02 Solutions La 2.1 Typesof Solutions 25 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions 2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions 26 Colligative Properties and Determination 23° Solubility of Molar Mass 24 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions 2.7 Abnormal Molar Masses iis steceeet aos deed ariste Deena cloak remmecaied % Maximum total weightage is of Coligotive Maximum SA I and SA II type questions Bropernes ondDeternaton of Molr Moss were asked from Coligatwe Properties and W Maxmum VSA type questions wete asked from Determination of Molar Mass Cotngance Properties and Determmavon of Moor Mass QUICK RECAP © Solution: A pertectlyhomogencous mixtureof in lesser amount or whose physical state is tiew or more components i called solution changed during the formation of soation is © Solute + the component which is present sled soe2 © Solvent : The component which is present in larger amount and determines the physical state of the solution is called solvent. © Wpes of solution : Depending upon the nature cof solute and solvent, solutions are classified as fellows > Gaseous solutions = Solutions in which [Volume |peeoage volume | percentage fst acts as solvent are known as gascous | Mass raction | solitons { T T exam TW atn Solute | Solvent | Examples | Teo Solid | Gas | Iodine vapours in | Nootution tsn mL) an diat orsmoke | Taree te | particles a | x10 | | mition ppm | G+) Liquid | Gas | Water vapours in. r + “ air thorny) [Molarity, (| 1000 p—__}__j =n Mma | eee Tes Tes [aw [stl | Fx Vtmeasent [Ges | > Liquid solutions + liquids are present in larger amount. Soe [ Solute | Solvent | Examples | [Solid | Liquid | Saltrsugarin water Solutions in which | Liquid | Liquid | Alcohol in water Gas | Liquid | Aerated drinks, 0; t in water > Solid solutions : Solutions in which solids are present in larger amount. sce Sone |S [Sond | Sond Alloys, vopper L | dissolved in gold [Tigaid| Sold Hy in Ag. Hg in Zo | | (Amalgam) [Gas | Solid | Solution of hydrogen |in palladium, © Different — methods for expressing ‘concentration of solution + ‘Method of Formula expressing. Mass percentage jso= 100 (ony 4003) | [li ['Motaiey. tm | _ wy x1000 jemttg') |The haces = |a © Solubility : Maximum amount of substance that can be dissolved an a specified amount of solvent at a specihed temperature is called its solublity © Factors affecting solubility of a solid in a liguid > Nature of solute and solvent : Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and. non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents. (ic, like dissolves like). > Effect of temperature : ~ Ifthe dissolution process is endothermic (3..H > 0), the solubility increases with rise in temperature = If dissolution process is. exothermic (A.aH 0), the solubility decreases with rise in temperature.Solutions 23 Db ifect of pressure : Pressure does not have solution. p; = pf-my and p: = pia: where pf any significant effect on solubility of solids in and p? are vapour pressures of pure liquids as these are highty incompressible. components 1 and 2 respectively, at the same © Factors atiecting solubility ofa gasin aliquid: temperature > Effect of pressure : Henry's law states that Dalton’s taw of partial pressures: ‘the partial pressure of the gas in vapour migteces phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction ofthe gas (x) in the solution” P= Kv x where, Kix is the Henry's law ‘constant and is different for diferent gases Qf y, and yy are the mole fractions of the at a particular temperature components | and 2 respectively in the vapour Higher the value of Ky ata given pressure, phase then, p; =) Paes and psy Pres the ower isthe solubility of the gas in the) Raoult’s law for solid-lquid solutions : I liquid. states that relative lowering in vapour pressure > Effect of temperature : As dissolution is of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is an exothermic process, thea. according to equal tothe mole fraction af the solute. Le Chateliees principle, the solubility should ‘ decrease with increase of temperature £ © Raoult law : It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is directly & Proportional (o its mole fraction present in +, male fraction of solute. =x) where, P apour pressure of pure solvent vapour pressure of solution © dea! and non-ideal solutions : ‘eal solutions Non-deal solutions Toate devon from Rana ew [ Np dean rom ma] Lenin ‘Vapour presure ‘sion = = T xp=0 Mole fraction —> ‘Mole fraction —>. Mole faction —> Spon presure =p A~ Binteractions = A - | A~ Binteractions << A - Aand BB | A~ Rimteractions >> A -Aand A -B A and B- Binteractions interactions interactions n= OAV =O | AH, >0, Vy >0 Tatts <0, AV <0 exudilute solution, | eg, acetone + ethanol, benzone + toluenc, acetone + C8» acetone + chloroform, hexane + n-heptane _ | water + methanol CHOW + CH,COOH -gvacetone + aniline,2 © Azcotropes: The mixtures of liguids which boil at constant temperature like a pure liquid and possess same composition of components in Iiquid as wells vapour phase are called constant bovling mistures oe accoteapic matures, > Minimum boiling azeotropes : They formed by those liquid pairs which show posite deviations from ideal behaviour ga cthanol-water mixture CBSE Chaptorwise-Topicwise Chemistry > Maximum boiling azeotropes : They are formed by those liquid pairs which show negative deviations from ideal behaviour Minimum boiling azeotropes = ‘They formed by those liquid paits which show Positive deviations from ideal behaviour eg. ethanol-water mature o (CBSE Chaptonvise-Topicwise Chomistry > Maximum boiling azcotropes : They are formed by those liquid pairs which show negative deviations from ideal behaviour 8. nitric acid-water mixture, Colligative properties + Properties which depend only on the number of solute particles dissolved in a definite amount of the solvent and not on the mature of the solute are called collgative properties Colligative properties of a solution containing & non-volatile solute is always higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent. This increase in boiling point is termed as clenition in bosling point | Expression Relative lowering of vapour pressure : When © non-| p— py ny solatil solute is Gisolved ana Solent vapour presare of | “=, = the solution is lower than that ofthe pure solvent which is | hte kaown as lowering of vaposer pressure. Relative lowering of aM vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction ofthe solute my My xm in the selution, | Ce for dilute solutions, ns << m) Elevation in_ boiling eB vapeur | STh= Te Te point: The boiling point J Eire | a7, «mor at, Ww, 1000 Mi xwtin g) Ky 2 wy «1000 AT, xmling K, is called boing point elevation constant oF molal elevation vonstant or Ebullascopic | constant having unit K kg mol! or My Depression in freezing point: the freezing point of a solution containing 4 non-volatile solute is always less than the freezing point of the pure solvent. This decrease in freezing point is termed ‘Vapour pressor ty “Temperature Th rer | 1; mor a7; K, is known as jreesing point depression constant of meld! depression constant or | Ceposcopic constant, having unit K kg mol? ssa xwiin g) Ky xw, x1000 AT; x ming) Osmosis and osmotic pressure + The movement of selvent molecules from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution through semipermeable membrane is termed as osmosis, The hydrostatic pressure which develops.n account of osmosis is called osmotic pressure or the excess pressure that must be applied on the solution to prevent osmosis is called vsmotic presser.Solutions > Trosolutionshaving same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isolonic solutions Ione solution is of lower osmotic pressure, it is called Aypotonic with respect to the mote concentrated solution The more concentratedsolution issaid tobe hyperianic swith respect to the dilute solution > Ifapressurehigherthan theosmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will flow from the solution into the pure solvent through the semipermeable membrane and the process is called reverse osmosis. It is used in desalination af sea water Abnormal molecular mass: When the molecular mass of a substance determined by any of the colligaive properties comes out to be different than the expected value, the substance is said to show abnorial molectalar muss > Abnormal molecular masses are observed ‘when the solution is non-ideal (not dilute) for the solute undergoes association oF dissociation. van't Hoff Factor : It is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of the colligative propertyto the calculated value ofthe colligative Property, 25 Observed value of thecolligative property Calculated value of the coligative property (Total number of moles of particles atter association / dissociation} (Total numberof moles of particles before association / dissociation) Wf i > 1, solute undergoes dissociation in the sofution and if i < 1, solute undergoes association in the solution, 1 ascean = Jas 1 For substances undergoing association oF dissociation in the solution, the various expressions for the colligative properties are modified as follows PoP Pt ict 82; aT, = iKym AT, = iKam26 CBSE Chaptorwiso-Toprowise Chomisiry 2.2 Expressing Concentration of BEM 0 mario Solutions Detine the following term Molarity (as al2org) Define the following term Mole fraction. (4/2 Delhi 2012, Al 2012, 2009) ‘What is meant by molality of a solution? (1/5 AL 2009) Stale the main advantage of molality over molarity as the unit of concentration (Della 2009C) HEB mars) Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (36/1¥) solution of H,SO, if the density of the solution is 1.02 gmL 7 (Molar mass of H,S0, =98 g mol!) (2/5 Foreign 2014) Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution, How can we change molality value of solution into molarity value? (Delhi 20140) vefine (@) Mole fraction (i) Molality QS AL20140) A solution of glucose (CHi:O4) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What woutd be the _molalityof the solution? (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol) (25 412013) Differentiate hetween molarity and molality ina solution, What is the effect of temperature change on molanity and molality in a solution? (2/5 Deaths 2011, 2009, 2/5 AL 2011) Differentiate bet nd molality of a solution Explain how molarity value of a solution can be converted into its molality? (Foreign 2011) Jen molarity Define the term, ‘molarity of a solution’ State cone disadvantage in using the molarity as the unit of concentration, (22 AL20100) ‘An antilteeze solution is prepared trom 222.6g of ethylene glycol (CsH,(OH),) and 200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution I the density of this solution be L072 g mL? what will be the molality of the solution? (Delhi 2007) WEMIE 3 mars) 1B. A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mot!) in water is labelled as 10% (by mass), What would be the molality and molarity of the solution? (Density of solution = 1.2. gm1~*> 2.3. Solubility (Tmark) Me 15, 16 (4) is more soluble in water than gas (B) at the same temperature. Which one of the 160 gases will have the higher value of Ky (Henrys constant) and why? (W72 AI 20f6) Explain the fllowing Henry's law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid (0/5 AI 2012) State the following Henry’ law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture, (US Delhi, Al 2041) HEE 2 mars 19. Siate Henrys law and mention vo of its important applications 2/5, AT 20130, 20120) Explain why aquatic species ate more comfortable in cold water rather than in waren (Delhi 20120) State Henry’ lae sorrlating te pressure of 8 and its solubility in a solvent and mention {80 applications forthe law. (Delhi 2008) waterSolutions EXE 2 mans) 20, The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 + 107 g of ethane is ethane, then what will be the partial pressure cof the gas? (Delhi 2013€, AI 2012C) 21. LN; gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of Nz gas would dissolve in [ litre of water? Assume that Nz xerts a partial pressure of 0987 bar. Given that Henry's law constant for Ny at 293 K is Feat k bar. (AI 2012C) 22, What concentration of nitrogen should be present ina glass of water a oom temperate? Assume a temperature of 258C, a total pressure of L atmosphere and mole faction of nitrogen in air of D7, {ky for nitrogen = 842.x 107 M/mm Hg} (8 AI 2009) 2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions WE 1 mark) 23, Define Raoult law. (1/3 120140) 24, State the following Ravult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions. (US Doth, 1/2.A1 2011) 25. State Raoults law’ for a solution of volatile liquids. (A120090) HEAR 22 marks) 26, State Raoult law for the solution containing volatile components, What is the similarity between Raoult’ law and Henry's law? (Deli 2014, AL 2013) 27. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing: volatile components. Name the solution which follows Raoult’ law at all concentrations and temperatures. (245 Foreign 2014) 28, State Raoult’ law, How is it formulated solutions af non-volatile solutes? (Delht 2012C) EEN (3 marks) 29. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at K Find out the composition of the liquid 7 mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase. (3/5 AL20130) 2.5. Ideal and Non-ideat Solutions HS 0 mary ss 30, In non-idea! solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azcotropes? (12 Ai 26) 31, Some hquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes: What are azcotropes? (Deli 2014) 32. Define the following term Azcotrope 33. Define the following term Weal solution (5 AI 2013, 2012, 12 Delhi 2012) 34. How is it that alcohol and water are miscible in allproportions ? (a1 2007) HEA @ marks) 35. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’ law? Give an example, What isthe sign 0 Mpa! for positive deviation? (Delhi 2015) 36, Detine azcotropes. What type of azcottope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’ law? Give an example. (Doth 2015) 37. What is meant by negative deviation from Racal las? Give an exmapte. What isthe sign (of A pig tor negative deviation? (Foreign 2015) 38. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoults aw? Give an example (Foreign 2015) 39, What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give reason (2/5 Al 2014) 40. What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Reoults law and how is the sign of A,,aff related to postive and negative deviations from Raoult law? (AI2013C) 41. Explain sshy a selution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation trom Raoults law 125 Delhi 2011C) 42, Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’ lave. What are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one example for each type (Delhi 2010) (1S Foreign 2014)28 43. What type of intermolecular attraction exists in each of the following pairs of compounds: (@_ r-hexane and noctane (i) methanol and acetone (Delhi 20100 44, State Raoults law tor solutions of volatile liquids. Taking suitable examples explain the meaning of positive and negative deviations from Raoult’ law. (Delhi, Al 2008) 45, What is meant by negative deviation from Rao law? Draw a diagram to illustrate the relationship between vapour presstire and mole fractions of companents in a solution to represent negative deviation, (AI 2008C) 2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass REEL mark) 46, Whatare isotonic solutions? (Delhi 2014) 47. Define the following term Molal elevation constant (K;) (1/8 AI 2014) 48. How isthe vapour pressure ofa solvent afected when a.non-volatile solute is dissolved in it? (122 Delhi 20146) 49. Define the following term: Osmotic pressure (aes a1 2013) 50. Define the following term Isotonic salutions (172 Delhi 2012) 51. Explain the following : Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent. (ar2ni2) 52, What is meant by colligative properties? (1/5 AI 2009) 53. State the condition resulting in reverse osmosis (al 2007) (2marks) 54, (1) Outoft M glucose and 2 M glucose, which ‘one has higher boiling point and why? (Gi) What happens when the exteraal pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of solution? — (2/5 Dell’ 2016) 55. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chluride solution, What happens if we place Blood cells in a solution containing 56. 37. 58. st. 6. 6s, CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Chemistry (@) 1.2% sodium chloride solution? Gi) 0.4% sodium chloride solution? (215 Dolki2016) Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute have higher boiling point than the pure solvent? Why is elevation of boiling. point a colligative property? (AI2015) Calculate the mass of compound (molar 256 g mol!) to be dissolved in 73 g of benzene to lower its frezing point by O48 K (K)= 5.12 K ke mob 9. (Delhi 2004) 18g of glucose, t4,30 (Molar mass = 180 g mot) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in 4 sauce pan, At what temperature will this solution boil? (k, for water = 0.52 K kg mol, boiling point ofpure water = 373.15)" (Deis 2013) Anaqueous solution of sodium chloride fees below 273 K. Explain the lowering in Freezing point of water with the help of a suitable dbagram. (Delhi 20130) Detine the terms osmosisand osmotic pressure Isthe osmotic pressure of asolution a collgative property? Explain (2/8 Delhi 2013) List any four factors on which the colligative Properties ofa solution depend QB Ar201IC) Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and. ‘osmotic pressure’ What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared 10. other 760 mm = $928 mm As Ky is in the units of M(mm)?, Henry's law is applied in the form Cone. in solution = Ky py, 42107 M (mm)! *5928mm =499.10'M 23. Raoult’ law: For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial pressure of each component in the solution is ditecily proportional to its mole fraction. ‘Thus, for any component, partial vapour pressure, peerss Pape where p”= vapour presse of pure component x= mole fraction of that component 2A. Refer to answer 23 28. Refer to-answer 23 26. Refer to answer Henry’ lave : If gas is the solute and liquid is the solvent, them according fo Henry's law, re 12. iprt precane al le laileeenparenrtoss is directly proportional to the mole fraction of that component (gas) in the solution Hence, Raoult law and Henry's law has been identical except that their proportionality constant ane diferent. I is equal to p” for Raoult’ law and Ki, for Fienry’s law ‘Therefore, Raoult's law becomes a special case of Henrys Faw in which Kiy becomes equal to vapour prescure of pure component pu 27. Refer toans Lela solution consists of two volatile hguids 4 and B with their mole fraction x, and ty respectively If, and pp are their partial vapour pressures, then, Pa X49 Pa = PX and Py ~ Xy= P= PRE ‘where p, and Pf represent the vapour pressures of pure higuid components 4 and B. Pou = Pat Pa A plot ofp or ppagainst x, 0F xg for a solution will bea straight line Py Ideal solutions obey Raoult law at all concentrations and temperature, 2B. Refer fo answer 28 Raoult’ law for solution containing non-volatile solute : It states that partial vapour pressure of a solution of non-volatile solute, Prssion is ditectly Propostional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution Mathematically, Proiuison = Pooivent * Xaent Where plea = SapoUr pressure of the pure solvent at the given temperature. 90 mm Hg, pj = 700 mm He, Prog = 600 mam Hg x4 =? Appiving Raoult law. p x phe (1 -30p% Pir (= a)ph = Ph (Ph - Pa Substituting the given values, we get AXP ‘Thus, composition of the liquid mixture will be x= 040 ap= 1-040 = 0.0 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Chemistry ‘Calculation of composition inthe vapour phase, Pua 8. © P= O40 +450 mun Hig = 180 mm Hg B= Ag * y= 060 «700 mam Hg = 420 mon Hig ‘Mole fraction of 4 in the vapour phase fe 180 Pa* Py 1805420 “Mole fraction of B inthe vapour phase = 1 - 0.30 070 30, Nomideal solutions that show negative deviation from Raoult law form maximum boiling axcotropes. 31, _Azcotropes are the binary mistures of solutions that have the samte composition in figuidl and vapour phases and that have constant boiling points 10 not possible to separate the components of areotropes by fractional distillation. 32, Refer to answer 31. 33. A solution which obeys Raoult law at all concentrations and temperatures is called an ideal solution 34. Both alcohol and water are polar in nature hence. they ate miscible in all proportions, Water andethanel molecules attract ~H—O-H—O cachotherbecauseottheformation of H-bonds. This property also . smakes them miscible 35. Positive deviation : For non-ideal solutions it the vapour pressure is higher, then itis said to exhibit positive deviation, ABinteractions are weaker than A—A oF BB interactions. Due te this, ‘vapour pressure increases hich results in positive deviation, In positive deviation, intermolecular force decteases, volume incteases, vapour pressures increase, enthalpy increases. Therefore MH = #88 Wa = + 56. €35 ethanol + acetone and carbon diseiphide + acctone show postive deviation eee em rot ee ce eh Plat or none ation showame postive deviation‘Solutions 36, Refer to answer 31, A minimum boiling azeotrope is formed by solutions showing a large positive deviation from Raoult’ law at a specific composition. For example an ethanol: water mixture containing approximately 95% ethanol by vohume, 37. Negative deviation : For non-ideal solution, if the vapour pressure is lower, then itis sad to exhibit negative deviation, A™Binteractions are stronger than AWA and BXB interactions, Due to this, vapour pressure decreases which results in negative deviation, lar In negative deviation, intermole: force increases, volume decreases, vapour pressure decreases and heat is released. ‘Therefore, AB, y= -¥6,AV,,.,= = ve Example, phenol + aniline and chloroform + acetone show negative deviation. ‘Vapaur pressure of ylaion Py 5 é 5 2 3120 Medea a= : a8 Pot for rail sltion showing ‘nepaive deviation 38. Refer 10 ansiver 31 A maximumboilingazcotrape is formed bysoktions showing a large negative deviation from Raoult’ law at a specific compostion For example Chloroform ~ acetone mixture. 39. Amixtureofethanoland acetone shows postive deciston fram Raoult nw Pore ethanol possesses hydrogen bonding Introduction of acctone between the molecaes of ethanol rests in breaking of some of these hydrogen bonds, Due to weakening of interactions, the solution shows postive deviation from Raoult’ ta 40. Refer answers 38 and 37 41. A mixture of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoults law because chloroform molecule forms H-bonding with acetone molecule, As a result of this A—B interaction becomes stronger than A and BB interactions 8 ‘his leads to the decrease in vapour pressure and resulting in negative deviation, HC. De=0-1i— Rye 42. Refer toanswers 35 and 37. 43. (i) -Hexae and 2-octane : London dispersion forces as both the molecules are non-polar. (W) Methanolandacctone:Dipole-dipoleimeractions as oth the molecules are polar 44. Refer to answers 23, 35 and 37. 45. Refer to answer 37 46, Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at 2 given temperature ae called isotonic solutions 47. Molal elevation constant may be defined asthe clevation in boiling point when the molality of the solution ts unity (.c., mole of the solute is dissolved in 1g (1000 g) of the solvent). The unit of Ky are therefore, degreeimotality ce, Kim or *Cim ot Kg mot 48. When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapour pressure ofthe solvent (above the resulting solution) is lower than the vapour pressure above the pure solvent. 49. Osmotic pressure isthe extra pressure which is applied on the solution to just prevent the Aw of solvent into the solution through a semi-permeable membrane. 50, Refer to answer 46 51. Fbullios-opic constant is the boiling point elevation constant when one mole of salute is dissolved in 1000 of solvent. this denoted by Ky 52. Colligative properties ave the properties of solution which depend upon the number of solute particles and nor upon the nature ofthe solute 53. Reverse osmosis occurs when a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side 54. (i) Thecevation inboilingpoint of aselutionisa colligative property which dependson the number of moles of solute adkled. Higher the concentration of solute added, higher will be the elevation in boiling point. Thus, 2 M glucnse has higher boiling point than 1 M glucose solution (ii) When the external pressure applied becomes ‘more than the osmotic pressure of solution then the36 solvent molecules from the solution pass through the semipermeable membrane to the solvent side and the process is called reverse osmosis 55. (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution is hypertonic with respect to 0.9% soditim chloride solution or blood cells thus, on placing bfood cellsin thissolution ‘exosmosis takes place that results in shrinking of cells, (6) 0.4% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic with respect (0 019% sodium chloride solution or blood cells thus, on placing blood cells in this solution endosmosis takes place that results in swelling of cells 56. The boiling point of the solution is always higher than that of the pure solvent. As the vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent and vapour pressure increases with inctease in temperature. Hence, the solution has to be heated more to make the vapour pressure equal to the atmospheric pressure Elevation of boiling point is a collgative property because it depends on number of solute particles present in 2 solution, 57. Given: Wy = 1M, 286 gol AT; =048 K W,=758.K)= 5:12 Kigmol yw KEM 1000 Fg: = SIMO Maxi, wy, STEM XW, _pas,286078 2° Ky x10 -S.azx1000 7188 7 3.12% 1000, 58. Given W,= 1 kg 1000, W = 18 g M, = 180g mol? The AMIS, Ky = 052 K Kg mol! T=? Using formula, W, x1000 AT = Ky x 2 NeW 59. Whenanon-volatilesoluteisaddedtoasolvent, the freezing point of the solution is always lower than that of pure solvent as the vapour pressure of the solvent decreases in the presence of non-volatile solute (CBSE Chaptermiso-Topicwiso Chemistry Plot for the lowering in freezing point of water when NaC lis added to itis shown as x 7 sak Tempetatinet—> 60, Osmosis : The spontaneous movement of the solvent molecules from the pure solvent or from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a semi-pecmeuhle membrane is called ustaesis. Osmotic Pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution to prevent the passage of solvent molecules into it through semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure, Osmotic pressure isa collgative property because it depends on the number of solute particles and not oon their nature. 61. (i) Number of particles of solute (ti) Association or dissociation of solute i) Concentration of solute iv) “Temperature 62. Refer to answer 60 The asmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods hecause i) osmotic pressure can be measured at room temperature and the molarity of the solution i used instead of molality (Gi) its magnitude is large as compared 10 other colligative properties even for very dilate solutions. 63, The egg placed in pure water will swell because the concentfation of proteins is high inside the egg as compared to water, Therefore, endosmosis occurs and water diffuses through the semipermeable ‘membrane. The egg which is placed in sodium chloride solution will shrink due to osmosis of water cout ofthe egg 64. Given, 05204, W, = 80.2, k= 052Km" My of CHO, = 6 12.12% 146% 16 180 g molSolutions Ky x Ws «1000 A XW, 0.520.520 «1000 180% 80.2 Boiling point of solution, T, = 473K 0019 K = 373019 65. Refer toanswer 49, Relation between osmotic pressure and molar mass, AV = n,RT aty= Where 7 is osmotic pressure and My is molar mass of solute. 66. Mass of ethylene glycol (CH,O,), Wy= 31g Mass of water, = 500 g Mz (Mol. mass of CyH,03) = 62 g mot, 1.86 K kg mol |, f, Using formula, 47; 31% 1000 = 1.86% ty =1)-1y or Ty = Tf AT, = 273-186 67. Mass of urea = 15 g ‘Molar mass of urea = 60g mol"! ‘Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol"! Mass of glucose =? For isotonic solution, osmotic pressure, m, ‘ny = ny when volume 1s same) 15 or BiB. 0 = 68. Mass of CaCh (W) = LOg Mass of water (WY, = 200g Molar mass of CaCl (M,) = 111 g mol" Molal Elevation constant = 0512 K kg mol" Wy x 1000 mex 0.450 m, Tn” 00 a AT, = Kim = 0.512 x 0.450 = 0.2306 K 69. (i) Refer fo answer 61. Ui) Refor t0.answer 52 86 K kg mol” 0-(-15°C) = 15°C 288K do02x5 At, = 051K AT,=T,~Th S051 = 1, -373 T= 80.51 4373 = 453.51 K 7. Wy = 1.00 g, Wy = 50g, Ky= 5.12 K kg mol", AT, =0a0K Kj -eW x1090 Aly ty = KEAN 1000 _ 512511000 Be Wat, Sxba0 286 g mol! 72. Molaiy of suger solution 1000 wal 5 184m an, AT)= Kym “Molality of ghicase solution Freezing point of glucose solution = 2735 ~ 408 7. W,=500g Boiling point of solution (7)) = 100.42°C K; for water = 0512 X kg molt M(CyH,O5) = (3 « 12) + (8 x 1) + 3x 18) 92g mot? AT=1,-0 173.42 K - 373K = 042 KB i x00 at MxM atxiey _oanxs2x Wy = SRN ORK a7 73g 2° Reina 7 05121000 TA W,=450g 1 150g AT,= Tf T)= 73K = 272.66K =034K Kj= 1.86 K kg mol yey 000 Ty Sn xW, kp xs 1000 TAT RW, A a0 75. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is given by the following expression, Pretreat ~ Proton P*stnent = Malt + 2) for dilute solutions, ms << 1, therefore Pavent~ Paice Fae =P Wy AVF WD) (30 18), x 90) (P'seven ~ 28)/Proreot (Pease 28)/P aoa = OMG a) Similarly for second case ase get, (Piven > 2 VP scan = (30 18)/CMy x 108) (Paden 2 UP tos = 3M 2) On solving eq. (1) and (2), we get Peisens~ 2) (PPadven = 29) = 6/5 Parca = SA KP, 1, Napouir pressure of water at 298 Kis 34 kp Substituting the value ofp", i (1) We get GA~28)/34 = OIMy or 046/34 = 67M, Me 3g 76. i= 2,K,=0.512K kg mol”, Wy Mg = 58.44 g mol ', Wy Xe Ky XW x 1000 MpxWy _2x051215 1000 38250 “Therefore, boiling point of aqueous solution, TAS K+ 105 K = 374.20 K 15g She Ts 105K CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Chemistry 0335, T= (254.273) K = 298K, ‘atm 760 Substituting these values in the equation, Wy xRxT Mya axV Mg x 25107 gx 0.0821 Lat K™! mol 298K My=———8 ‘A 0.335 a stm x 35107 608 Mg= 4193.29 g mol"! 78. Wy= 6.21 pW, =2408 T,= 6804°C, T= 61.7 °C 63°C) ORONC = 617°C = 634°C 368°C m7 x6.21 gx 1000 2S REx aa og 79, W,= 680g AT)=750°C, Ky=1.86°Cim, = 187 and My fx Ky W100 ar x, AT, XM, XW, _ 7.50°Cx58.5g mol ' 65g. Tx, x1000 1.87% 1.86*Chm x 1000 =8.199g 80. Refer to answer 63. 81, Concentration ofthe solution = L molar Density of the solution = 1,06 g mL"! M,, molar mass of KBr = 39 + 80 = 119 g mol" K, for H,0 = 0.52 K kg mol"! _it.000 1000xd=MxMy 11000 Tobox1.06=1x113 AT, = Kym = 0.52 K kg mol!» 1.0626 mol kg! AT, = 0.5528 K= 0392 K T,=Ty+ AT, =373 K +0553 K = 373553 K 82. W,= 125g 17, =990g. AT, = I~ Te= (80.31 - 80.10 AT = Kiem ‘Molality, 1.0626 mol kg”? 21k‘Solutions = Ky x 222000, yg, Xx 1000 Ms aI _25%.25%1000 31625 yo 44 asp ¢mattt See Borg ASA =152 g mod _ca0te) We 10K 6 K kg mol” Kp, x00 ty = = XW) AT At xW, 10605600 Pra alert PAL ELE 1K, x1000 1.861000 100 mg = 0.1 g, oot L, Ba -My(Protein) 0.1 gx0.082L atm mol! KT! x 298 K i, 23 sam xO.00L, 760" 3980.45 g mol"! Wy = 1 kg = 1000 g, A7)=3 1.86 K kg mol"! 1 Kp x Wy 1000 Mx AT, XM, x, a= 3 x00 [fer NaCl, 4 = 2 because | mole of NaCl on dissociation gives 2 moles of ions] 3x58 51000 21,86 1000 86, Total moles in solution AT; = 47.186 = 005x220 Cr 2 for Nac) 200 200 ww Rr t gag 4.92 amt L 200 0.082 1 am Knol! x 300K Fp 702P-.1=01 =01 x 200= 208 0.20 87. Molar mass of glucose, C,H,,0, =6x 12+ 12x 146% 16= 180g mol! ‘Molar mass of sucrose, C)3H;,0 yy 212K 124 22x 1+ 1x 16= 42g molt 684 Matocove ag Total moles of solute, 1, = 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.3 a, = RLM to po MW Ky Xm, x 1000 28 at mace io 0.3 mol 1000 2005 Freezing point of aquedts solution, T,= T)- AT, 79-2702 K 79K 88. My (glucose, CgH:O,) = 180g mol Wy =54 g, WY, = 250g. Ky= 186 K kg mol Ky xy 1000 AxW, 86: Aty = 000 =2.23K 160350 Freezing point of oltion, 7)= 17- AT; K=27077K 89. T,=36.86°C, Th = 35,60°C 12640 Again mass of solute, W; =5 g Molar mass of solute, M; = 180 g mol" “Mass of solution = 100 g 2. Mass of solvent, 1, = 95g Ky XW; 1000 ang. 81 = TT 2.45%¢51000 Tissoxtsoxas 498K Freezing point of solution, T)= 17 ~ AT; RIS 40 91, wan't Hoff factor : It is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of colligatwe property to the calculated value of the collgstive property and is used to find out the extent of dissociation oF association. Mathematically, itis represented as Experimental (or observed value) of colligative property ‘Calculated (or normal value) of colligative Property 92. Refer wo ansner 9 (i) vant Hoff factor (> 1 for solutes undergoing dlseocation (a vant Hoff factor (i) < 1 For soutes undergoing association 93, Molecular mass of Sa5S0, 10H 23+ 32+ lode Ox (2 1+ 16)) (6 + 32+ 64+ 180) gmol ‘gmol NaSO,1OH.O tenises as NaS0y 10H, == 2Na" + SO} + 108,0 = iss 6.008 322g mol x0.1kg. 186 mol kg" = 0,186 m Kom < L86 Km! x 0.186 m = T= 1) -AT, = 073-104) 10s K 96K 94, Molalityof solution. m Boiling point of solution, T, wae Boling point of water (solvent), 7 = 100°C ATy= T= Th= VESK-373 AT, =iK,m OABK = 1 Kym 0.8K = 4 <0.512 Kkg mol"! x L mol kg (CBSE Chapterwiso-Topiowiso Chomisiry ORK 0512 K kg mol 1 mol kg” 95. Refer 1oanswer 91 and 92 (i) 96. AT,=1K,-m i for MgCls ‘Molality, 31000 MxW, AT)= 3 1.86% 0, 1.91000 22K 7. 56g, W, = 100g, 41 y= 383K kg mol", AT,~ Kom B3 AT, =Ky x BE y 10 MW; ¥; * 1000 1000 My Eg, I gs 2 ary xy “Sona 100 | __Nermal atomic mass Observed atomic mass ~ 25 Sulphur exists 8 Sy 44.4 = 20g mot 00g. Ky kg mol For complete dissociation, Using formula, AT, 2 421000 220520 OE -0MK J ATy= 100.4034 = 10038 ”. Kj=49 K kg mol Ay=iKjm WW, «1000 rete ix49x3.9%1000 129 1.623122. 49 4.9%3.9%1000 Asi I solute i associated cK pe 1000 Max => 162 506 100, AT; = iKjm= 21.86% 1 1000 oy = W,=1I7gSolutions 101, Mass of K,80,, W;= 25 x 107g Molar mass of K:S0,.My= 174 g mol * V=2L, R= 00821 L atm wisi gestae, OE 2 MV spn 2SHLO™ 0.082298 W74x2 1645 «10° MB 102, 87,226 K; kg. AT, f= 2forXci se 24 1000 a pe Be 6X 1000 Sas l000 175810? atm 1.86 K kg mol? a, MyKCD = 74.5 g mot! Ary > Wy= 005g 103. W,= 10503. W, = 200g M,(MgBry] = 184 g mol" K/= 1.86 K kg mol! MgBriiug) “9 Matin + 2Briagy f= 3 Pedy 95 71000 AT,=iKym, ATy ay; 592K 184% 100 Freeting point of solution, = 7} AV, 104, m= 0.561 m, AT, =2.93°C and K,= 1.86°C kg mot"! AT,= iKym ty Kpn 93°C 1.86°C kg mol x0.561m 105. Here, n = 2 because phenol forms dimer on association Wy = 20g, Wy Kj=51Km! K pc x 1000 ey Ky Wy x1000 aT, xWj Mesoserdi = 782 kg = 1000 g, AT; = 0.69 K, Ar; 3.1%20%1000 = HOO 147 82 (0.691000 = a Macs) CiHyOH = 6 12+ 6x14 16-94 g mol Mycacutated) 94 1782 =06: Mryorserved) 2C HOH => (C,HjOH), =0,73=73% 108. Here, » = 3 because 1 molecule of BaCl; on dissociation gives three ions 2.48 g, W A73ON32 K, ang M(BaC) AT,= Ty ~ Te = 3730832 K - 373K Ky xW 1000 ST x¥; $2512.48 1000 0.0832 x1000 Myoineres) =78 8 mot! 208.34 g mol”! 2267 Myonerves) 78g mol int 267-1_ 167 Mrcatculaes) Ky[Be(CN)6] + 4K" + [FACT Degree of dissociation, = 2 20.5 00 sil ‘So, asmotic pressure, 1 = iCRT 2 a0 => 00016738 XW x1000 _ 2.533:0.90 1000 a4 10,0633 100 20 g mot s+ Molar mass of CH,COOH = 60 g/mol 108, Mz = Myycalctted) Macovervet) 2042 Here, i < 1, therefore the solute acetic acid is associated in benzene. OAS x20 = 1137 g/mot" (Gi) Molar mass of acetic acid = 60 g/mol Mrcatculated) 60 0.52 37 Mrvoinervedy F< 1 the solute acetic acid fs associated in benzene. AHO. (i) The depression in freezing point is in the onder Acelic acid < trichloroacetic < trifluoroacetic acid H, He HA cl. Fy coon < GSc—coon < 3e—coot cl Fo Fluorine has the highest electron withdrawing Inductive effect (1 effet) so triuoroacetic acid is the strongest acid and acetic acid isthe weakest acid Therefore, tifluoroacetic acid ionises to the greater extent and acetic acid ionisesto the minimum extent Greater the number of ions produced, greater isthe depression in fecring point (fi) Molar mass of CHi,CH,CHCICOOH = 4x 12470138542 % 16 = 1225gmol! ‘CBSE Chapierwise-Topicwise Chemistry Number of moles of CH,CH,CHCICOOH, 20 1632 mol 5 Moles of solute «1000 Molly of slation = sof solvent) m= 046321000 120.3264 m CH,CH,CHCICOOH iy) = CH,CH,CHCICOO},y, + Hig, Initial con. C o ee Fp ens C=C ca ca L>>>@) - forthe gen acd =2 271 because 1 molecule gives 2 particles on dissociation | 1-14 0068 = 1.068 AT, =iK,m 65 » 1.86 x 0.3264 AT; = 06465 = 0.45 K de®