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THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL REVISITED BY RÓMULO DE CARVALHO /

ANTÓNIO GEDEÃO: ILUSTRAÇÕES ABOUT THE MEDIEVAL QUOTIDIAN
FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS

Maria Isabel Morán Cabanas

Univ. Santiago de Compostela – USC
isabel.moran.cabanas@usc.es

You don't want to credit the fadas, we don't have daddies, we don't want princes
transformed into cats and cães, we don't laugh at them because they wear a mantle
and a crown on their heads. You laugh são homens as quaisquer outros. Quando
nascem vêm nus like you when you were born.
Romulo de Carvalho

ABSTRACT: Among the multiple faces of culture that was once of interest to Rómulo de Carvalho, it is also
present in the social history of his country. Neste sublinha field-se bem a convergence of his professional work
and his vocation: high school teacher, pedagogue and author of school manuals,
historian of teaching and education, science communicator and poet (sob or pseudonym of António Gedeão). In
this article we deal mainly with his reflections on medieval society from four publications: As origins of Portugal –
History told to a child, composted in the form of a relaxed conversation of a country as his eighth year; História do
Ensino em Portugal, a gross volume that deals from the times of the foundation of nationality to the end of the
Salazar-Caetano regime; Or poetic text as a social document, where a dialogue between the verses is
established in the social environment in which they are generated; eo artigo “Ay flores, ay flores do verde
pino”, in which it analyzes, from the stylistic point of view, the famous cantiga do rei D. Dinis.

WORDS-KEY: Rómulo de Carvalho; Antonio Gedeão; History; Pedagogy; Middle Ages; daily; D. Dinis.

ABSTRACT: Among the many facets of culture that were of interest to Rómulo de Carvalho, the social history of
his country is also present. In this field, the convergence of his professional work and his vocation especially
stands out: high school teacher, pedagogue and author of school textbooks, historian of teaching and education,
scientific disseminator and even a poet (under the pseudonym António Gedeão). In this article we deal mainly with
their
reflections on medieval society from four publications: As origins of Portugal –
Story told to a child, composed in the form of a fluid conversation between a father and his eight-year-old son;
História do Ensino em Portugal, a thick volume that covers from the times of the founding of the nationality to the
end of the Salazar-Caetano regime; Or poetic text as a social document, where it establishes a dialogue between
the verses and the social environment in which they were composed; and the article “Ay flores, ay flores do
verde pino”, in which he analyzes the famous cantiga of King D. Dinis based on stylistics.

KEY-WORDS: Rómulo de Carvalho; Antonio Gedeão; History; Pedagogy, Middle Ages, Quotidiano; D. Dinis.

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INTRODUCTION

A daily life, traditionally considered as poor parent of research

historical, aroundu-se, for some decades, a privileged face of this. I am abundant

the recent publications that deal with questions related to the different daily lives

stages of the human past and, specifically, of the Middle Ages. To housing, to food, as

profissões, the costumes, the ways of trajar etc. represent some two topics analyzed from

most recurrent way of medievalist historiography two our days in congresses,

monographic magazines and books. All of them are linked, in principle and apparently, to the

material. Please, keep in mind that you are in your own choice of any one or of any

The other two elements mentioned enter the game or world of the spirit (individual or

collective). In the end there is always a reason or a series of circumstances people and/or society

that justify the choice of a certain way of making the most of the space in which one lives; a

clothing that is used; to food that is eaten etc. E, assim, até end up situating-se on o

daily spectrum of certain matters directly connected as attitudinal territory,

tais como o emprego do tempo livre; to participate in certain shows, festivals and rituals of

symbolic aspect; or to the reproduction of tastes, values, social relationships and acquired ideas.

This meaning, or most famous editorial product, was a collection directed by Philippe Áries and

Georges Duby, Histoire de la vie privée, a collective work published from 1981 and

Consisting of several volumes, in which European history is addressed over two millennia.

In truth, such a study enjoyed a remarkable success and the translations made from the French original

For other languages, two best-selling books will appear for quite some time in the lists,

as well as numerous and strong echoes in texts redirected to our countries of Europe and America1 .

Pray, specifically not that you say I respect Portugal, we cannot stop

sublinhar here the innovative aspect that presented A medieval Portuguese society, subtitled

Aspects of everyday life and elaborated by AH Oliveira Marques more than fifteen years

behind. The author, logo not prefácio, declares to his consciousness of precursor: “This book

attempts to trace any thing de novo [...]. It is therefore a work of pioneer, with all the

disadvantages that the opening of paths always traced” (1981, p. 15) – say-itself, alias, that

1
To cite just one case in the Portuguese language, let us think of the collection of the History of Private Life in
Brazil, coordinated by Fernando A. Novais and published by the Companhia das Letras from 1997. This
“new” Brazilian history is especially concerned with tracing collation and comment on costumes and behaviors
from day to day, knowledge, tastes and sentiments of the population and their mentality, leaving aside the
"old" story, which selected only the highest strata of the social pyramid and was especially interested in the
two ugly hairs great leaders.

two
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also in this case the work chegou to experience considerable success with the public

reader, with short time gaps between the reissues and with translations for other languages.

A FIRST THINKING ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY

It takes place in a less intense and extensive way than in relation to other periods

(known as the 18th century as a revolutionary era in universal science), also

Rómulo de Carvalho showed interest in the Middle Ages in his prolific activities

dissemination of culture. And, as we shall see, it is precisely a line of thought described and

exemplified above how much to approximate the history that is located in the pages that Rómulo

de Carvalho wrote about such a period, worrying about encouraging a "different smell"

about or past to reconstitute the habits, the gestures, the knowledge and the sensibilities

society. Sob such a redigiu prism in 1943, when he was a young high school professor and country of

a boy who had just entered elementary school, a gross volume on the origins of

Portugal. It seems that the author never intended to publish those pages, but now

Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian should not be known in 1998 through a similar fac edition2 .

In truth, it is easy to perceive that the author showed here his exceptional gifts of

didactic, pedagogue and disseminator of knowledge. For the majority of children in proto-history

of Portugal and the first years of nationality are periods that are difficult to assimilate, hairs

quais passam apathetically, uninterested in a succession of povos

unknown, all equally strange and inhabitants of lands with fallen names in

disuse. I do not have a notion of the historical time, the dates that the students see

forced to fix chegam to be meaningless, keeping amiúde desses tempos only

a rather turva vision, sprinkled with battles and conquests. Faced with such a situation, Rómulo de

Carvalho intends to enter without reservations in the world of childhood experiences logo from as

first words addressed to your reader/ouvinte, by means of whom you locate or country in your

geographic and chronological coordinates:

two

As our first reflections on the approaches that Rómulo de Carvalho makes to the history of his country are
exposed in “Rómulo de Carvalho as a social historian: his focus on the Middle Ages”, a
communication presented at the Rómulo de Carvalho / António Gedeão International Colloquium, which
teve place on November 23 and 24, 2006 at ISMAI (Instituto Superior da Maia).
This approach is equivalent to a developed and updated version, linked to the research project “The work
of Mário Martins as a study of literary and cultural interrelationships in the Iberian context” (reference
FFI2008-0824/FILO), based at the Universidade of Santiago de Compostela, directed by Maria Isabel
Morán Cabanas and subsidized by the Ministry of Science and Innovation.
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As I told you about our country, Portugal, it didn't always exist. It is clear
that the site where it has always existed. Simply, we don't know Portugal,
we homens who live here are Portuguese people. Do you know how long
Portugal has existed? Do you know how long there has been a piece of
land like the name of Portugal? You don't know, but I'm telling you. Just
over 800 years ago. Fixa bem: eight hundred years [...].
Many two papers where they are written will be lost or destroyed as time,
but there will also be many who will be able to get to the page and are
saved, with everything or care, in these houses called libraries (1998, sp).

As we can see in the transcribed words above, the author chooses a

direct, colloquial relationship between teacher and student, which functions as a conversation with

all as their derivatives. Try at all times to keep your attention active, provoking and

waiting for questions, or demanding answers from what, for the first time, he will face

as preludes to the history of your country. No truth, evidence-se at each step or purpose of

maintain access to a theme of compliance in the explanation and comments on two given that

progressively it is provided. Alías, Rómulo de Carvalho chose as a privileged target

This trip did not take the time to daily life for two people who would inhabit the Iberian Peninsula, giving

to know uses and costumes of all kinds: means and modes of navigation, profissões, spaces

of habitation, weapons and battle techniques, forms of survival (fishing and hunting) etc.

Outrossim, describe in detail a castle of the Middle Ages, seen these fortifications

we will make part of the children's imaginary and will be, simultaneously, emblematic constructions

for the study of the period in questão. No comment yet on such an architectural structure just

as a military bastion, but tend to count on its function as a residence and framed in

social life gives time.

Embora or protagonism seja collective in a story told with the words of pai

mestre, we are naturally related to the figures of Viriato, or leading shepherd of the Lusitanian tribe that

confronted the Romans in the Iberian Peninsula, and two first kings of Portugal: Afonso

Henriques and Sancho I. Ao evoke the projects and self-proclamation as daquele monarch

that over the course of forty years more than doubled or territory than my country, or Count

Henrique, lhe tinha legacy – sendo, by isso same, known as O Conquistador – , or author

appeals to imagination and proceeds, as on many other occasions, to dramatization,

using-a as a tool of great value to encourage learning

participatory:

He calculates how he should be content in his castle in Guimarães. He

must walk with a sword hanging at his waist and think not that he has to go

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agora. what to do? [...] Lá para baixo, para o sul é que estão os seus inimigos mouros.
And what beautiful lands that eles têm! Até face lamber os baiços! Ai, quem dera
apanhá-las! What boas terras! Duas de las então! Ai! Santarém and Lisbon! [...] E se
nós fôssemos conquista-las? Let's go? Let's go? Well let's go
Primeiro Santarem. Depois Lisboa (1998, sp).

On the other hand, we would like critical comments to be published in different media.

Printed and digitalized on the so-called “ children's and youth literature ” composed by Rómulo de Carvalho,

they are sublinhas due to the importance of his concern for accuracy3 . discover yourself

na sua written to vontade to follow truth and impartiality as a guide, afasando-se assim

two models are in vogue in the New State (and not only), they are ready to omit,

we will adulterate and avolumarem até realities we will transform the historical accounts for crianças

in heroic and glorious narratives. Opposite hair, encourages a critical perspective and

notoriously ethical regarding the characters and their actions, as well as how it stimulates or appreciates

for the freedom of conscience of those who profess a religion, be it which one. don't silence

nem hides the cruelty of two cavalrymen and crusaders under the reign of Afonso Henriques and do

his successor, also called O Povoador, precisely because of the encouragement that he sponsored

or povoamento two territories of the country. He recounts, for example, in a manner such as robbed forams and

trespasados con lanças very old, mulheres, crianças e pessoas que no tinham com que

He will defend himself against the blood taken from the Algarvian city of Silves to conclude as follows

clarification: “after the inhabitants there have been assassinated with all cruelty, we

crusaders would turn their ships around and depart for their destination, which was Palestine [...]. You

Crusaders, as I told you, we were Christian soldiers” (1998, sp).

Believe the fights as if they were a film, also showing his face

anti-heroic or anti-epic and recommending the same to your leitor/ouvinte de pouca idade that:

"O better you date your eyes so you don't see so much misfortune." As pointed out by a scholar

and author of children's and youth literature Luísa Ducla Soares (2006), in these pages deixa-se

reveal to Rómulo de Carvalho's well-arranged scientific formation, which insists on

demystify fantasies, fallacies or misleading patranhas as much as sumptuousness and years

social status that adults customarily instill in the minds of two children:

You don't want to credit the fadas, we don't have daddies, we don't want princes
transformed into cats and cães, we don't laugh at them because they wear a mantle
and a crown on their heads.

3
We refer to the ones that will appear especially throughout the year 2006, in which the centenary of the
birth of Rómulo de Carvalho is celebrated. Among others, watch especially or carefully study Luísa Ducla
Soares (2006), who reviews all the publications of Rómulo de Carvalho aimed at a young audience,
highlighting the constants of such writing and its innovative aspects, sometimes explained. with comments
that go against the grain of an official discourse.
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You laugh são homens as quaisquer outros. Quando nascem vêm nus
like you when you were born. Eat like you, chew with teeth like you, get
constipated like you and, as many, die like you [...]
Despite having so much power and so much greatness, you laugh and
the parents also have their abhorrence, their toothaches, their constipation
and they will also die, like us (1998, sp).

Bringing history alive in all aspects of the everyday world and military dynamics

characterizing the proto-history of the Middle Ages in Portugal reveals itself as the main

goal of Romulo de Carvalho. You see that the author, through his writing, seeks (and

get) trace até ao present a little more da broad social tessitura two periods em

question. It tries to recreate certain interests and modes of survival, defending a

more concrete knowledge, not merely literary, and inciting or his pupil to execute (or

put into practice) some small issues that will mark other contexts and regulate them

existences of the past. With effect, notice that I advise the child to live with the experience of

atear fire as adults, just as we faziams homens in primitive times; explain-lhe

how stones are thrown with as engenhocas (covers), used Celtiberian hairs, warning do seu

danger; lembra-lhe that “when you are big you don't hesitate to go to the city of Guimarães

visit the beautiful castle that is there” or that “O the tomb of [ D.Sancho I] is also found

in Coimbra in the same church in which is the tomb do pai. When you see flowers you dois, um

in front of the other” (1998, sp). In short, it goes through at each step strategies that advocate for a

LIVING HISTORY, demonstrating that such an expression barely apparently carries

a semantic counter-sense.

Insurance of the effectiveness of the illustration name, Rómulo de Carvalho among me brief files

with white spaces to discover, maps to locate certain points, and elements to

cut out, as well as synthetic pictures with sublinhadas expressions. Colorful for faixa

age to which it was destined, he elaborated an exuberant work, in which the design is interspersed not

text, oscillating between scientific accuracy and humor. The illustration appears here as a

essential complement to the narrative and the various explanations that accompany it, that

In this way, we will never fall into pure abstraction. For isso no hesitou, in certain

passagens, in recommending that it was better to see the "bonequinho" by him painted and the same in

go through certain images that approach the loose band, trying to reproduce, for

example, to impressão de movimento – eis more try to seek a fair balance, more

It is also difficult, between the rigor and simplification necessary to transmit information to a

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criança4 . O livro raises many lateral approaches regarding basic teachings of

geography, natural sciences or general culture, all of them essential to the understanding of

history that used to be, in the 40s of the 20th century, basically tagarelada

School environment as a cast of kings with their names and battles in chronological order

in order to raise in the Portuguese youth a “patriotic” vision.

In short, it is worth sublinhar to news of the pages edited by Rómulo de Carvalho:

participatory learning, interactive history or dynamics of spaces and moments,

interdisciplinarity, transmission of ethical values (perante humility or knowledge; love à

true, even unpleasant; respect for diversity and freedom of conscience). is

a whole series of concepts handled especially in recent decades in relation to theory and

didactic-pedagogical practice, which the reader finds perfectly developed in these

Explanations on the origins of Portugal elaborated more than half a century ago.

HISTORY OF WHAT?, DO ENSINO?, DA INSTRUÇÃO?, DA EDUCAÇÃO?...

More than four decades have passed since the rise of history História do ensino em Portugal, em

that is evidenced by an attempt to dilute the apparent contradiction between specialized science and

disseminating interest. Alivia-se ali specialized terminology and the base notes conjugate

wisely exposed a vast erudite knowledge with the aim of avoiding the density of

style. Rómulo de Carvalho also sends here or seu leitor for the beginnings of

nationality, reflecting on the way in which pedagogical activities are practiced in the area

of the Iberian Peninsula that I saw constitute the territory of the nation. Passa in magazine as relations

between instruction and church through monastic and episcopal schools, these are also designated

as catholic schools. Relatively early, subline to the importance of the orders

religious belonging to the mosteiro de Santa Cruz de Coimbra and to the mosteiro de Alcobaça,

unbelieving their programs and teaching methods, thus carving their personalities and

wealth of its libraries in manuscript codices. How many seconds, it also gives us

4
It is said that in 1952 the Atlântida publishing house in Coimbra began a collection called Ciência para gente
nova, in which Rómulo de Carvalho had published all the titles over the course of a decade: História do
telefone, História da Fotografia, História dos Balões, History of Static Electricity, History of the Atom, History
of Radioactivity, History of Isotopes and History of Nuclear Energy, with the exception of the History of Blood,
which was redigiu by Ilídio Sardoeira. This entire series is profusely illustrated with antique engravings that
effectively contribute to giving a historical perspective, together with various graphics and current drawings
that represent various objects and experiences. And, still, the visual layer of the História dos Isótopos is
presented to us under the responsibility of António Gedeão, or alter-ego of the professor who, in addition to
being a poet, also as a plastic artist, expresses himself on this occasion.

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information on specific cases (Sé do Porto, Sé de Coimbra and Sé de Lisboa) and illustrate us,

ainda, on or functioning of the Collegiate, churches that behaved in a fit of

conegos presided over by a prior, as well as about the existence of parochial schools and

same promotion and assistance provided to poor students by private initiatives

during or medieval period. Alías, discusses indices related to or (an)literacy naquela height

and deliberately reflects the difficulties that are faced by the height of the expansion of the ensino.

Obviously, the figure of D. Dinis deserves special mention in his work and, as

efeito, to its focus até chega to separate two chapters not grosso volume. Rómulo de Carvalho distinguishes

a BEFORE, a DURING and a AFTER this monarch, given or seu

started for the creation of the General Study in Lisbon, for whoever commanded or king to build a

own property in the parish of Santo Estêvão de Alfama. In order to avoid confusion

terminologies that are detected so many times in writings about the history of education, or author

subject to the need to clarify previously that this does not correspond exactly to
or concept of University:

The Estudo Geral was its own school, or building where the teachers
met to teach and the students to receive or teach, and it was also
an institution in itself, organized to receive the students who wanted
to continue the studies, as well as a set of two courses. The
University was a Corporation, an assembly, a congregation of
teachers and students, with legal personality. In the Middle Ages,
the trades were gathered in corporations that constituted confraries
of two individuals dedicated to the same activity. A Universidade
was a corporation analogous to two trades. This is the historical
meaning of the word “University”: a corporate organization of
teachers and students (1996, p. 55)5 .

Distribution in four faculties (Arts, Law, Medicine and Theology) and orientation

the disciplines taught in each one of them; constitution of the teaching body and scale

hierarchical; authors studied and teaching method based on the reading of the text (lectio) and their

discussão (disputatio); school calendar and schedules; comings and goings of the foreigner in search of

training; student frequency and origin; academic degrees of bacharel and licentiate

etc. there are only a few two themes around which Rómulo de Carvalho reflects as

5
Eis mais uma prova do cult for didactic detail that characterized the spirit of Rómulo de Carvalho. I knew
that this detail, barely apparently secondary, resulted in or enriched the understanding of everything that I
intended to communicate to the students. When Alcina do Aido and Maria Gertrudes Basto, their students,
evoke the methodology that they followed in the classrooms, they say that they always defend the “need
to highlight a new term that appears during a lição, writing prominently not in the table, whenever possível,
presenting its etymology, in order to facilitate the understanding of its meaning” (2001, p. 33-34). In truth,
such an attitude is evidenced with regard to many two words related to teaching in the Middle Ages: for the
aforementioned case, the author considers two meanings to be precise or to clarify the semantic evolutions
experienced by terms such as schoolboy, clergyman, lens, etc. .
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social historian. Quer no seu prefácio quer conclusive excursos warns with emphasis that

Only on a comprehensive optics can one face or course of education in any country. Of
facto, clarifies relatively to the XIIIth century:

Assim was always and will continue to be, in all or time and in all or place.
The choice of the disciplines that should be taught, the issues that will be
dealt with, the orientation that should be given in the respective school
community, all establish a certain conception of life, both individual and social.
In the School, all the information transmitted to the student during the act of
teaching aims at a mental formation that intends to model or individual for the
society that is desired to be preserved or established. A fundamental difference
that distinguishes the various periods of the History of Pedagogy from each
other lies in the type of Homem that the Escola intends to create” (1996, p. 65. Grifo nosso)

It is clear that at that time the dominant concern was to agree and consolidate not

student or religious sentiment and glorification of the work of God. Assim, or study of nature

served to discover through the presence of Christ eo Direito to implant on earth to

divine justice. Já as first letters were learned in the books of two Psalms – not called

Saltério – and all the exemplification of the rules of Grammar started from authors considered

as Christian models. A Theology constituted, therefore, a matter that weighed more

concerns two trainers and, as for instruction in Philosophy, to accommodate the work of
Aristotle's doctrine of Christianity was a matter of transcendental interest. Neste

sense, Rómulo de Carvalho sublinha or role of Pedro Hispano, who exercised or papacy as

or name of João XXI and whose treatise, Summulae Logicales, served as a basic text for three

centuries – from Duzentos to Quinhentos –, with more than 260 editions throughout Europe!6

Aliás, or historian of pedagogy in Portugal, explains in detail

why the successive transferences from the General Study of Lisbon to Coimbra and vice-versa.

Always guided by the vocation to offer an enjoyable reading, but we fall into futile aspects

that we can remove some character of seriousness from his study, Rómulo de Carvalho goes through

Quite frequently, in some "quaint" cases, there is the day-to-day life of teachers and

learners who are registered in chronicles or other types of medieval documentation.

Let us call, assim, your comments and illustrations as to the attitude of hostility with which

Students were seen in these two cities. To these proibiu-se-lhes in various letters

6
Handwritten copies would not begin to be used, but after the invention of the press, both editions of the
complete work and of certain parts would happen admirably. Some of them will be located in cities such as
Naples, Leuven, Antuérpia, Milão, Colónia, Lyon, Veneza, Basileia, Paris, Saragoça, Lípsia, Ruão, Seville,
Strasbourg, Vienna, Alcalá de Henares, Salamanca, etc. Finally, the length of the list can be seen from the
projection that this book by the famous 13th-century Portuguese doctor, professor, and mathematician has
reached as a reference manual throughout educated Europe.

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Regies that are reproduced literally do not read in focus that someone does it wrong, I will tell you, I will

roube or inconvenience you in any other way, offering-lhes including protection during

the days of fairs that passavam longe do seu place of study and obrigando the proprietários das

houses to alugá-las school years. Ao longo of all the reigns of the students tiveram

difficulties to accommodate the working population – including royal officials –

always show more favor against your privileges. Or thermo hate and certain synonyms

also used in two writings that Rómulo de Carvalho transcribed for us

illuminate the gravity of these disagreements so many times repeated:

It is mistrust, or ciúme, because of two who exercise an activity many

times painful, hard suffered, against those whose appearance of life and
unproductive [...], being able to dispose of the time as they please (1996,
p. 80)

Other aspects of daily life are also traced to collation or research

attentively the various levels of education in medieval Portugal. I thought, among others, nas

lines that he dedicates to Diogo Afonso Mangancha, professor of Arts and Laws, intimate partner of

King D. Duarte and, on occasion, ambassador of Portugal7 . This, by arrangement

will, bequeathed to a vast house where she lived in Lisbon so that she could settle in a College,

indicating in detail all the characteristics that it should have or internal functioning

of such an institution, which seemed to be devised according to the Oxford and Paris systems: food and

food, study of disciplines, disposition of two rooms, economic administration, years to

passar naquele school center second certain circumstances etc. Pray, it lacks

any given in relation to the activity of this College, which is why it cannot be affirmed

chegou to ter existence concrete or ou não. Or that it is known that, for ten years after such

will, em 1459, all bens bequeathed by the giver foram incorporated into the University.

As the author himself has explicitly declared, the publication of the History of Teaching

in Portugal want to perform a function of legitimacy of the teaching activity,

contributing to the construction and ethical reinforcement of professional activity. Assim, lend-se

there a particular attention to the studies carried out and the exams that we had to pass

called lenses; year emergence of new charges throughout the Middle Ages, such as or

Protector of the Studies of Portugal, raised in the Avis dynasty and occupied, among others, by

João das Regras, doutor em Direito e chanceler do rei D. João I eo infante D. Henrique; ace

7
As a matter of fact, when King D. Duarte deals in detail with the virtue of prudence, I am not a Loyal Counselor
and insists on the central role that this must exercise in the kingdom's regiment – reserving the same space that
is clearly disproportionate to or granted to Justice, to Fortaleza. e à Temperança -, transcreves
by such a jurist
a text
(MUNIZ,
composed
2001,
p. 247-305).
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proposals to amend errors detected in the pedagogical systems; years regiments

enacted etc. As for the orientation given to the work, Rómulo de Carvalho insists that the

I am especially interested in the facts, or what was done or what was not done, framing them via

of rules their respective temporary conjunctures in a way to understand or why certain

Realizations or projects are to highlight mental attitudes and responsibilities. Neste

sense, when he says that the infante D. Henrique, known as the Navigator, defended

convenience of teaching Arithmetic, Geometry and Astrology, ask if it is included

These chains would never be linked to a thought turned to the sea:

We are not aware that Infante D. Henrique claimed that the General Study
prepared pilots for the task of two maritime discoveries, but it seems to us that
the correct historical moment would have been raised to be aware of the value of
the school disciplines and, therefore, to the need gives its inclusion in the study
curriculum [...]. When it comes to Astrology, if we consider it a useless fantasy,
let us remember that there have been many and notable followers, and that
astrologers perform a specific function together with two kings who serve as
advisers. The astrological activity was distinguished by the name "Judicial
Astrology", which sought to establish relationships between the positions of two
stars and the lives of two humans. It admitted that the celestial bodies influenced
the human organism and that, therefore, it depended on the state of health of
each person , or that it forced doctors (known as “physicists”) to study the
material designated by “medical astrology”. A couple of these two specialties

astrology is still considered a "meteorological astrology", which

purpose was to forecast the time, from two stars, and the conditions of good or
more agricultural production.
No matter what aspect is considered, it is certain that astrological studies
demanded the acquisition of astronomical knowledge that corresponded to a
specific scientific preparation that could be used with a view to the navigation
technique (1996, p.109)8 .

Enfim, how much in the medieval period and later registam-se na matter treated by

Rómulo de Carvalho implicações of all to order, not only strictly pedagogical, but

Two other vast social and political fields. Com efeito, o autor confessa no Prefácio as

his hesitações in relation to the title of the work: history of what?, of teaching?, of instruction?, of

education?, of pedagogy?, of school institutions? Na truthe, envolve-se na approach

of so many questões that it becomes really embarrassing to choose the most appropriate designation.

And, still, we must assinalar or its treatment by the Middle Ages we have preconceptions that

traditionally it was approached and that it is discovered itself in its designation: this acarretava

8
Not that it respects the training of pilots for navigation in the Quatrocentos era, the existence of a school
that would function in Sagres was cited, but there is no single trustworthy proof of such an institution. Seja
as for, do not list the subjects named in the new Statute established in 1431 as follows: Grammar, Logic,
Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Music, Geometry, Astrology, Medicine, Theology, Decrees, Natural and Moral
Philosophy, and Laws.
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an undistinguished appearance of secular hairs located between Classical Antiquity and its own

seculo XVI. All that is between these two peaks of science and artistic creativity

passava of a hiatus, of a vague interval. It was also designated as Idade das Trevas, or

Thick Gothic Night, or Night of a Thousand Years, for being seen as a period reduced to

barbarism, ignorance and superstition. Identified with an interruption not knowing that

fora driven by greeks and romans and that only fora resumed hairs homens do seculo XVI

e of subsequent periods. It is

true that there is still a transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

we find in the work of Rómulo de Carvalho a comparison of the medieval world of man

with a “valley of tears”, or “sad abode”, or “place of atonement”, when sublinha a

importance of theocentrism in the category of essence that leads to the salvation of the soul,

accommodating any doctrine to the demands of Christianity. Pray, ao longo dos varios

chapters that he dedicates to Idade Média, and that illuminates amiúde with documents and images,

implicitly and explicitly declares that the desire for scientific knowledge was not dead

height, but sim deeply committed to its expressões. As for Portugal,

embora alludes on several occasions to a delay in other European countries, subline or

high number (increasingly) of Portuguese who attend study centers do not

foreigner, helped financially by means of bags (já nó seculo XII o rei D. Sancho

Sponsored trips and stays for these events and are in Italy two centuries XIV and XV can

count-se by tens). Likewise, it highlights the wealth of manuscript codices in our mosteiros and

the gradual loss of its monopoly by the libraries will be evidenced (ainda que no

strong) secularization of culture and generalization of enthusiasm for the acquisition of

knowledge, facilitated by the invention of the press.

QUADROS DO DAY-BY-DAY UNRAISED TWO MEDIEVAL VERSES

Rómulo de Carvalho also devotes special attention to Idade Media no seu livro O

poetic text as a social document, also published by the Fundação Calouste-Gulbenkian

in 1995. As the author, he intends to raise the eyes of the public reader to the poet as a

to be an observer of two events that surround, and involve, not the social environment in which

it moves. The first chapter, presented under the epigraph “A contribuição dos poetas

medieval for the appreciation of the society in which we live”, I collected dozens of songs

Galician-Portuguese troubadours and still in part of the following appear focused verses of

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Cancioneiro Geral de Garcia de Resende, of a gazette that is redigiu under the title

Miscellaneous things and costumes and various pieces of Gil Vicente.

The pages of the book allow us to discover the hard work of selecting texts that were

carried out, supplying us in many cases with stretches that were outlined or that passed

unnoticed for literary criticism and that, however, do not present a marked value

historical. As in the rest of the author's production, a pedagogical orientation is revealed here with the

intention of reaching a wider audience, not a specialist. é por isso que

felt the need to illuminate the transcription of two verses drawn from the two canonical editions

Cancioneiros (particularly those made by Rodrigues Lapa, Carolina Michäelis de

Vasconcelos and José Joaquim Nunes) with notes on the meaning of certain words or

expressões, as quais end up constituting a useful glossário. Carry out an update

graphy, more respects in general the grammatical norms of the time and its structural pattern, no

renouncing the help of philological criticism and allowing assim or confrontation between two stages

da same poetic language.

Já no prefácio salienta that this work intends to serve as a contribution not only to

literary history, but also as an element of study for the (intra-) history of Portugal.

Alias, particularly in relation to the approach to two Galician-Portuguese Songbooks still

subline to the impossibility of having a correct idea of the peninsular man in the 13th and 13th centuries

XIV sem conhecê-los previously, clarifying:

A romantic history bequeathed to us a very false image of unrepentant humanity,

just commensurate with some truth in exceptional cases.
Who are respected visionary figures, kings like Afonso X de Leom and Castela or
Dinis de Portugal, infants like Afonso Sanches or D. Pedro, who was Count of
Barcelos, interested in private life, at home, two others, collaborating in ridiculous
situations, providing Because of their coexistence, truly surprising abuses of trust,
stripped of all that dignity with which we are used to imagining such figures? [...]
It's fun, we stop being comfortable imagining a king, and a medieval king, feeling
forced to saturate a maçador that never again or long does not sink, farto,
fartíssimo de ouvir, já a pingar de I sound, badly being able to raise the eyelids,
like the eyes to “tosquiar-se”, as or proprio declares.

This is the theme of uma das cantigas by D. Dinis (1995, p. 24).

Alongside the love relationships that constitute the main theme in the songs of love and

As a friend, Rómulo de Carvalho pays attention to our aspects that he finds explicit in the songs

of scorn and maldizer and that refer to everyday life: as disputes between rich-homens,

infanções, cavaleiros and escudeiros; the attitudes shown during certain military exercises;

the relations of kings and infants as their vassalos; as complaints that deixam to discovered to

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license of two monastic meios; or the practice of prostitution in the Middle Ages. with effect,

not that I say I respect the focus of this last question in the corpus of troubadour poetry, counts

I tied thirty and nine satirical songs, doing the same uprising two names that you

troubadours and jograis will eternalize our verses:

They were Domigas Eanes, Elvira Lopes, Maior Garcia, Maria do Grave,
Maria Leve, Maria Negra, many Marinhas: Crespa, Lopes, Mejouchi,
Sabugal, Cadoe, Foça; eram to Ouroana, to Urraca Lopes, to Urraca Aores,
to Luzia Sanches, ea rainha of all of them, to celebrated Maria Peres Balteira
(1995, p. 33).

In the manner of complementation of certain data and as an assertion of what is said, or

The author also refers to chronicle texts, such as those of Fernão Lopes, or even to other little known

in the history of Portuguese literature9 . Show and demonstrate são, como

we see, maximum duas to be followed systematically by Rómulo de Carvalho to espelhar as

lines of force of society and daily life of the Middle Ages in living quarters, weekly

hesitações when they fear to break stereotypes or inherited ideas. For example, when it fails

of the palatial individual who is simultaneously agent and addressee of the compositions

collected in Cancioneiro Geral, states:

With the ease of attitudes and expressions, illustrated by the excerpts of the
trovas that we transcribe, we surmise that they had been educated in the
reading of school compendiums or of cape and sword romances, in which
we see men in two fifteenth and sixteenth centuries as models of gallantry ,
of cavalheiresque behavior before the ladies [...]. The documents disagree
with such an image [...]. It would be a big mistake to view esses homens
according to such a model” (1995, p. 69).

OH FLOWERS, OH FLOWERS OF THE GREEN PINE! EO IMAGINARY LOVE

Also with regard to medieval literature we cannot stop mentioning reflections

that Rómulo de Carvalho published in 1975 about the famous song of a friend composting hair

singer-songwriter D. Dinis: “Ay flowers of pine green / you know you are new to my friend / Ay Deus é

ue?”, assassinating on such an occasion as António Gedeão. They will appear published in a magazine

Colóquio / Letras, então directed by Jacinto do Prado Coelho, and the author adopts one of the

9
Specifically, in this sense or our article, it presents a link to the research project “Six centuries of
satirical love poetry in the Portuguese language” (HUM2005-08291), based at the University of Santiago
de Compostela, directed by Carlos Quiroga and subsidized by the Ministry of Science and Innovation.

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perspective that coincides with the consideration of the literary work as an aesthetic product and with

stylistics as orientation in the analysis of the text. Quer dizer, apply here a type of approach

immanent, which stops above all non-significant in a search for recurring meanings from

It is força that as words acquire non-speech. Tenha-se em conta that to stylistic as

methodology applied to literary criticism was especially recurrent in Portugal for decades

of the 60s and 70s, characterized above all by the importance that it grants to the style – a word that

comes to mean a pointed instrument (stylus), as or which is written on

tabuinhas covered in wax, and that it acquires from remote times or sense of way of

write. I am aware, de facto, of Platão's formulas, “such character, such style” ; of Seneca,

“or style is the physiognomy of the soul”; and, above all, to de Buffon in the 17th century, “or style is or

proprio homem” (MATOS, 2001, p. 162).

Another aspect to emphasize is the important role that confers such a trend of analysis to

critic's intuition, understood as "current of affinity between this poem, click, or

outburst perceived as proof that a fit is due, an adjustment that frees

understanding of the work”. In short, such a method starts from the observation of a particularity

superficial linguistics that present intuition as worthy of note: find out-se ela

constitutes a characteristic case and seeks to investigate the reason for its appearance, or seja,

to its origin as a way of conceiving life or as given by the psyche. Saint precisely

these steps followed by Rómulo de Carvalho before the presence of the interjeição ay na

troubadour composition above referred. Assim, performs a survey two registered days

em D. Dinis e em todo o corpus da lírica medieval, defining-os afinal as an element

revealing two regrets da soul:

Supõe-se enamorada wandering in a peasant landscape, gnawing on the health of

his friend and questioning the flowers, so that I can give him news.
But, instead of going to the flowers that are imposed as such, colorful hair, because
of its slenderness, hair with a scent, and that we would unbutton alone, within reach
of my hand, go to in love with pine green flowers, like flowers with a green bouquet,
which I do not recommend as “flowers”, and are located not high on the pinheiro,
sometimes tied to many meters high.
I thought, I don't know with originality, what would have been or poetic picture that D.
Dinis desenhou no seu espírito. A rapariga would have been seen passing by or in
love, along with the povoação where he lived, including a host that the king himself
(or poet) directed. A hoste passedu, seguiu ao seu destiny, ea rapariga não volto ter
notícias de amigo [...]. It is in this afflictive situation that the girlfriend questions the
flowers of the pine tree, because either the pine tree is high, the flowers are at the
top, and it is the day that one sees an uncovered landscape on the extensive horizon.
Daí will be able to uncurtain the hoste, when she sees back, and she longs to see or
be loved again (1975, p. 51-52).

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As the author of the article explicitly declares, I do not intend in any way

nenhum to exhaust here or matter, but just justify and illustrate the reading of the song of friend and

insist on the musical and stylistic importance of the use of interjection by two poets

Medieval songbooks, whose theme demonstrates to be known both in this brief article and
other occasions.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

In definitive, supported by a varied number and vast collection of bibliographical sources and showing

be interested in disseminating the knowledge from an exhibition line characterized by the

clarity, Rómulo de Carvalho tried that his contributions to learn and give to

learn to history fossem innovadoras and functions in the way of first steps to

a greater reflection and depth. In the approach to his work as a social historian and,

more particularly, as an attentive observer of the Idade Media in Portugal, it reveals a

Versatile essayist who intends in all cases to communicate directly with the reader. search

whenever this is a participant in the discourse, trying to discriminate the real events from

precepts and preconceptions bequeathed by tradition. Com efeito, warn me about this

differences between lapidary truths, which can and must be accompanied by documentation

incontestable, and the developments that are the result of reasoning with consistency, but

without a contrast of data that leads to categorical affirmations. through the four

works that we focus on here and of various allusions scattered throughout the entire corpus

we discovered to his intention to aguçar or taste of the reader for the observation, puncturing or desire

of knowing and encouraging the search for explanations, which is essentially based on the spirit
scientific.

Bibliographic references:

AIDO, Alcina do; BASTO, Maria Gertrudes. Rómulo de Carvalho as a methodologist. In: ROYAL COURT,
Maria Luísa; LOURENÇO, Marta (Coord.). Philosopher's Stone: Rómulo de Carvalho / António Gedeão.
Lisbon: Associação de Apoio ao Museu de Ciência da Universidade de Lisboa, p. 33-35.

CARVALHO, Romulo. Or poetic text as a social document. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1995.

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CARVALHO, Romulo. History of Education in Portugal, from the foundation of nationality to the end
of the Salazar-Caetano regime. 2 ed. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1996.

CARVALHO, Romulo. The origins of Portugal - History told to a child. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste
Gulbenkian, 1998 [sem paginação].

GEDEÃO, António. Oh flowers, oh flowers of pine green. Colóquio Letras, Lisbon, 26, p. 45-53,
1975.

MARQUES, AH de Oliveira. A medieval Portuguese society. 4 ed. Lisbon: Sa da Costa, 1964.

MATOS, Maria Vitalina Leal de. Introduction to literary studies. Lisbon-São Paulo: Word, 2001.

MUNIZ, Marcio Ricardo Coelho. Read and prudent advice from El-Rei D. Duarte. In: MONGELLI,
Lênia Márcia (Coord.). A doctrinal literature in the Court of Avis. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2001,
p. 245-306.

SOARES, Luisa Ducla. A children's and youth literature of Rómulo de Carvalho. In: António é o my
name. Romulo de Carvalho. Lisbon: National Library, 2006. Available at: http://purl.pt/12157/1/
estudos/estudos-sobre-autor.html. Access em: 2 Nov. 2006.

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