TETE 1201 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

Lecture 1: Integral Calculus

Kyambogo University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Gerald Isabirye
Msc. Data Communications & Software Eng.
BEng (Honors) Telecommunications
(CCNA, PMP® & MUIPE)

17/01/2018 1
Topics to be covered

• Definite and Indefinite integrals

• Methods of integration
• Double and Multiple integrals
• Applications of integration

17/01/2018 2
 Introduction
Constant of integration

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. For example:

d 4
( x )  4 x3
dx
The integral of 4x3 is then written as:

 .dx
3
4 x
Its value is, however:

   C where C is called the constant of integration

3 4
4 x .dx x

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 Introduction
Standard integrals

What follows is a list of basic derivatives and associated basic integrals:

d x n 1
( x n )  nx n 1  x dx  n  1  C
n

dx
d 1 1
dx
(ln x ) 
x  x dx  ln x  C
d
(e x )  e x   C
x x
e dx e
dx
d e kx
(e kx )  ke kx  e dx  k  C
kx

dx

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 Introduction
Standard integrals

d ax
( a x )  a x ln a  a dx  ln a  C
x

dx
d
dx
(cos x )   sin x  sin xdx   cos x  C
d
dx
(sin x )  cos x  cos xdx  sin x  C
d
(tan x )  sec 2 x  xdx  tan x  C
2
sec
dx

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 Introduction
Standard integrals

d
dx
(cosh x)  sinh x  sinh xdx  cosh x  C
d
dx
(sinh x)  cosh x  cosh xdx  sinh x  C
d 1 1

1
(sin x)  dx  sin 1 x  C
dx 1  x2 1  x2
d 1 1

1
(cos x)  dx  cos 1 x  C
dx 1  x2 1  x2

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 Introduction
Standard integrals

d 1 1
(tan 1 x)   1  x 2 dx  tan x  C
1

dx 1  x2
d 1 1
(sinh 1 x)   x2  1
1
dx  sinh xC
dx x2  1
d 1 1
(cosh 1 x)   x2  1
1
dx  cosh xC
dx x2  1
d 1 1
(tanh 1 x)   1  x 2 dx  tanh x  C
1

dx 1  x2

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Indefinite and Definite Integrals

Indefinite  f ( x) dx

x2
Definite  x1
f ( x ) dx

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Definite Integrals

Note: The function f(x) must be continuous on the interval [a, b].
 Definite Integrals

The method for evaluating the definite integral is:

 Find the indefinite integral but omit C

 Draw square brackets and hang the

limits on the end
 Replace x with • the top limit
• the bottom limit

 Subtract and evaluate

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 1
Example

2
3 x 2  2 dx is a definite integral

The numbers on the integral sign are called

the limits of integration

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 Evaluating the Definite Integral

The definite integration results in a value.

1 1
3x 3
e.g.1

2
3 x 2  2 dx 
31
 2x

 Find the indefinite integral but omit C

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 Evaluating the Definite Integral

The definite integration results in a value.

1 1
 
e.g.1
 3x   2x 
3
2
 2 dx  x
2
 2

 Draw square brackets and hang the

limits on the end

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 Evaluating the Definite Integral

The definite integration results in a value.

1 1
 
e.g.1
 3x   2x 
3
2
 2 dx  x
2
 2
   
  12  (  2) 3
 2( 2) 
   
 Replace x with • the top limit
• the bottom limit

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 Evaluating the Definite Integral

The definite integration results in a value.

1 1
 
e.g.1
 3x   2x 
3
2
 2 dx  x
2
 2
   
  12   (  2) 3
 2( 2) 
   

 Subtract and evaluate

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 Evaluating the Definite Integral

The definite integration results in a value.

1 1
 
e.g.1
 3x   2x 
3
2
 2 dx  x
2
 2
   
  12   (  2) 3
 2( 2) 
   
 3   84 
 15
1
So,

2
3 x  2 dx  15
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2 16
Try out these
1
2
sin 1 (x)
 6x
2
2
 2 x  3 dx
1.
2
4.

0 1 x 2
dx

2 5

 3x  4 x  1 dx  
2 2
2. 5. x 25 x dx
5
1

1
1
2
sin 1 (x)
3. x  7 x  12 dx

2
6. dx
1
0 1 x 2

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Indefinite Integrals

• An indefinite integral ∫ f(x) dx is a function

(or family of functions).
x 3
d  x3 
 dx  3  C  
2 2
x because  C  x
dx  3 

Thus, we can regard an indefinite integral as representing an entire family of

functions (one antiderivative for each value of the constant C).

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Table of Indefinite Integrals

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Try out these:

1.  cos(3x)dx
2. x 4  x dx
2

sin( x )
3.  x dx
ln x  dx
2

4.  x

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 Integration of polynomial expressions

Just as polynomials are differentiated term by term so they are integrated,

also term by term. For example:

5 x3
  43
x  52
x  2 x  7 .dx  4
x 
3
 x 2
 7x  C

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 Functions of a linear function of x

To integrate
  ax  b  .dx
n

we change the variable by letting u = ax + b so that du = a.dx. Substituting

into the integral yields:

     .du
n
ax b .dx  u n

u n 1
 C
n 1
(ax  b) n 1
 C
n 1

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Integration by Parts
• The Product Rule states that, if f and g are differentiable
functions, then

d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x)
dx

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Integration By Parts

• In the notation for indefinite integrals, this equation becomes

  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)

• or

 f ( x) g '( x) dx   g ( x) f '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)

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Integration By Parts

• We can rearrange this equation as:

 f ( x) g '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx

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 Integration By Parts

•Let u = f(x) and v = g(x).

• Then, the differentials are:

du = f’(x) dx and dv = g’(x) dx

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 Integration By Parts
• Thus, by the Substitution Rule, the formula for integration by
parts becomes:

 u dv  uv   v du

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Integration By Parts

• Find ∫ x sin x dx
• Suppose we choose f(x) = x and g’(x) = sin x.

• Then, f’(x) = 1 and g(x) = –cos x.

• For g, we can choose any antiderivative of g’.

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Integration By Parts

 x sin x dx  f ( x ) g ( x )   g ( x ) f '( x ) dx
 x( cos x)   ( cos x) dx
  x cos x   cos x dx
  x cos x  sin x  C

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• Let ux dv  sin x dx
• Then, du  dx v   cos x

• Using Formula 2, we have:

u dv u v v du

 x sin x dx   x sin x dx  x ( cos x)   ( cos x) dx

  x cos x   cos x dx
  x cos x  sin x  C

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Integration By Parts
• Evaluate ∫ ln x dx
• Here, we don’t have much choice for u and dv.

• Let u  ln x dv  dx
• Then, 1
du  dx vx
x

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• Integrating by parts, we get:
dx
 ln x dx  x ln x   x
x

 x ln x   dx
 x ln x  x  C

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 Integration by partial fractions

7x  8 7x  8 3 1
To integrate  2 x2  11x  5dx we note that  
2 x 2  11x  5 x  5 2 x  1
so that:
7x + 8 3 1
ò 2x 2 + 11x + 5 ò x + 5 ò 2x + 1dx
dx = dx +

These partial fractions are 'functions of a linear function of x '

1
based on the standard integral ò dx and so
x
7x + 8 1
ò 2x 2 + 11x + 5dx = 3ln(x + 5) +
2
ln(2x + 1) + C

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 Area Under a Straight-Line Segment

y  f ( x)
y2

y1

x1 x2 x

1
ydx   y2  y1  x2  x1 
x2
 x1 2
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 Areas under curves

Area A, bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a and
x = b, is given by:
b
A 
xa
f ( x)dx

  F ( x) x  a
b

 F (b)  F ( a)

where
F ( x)  f ( x)

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 Integration as a summation

Dividing the area beneath a curve into rectangular strips of width x gives
an approximation to the area beneath the curve which coincides with the
area beneath the curve in the limit as the width of the strips goes to zero.

x b
A   y. x
xa

x b b
Lim  y. x  A   y.dx
 x 0
xa xa

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 Integration as a summation

If the area is beneath the x-axis then the integral is negative.

3
3
 x3 
   
2
( x 9).dx 3 9 x 
x 3   x 3
 33   ( 3)3 
   9(3)     9(3) 
3   3 
 36

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 Integration as a summation
The area between a curve an intersecting line

The area enclosed between y1 = 25 – x2 and y2 = x + 13 is given as:

3 3


x 4
( y1  y2 ).dx  
x 4
(25  x 2  x  13).dx

3
 
x 4
(12  x 2  x).dx

3
 x3 x 2 
 12 x   
 3 2  x 4
 57.2 to 1 dp

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 Summation in two directions

The area δa of the shaded portion of the rectangle bounded by the lines x = r,
x = s, y = k and y = m is given as:
 a   y. x
y=m
The area of the vertical strip PQ is then: d A = å d y.d x
y=k

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 Summation in two directions

The area of the rectangle is then the sum of all such strips:

xs y m
A    y. x
xr y k

If now, δy → 0 and δx → 0 the area of

the rectangle is given as:

s m
A  dy.dx
xr y k

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 Summation in two directions

s m
Now: A    dy.dx
xr y k


s
 m dy .dx
 y  k 
xr 

m
 y  y k .dx
s

xr
s
 (m  k ).dx
xr

 (m  k ). x x  r
s

 (m  k ).( s  r )
 length  breadth

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 Summation in two directions

Working another way where, again, the area δa of the shaded portion of
the rectangle bounded by the lines x = r, x = s, y = k and y = m is given as:
 a   x. y
x=s
The area of the horizontal strip CD is then: d A1 = å d x.d y
x=r

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 Summation in two directions

The area of the rectangle is then the sum of all such strips:

y m xs
A    x. y
y k x r

If now, δy → 0 and δx → 0 the area of

the rectangle is given as:

m s
A  dx.dy
y k x r

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 Summation in two directions

Now: m s
A  dx.dy
y k xr


m
 s dx .dy
 x  r 
y k 

s
 x x r .dy
m

y k
m
 ( s  r ).dx
y k

 ( s  r ).(m  k )
 breadth  length
So here, the order of integration does not matter

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 Double integrals

The expression:
y2 x2
 
y  y1 x  x1
f ( x, y )dx.dy

is called a double integral and indicates that f (x, y) is first integrated with
respect to x and the result is then integrated with respect to y

If the four limits on the integral are all constant the order in which the
integrations are performed does not matter.

If the limits on one of the integrals involve the other variable then the
order in which the integrations are performed is crucial.

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 Triple integrals

The expression:
z2 y2 x2
  
z  z1 y  y1 x  x1
f ( x, y, z )dx.dy.dz

is called a triple integral and is evaluated by starting with the innermost

integral and working outwards.

If the six limits on the integral are all constant the order in which the
integrations are performed does not matter.

If the limits on the integrals involve some of the variables then the order in
which the integrations are performed is crucial.

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 Applications

4x
Example 1: To find the area bounded by y  the x-axis and the
ordinate at x = 5. 5
x 5 y  4 x / 5 5 4x/5
A   y. x so A    dydx
x 0 y 0 x 0 y 0
5
   4 x / 5dx
x 0
5
 2 x2 
 
 5  x 0
 10 units 2

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 Applications

x2
Example 2: To find the area enclosed by the curves y  9 x and y 
2

9
x=9 y=3x1/2 9 3x1/2

A@å å d y.d x so A = ò ò dydx

x=0 y=x /9
2
x=0 y=x 2 /9

æ 12 x 2 ö
9

= ò ç 3x - ÷ dx
x=0 è
9ø
9
é 23 x 3 ù
= ê 2x - ú
ë 27 û x=0
= 27 units 2

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 Applications

Example 3: Find the second moment of area of a rectangle 6 cm × 4 cm

about an axis through one corner perpendicular to the plane of the figure.

6 4

A= ò ò
x=0 y=0
(x 2 + y 2 ) dydx

4
6
éæ 2 y3 ö ù
= ò êç x y + ÷ ú dx
x=0 ë è
3 øû
0

ì 2 64 ü
6

= òx=0 íî4x + 3 ýþdx

= 416 cm 4

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 Alternative notation

Sometimes double integrals are written in a different way. For example,

the integral:
6 4

 
x 0 y 0
( x 2  y 2 )dydx

could have been written as:

6 4

 dx  ( x  y 2 )dy
2

x 0 y 0

Here the working starts from the right-hand side integral.

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 Determination of areas by multiple integrals

To find the area of the polar curve r = f (θ) between the radius vectors θ = θ1
and θ = θ2 it is noted that the area of an element is r.δr. δθ .
So the area in question is:
2 r1

A 
 

 r.dr.d
r 0
1

2 r1
 r2 
    .d
 1  2  0
2
1 2
 
 1 2
r1 .d

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 Determination of volumes by multiple integrals

The element of volume is:

V   x. y. z
Giving the volume V as:
x=x2 y= y2 z=z2

V@ å å å d x.d y.d z
x=x1 y= y1 z=z1
That is:
x2 y2 z2

V= ò ò ò
x=x1 y= y1 z=z1
dz.dy.dx

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 Determination of volumes by multiple integrals

Example: Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes z = 0, x = 1,

x = 2, y = −1, y = 1 and the surface z = x2 + y2.

2 1 x2  y 2 2 1
V    dz    x  y 2  dy
2
dx dy dx
x 1 y 1 z 0 x 1 y 1
1
2
 2 y3 
2
 2
   x y   dx    2 x 2   dx
x 1 
x 1 
3  1 3
16

3

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 Basic applications
Areas under curves

If the integral is negative then

the area lies below the x-axis.
For example:

3
3
 x3 
x1     
2 2
( x 6 x 5) dx 3 3 x 5 x 
  x 1
 (3)  (2 13 )
 5 13

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 Parametric equations

For example, if x = at 2 and y = 2at then the area under the curve y
Between t = 1 and t = 2 is:

b 2

A= ò
x=a
y dx = ò
t=1
2at.2at dt where x = at 2 so dx = 2atdt

= 4a 2 ò t 2 dt
t=1

28a 2
=
3

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 Mean values

The mean value M of a variable y = f (x) between the values x = a and x = b

is the height of the rectangle with base b – a and which has the same area
as the area under the curve:

Area
M
Base line
A

ba
b
1
b  a x a
 ydx

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 Root mean square (rms) values

The root mean square value of y is the square root of the mean value of
the squares of y between some stated limits:

rms  mean value of y 2 between x  a and x  b

b
1
 
2
y dx
b  a xa

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 END

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