Biotechnology: Useful Notes on Traditional and Modern Biotechnology Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live micro-organisms, plant or animal cells or their components or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes (services) useful to human beings. The term biotechnology was coined in 1917 by a Hungarian Engineer, Karl Ereky to describe a process for large scale production of pigs. Gene manipulation is a fast emerging science. It started with the development of recombinant DNA molecules. It is named variously as DNA manipulation biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. ‘The technology mostly involves cutting and pasting of desired DNA fragments. It is based on two important discoveries in bacteria: (@ Presence of plasmids in bacteria which can undergo replication along with and independent of chromosomal DNA. (ii) Restriction endonucleases (Arber, Nathan and Smith 1970; Nobel Prize in 1978) which can break DNA at specific sites. They are appropriately called molecular scissors. Berg (1972) was able'to introduce a gene of SY-A0 into a bacterium with the help of lambda phage. Berg is often considered “father of genetic engineering”. He was awarded Nobel Prize in 1980. The science of recombinant technology took birth when Cohen and Boyer (1973) were able to introduce a piece of gene containing foreign DNA into plasmid of Escherichia coli. nal Biotechnology, es! Microorganisms were first used to produce some organic compounds like citric acid. They were also used to produce antibodies. The levels of production of penicillin yield has been improved But the types of products are not changed. They remain the same as those obtained from the natural strains/cell lines. In all these processes, only the natural capabilities of the organisms and cells are exploited, These activities are called old biotechnology. au) ‘Human insulin is also produced from a transgenic Escherichia coli stain that contains and ‘expresses the insulin gene. Protcins produced by transgenes are called recombinant proteins, The ion technologies based on genetic engineering are termed as modern biotechnology. It developed during 1970. Old Biotechnology (Tradi Modern Biotechnolo; ate aul SinDefinition of Biotechnology: ws and modern molecular i tional vie 7 ich covers both traditio nology (EFB)- ‘Accordinigtd A definition of biotechnology whi a ; European Federation of Biotec biotechnology has been given by ; te oer EEB. “Biotechnology is the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological (industrial) application of the capabilities of microorganisms, cultured tissues/cells and parts thereof . Thus definition of biotechnology ci ecto common factors. First the use of biological agents and second the product or service is generated for the well being of humans.” 1-Principes of Biotechnology: | ‘Two Main Techniques of Modern Biotechnology: ‘The two main techniques that gave birth to modem biotechnology are as follows: (a) Genetic Engineering: Inineludes techniques to alter the nature of genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism. — é (b) Chemical Engineering: 41 involves maintenance of sterile microbial contamination free condition in chemical -enginecring processes to have growth of only the desired microorganism/eukaryotie cell in large {quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products such as ‘antibiotics, vaccines, ne replication along with and independent of