probably has the greatest influence due
to differences in child-rearing practices and attitudes
toward health. Children are raised differently by
parents who vary in education, communication skills,
occupation, and income.
 Low socioeconomic status has the greatest
adverse influence on health. This is due to
several factors:
ₒ Escalating health care costs and unaffordable function. It is related to maturation and
health insurance premiums. myelination of the nervous system. It includes
ₒ Eating unbalanced meals and insufficient food. psychological, emotional and social changes. It
ₒ Forgoing health care related to lack of funds or is qualitative aspects.
lack of value in the importance of
health,especially health promotion and disease GROWTH VS DEVELOPMENT
prevention measures. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
ₒ Inadequate housing that may result in
overcrowding, poor sanitation , and thus ₒ Can be measured ₒ Multiple changes in
greater exposure to communicable diseases. quantitatively behaviour,
ₒ Limited to a efficiency and
definite age capability
D. Cultural & Religious Factors ₒ Part of ₒ Life long process
development ₒ Includes physical,
ₒ Linked to food and mental, social and
 Humans acquire culture early in life, and age emotional growth
cultural understanding is usually establish by 5 ₒ Related to one ₒ Linked to physical
years of age. aspect of activity, education,
 Culture and religious beliefs influence choice of personality social interaction
mate, post-marital residence, family kinships, ₒ Related to all
household rules, household structures, family aspects of
obligations, family-community interactions, personality
dietary customs, communication patterns,
interpersonal relationships, and health beliefs’
and practices.
 Some groups consider folk healers as powerful.
 Many cultures use remedies.

E. Environment

 Safety hazards in the house and community

contribute to falls, burns, drownings, and motor
vehicle and other accidents.
 Passive smoking is a recognized health hazard
for children and adolescents. Other pollution
( from radiation,chemicals, and water, air, or
food contamination) poses significant health
hazards as well.
 Media influence include the following:
ₒ Children may identify with mimic characters or
criminals portrayed in the media (TV, videos,
movies, magazines, newspapers), which may
lead to violence and harm to self and others.
ₒ Excessive TV viewing has been linked to obesity
and high blood cholesterol levels in children.
ₒ Digital Natives- children learning through
socmed and gadgets

F. Growth & Development

 Growth is the process of physical maturation

resulting an increase in size of the body and
various organs. It occurs by multiplication of
cells and an increase it in intracellular
substance. It is quantitative changes of the
body.
 Development is the process of functional and
physiological maturation of the individual. It is
progressive increase in skill and capacity to