1.6 Examples 1, DIFFRACTION are very close together, the principal maxima of these wavelengths as narrow as possible. We define the resolving power of grating, a AL Here A. is the mean wavelengths of two closed spectral lines of wavelengths A, and Az, respectively and AA = Ay ~ Az. The resolving power R of a grating will be considered greater, when it able to resolve the smaller AA, the closer the lines. In Fig. 1.9 the intensity pattern of two lines are produced by three gratings. We see that the grating B has the largest resolving power and grating Chas the largest dispersion. Now we wish to find the dependent factors of resolving. We have, R (1.25) dsin(@+A0) = mA+ = d(sin8 cosA@ +cos@sinA@) mh + zlyzl> Since A@ is very small, we take cosA@ * 1 and sinA@ ~ AO, hence we take the assumption. dsin@ + (dcos@)A@ = mA + i Again since, dsin®@ = mA, one can take a A A (deosayaa = 5 a Al —— 1.2 » Ae Ndcos@ 26) Now taking Eq. 1.25, R 4 AA _ AOA ~ ARO m_ AxNdcos@ — > Eqs. 1.24 & 1.21 Jas a {using Eqs. 1.24 & 1.26] Finally we find the resolving power of a grating, R=. a7 We see from Eq, 1.27, in a given order m the resolving power R is proportional to the total number of slits N’ but independent of their spacing d. 1.6 Examples Example 1.1: In a Fraunhofer diffraction due to narrow slit of width 0.02 cm, the screen is placed 2m away from the lens used to obtain the pattern. If the first minima lie 5 mm on either side of the central maxima, find the wavelength of light used. Solution: The path difference between two adjacent rays duc to single slit diffraction bsin@ = mA, herem=1 a sind = > b Dr. Md, Kamal-Al-Hassan ul Dept. of Physics, DUET, Gazipur Downloaded by Oviit Karmokar (ovltkarmokar85@qmall.com)1.6 Examples 1, DIFFRACTION Now let the first minima lie at x= 5 mm = 0.5 em of either side, The distance between the slit and the screen is assumed to be equal to the focal length of the lens, f = 2 m = 200 cm. Width of the slit b = 0.2 em Hence sind = +, f weean write * = 4 . we ca an by oka st f or A = 0O2 em or A 5000 A. Example 1.2: A plane transmission grating having 6000 lines/em is used to obtain a spectrum of light from a sodium lamp in the second order. Calculate the angular separation between the two sodium lines whose wavelengths are 5890 A and 5896 A. Solution: We have (b+e)sinO, = 2a, (1.28a) (b+c)sin® = 2A, (1.286) Here, 6 ‘ lere, bte = aapem A 5890 x 10 Sem Aa = 5896 10-* em From Eq, 1.28 sin @ 2.x 5890 x 10-8 em x 6000 cm! = 0.7068 o = 44°58" From Eq, 1.28b sin@; = 2x 5896 x 10-* em x 6000 em! = 0.7075 O = 45°2 ‘The angular separation A@ = 6 — 0; = 4. Example 1.3: A diffraction grating has 10000 rulings uniformly spaced over 25 mm. It is illuminated at normal incidence by yellow light from a sodium vapor lamp. This light contains two closely spaced lines of wavelengths 5890 A and 5895.9 A. (i) At what angle will the first-order maximum occur for the first of these wavelengths? (ii) What is the angular separation between the first-order maxima for these lines? Solution: (i) First wavelength 4, = 5890 A = 5890 x 10-* cm. Here, m = 1 ‘The grating spacing 5000 x 10~* em. Dr. Mid. Kamal-Al- sy socamentis avaiabe toe ot charge oo SEUDOCU.COM ‘8 PUFF Gazipur Downloaded by Oviit Karmokar (ovitkarmokar85@qmall.com)1.6 Examples 1, DIFFRACTION We know dsin@ = mA 1A 6 - 1 (mar sin (4 1 (1x 5890 x 10-8 cm sin (= * an 25000 x 10-* cm = sin '(0.2356) 13.6 (ii) We have AA = 5895.9 A— 5890 A = 5.9 x LO-8 cm d= 25000 x 10-8 em, m=1, 0 = 13.6" ‘We know AQ _ om AR dco mA 40 deos8 (1)(5.9 x 1078 em) (25000 x 10-¥ em)(cos 13.6°) = 24x10 rad = 0.014" Example 1.4: How many orders will be visible if the wavelength of incident radiation be 5000 A and the number of lines on the grating be 14000 in an inch? Solution: Grating constant d = 2342". The maximum angle of diffraction can be considered 90°. Weknow dsin@ = mA dsin@ a 2.54 cm x sin 90” 14000 x 5000 x 10-8 em 3.63 = 3 (m should be an integer) ‘Therefore, 3 orders will be visible in the grating spectra Example 1.5: A grating has 9600 lines uniformly spaced over a width 3.00 cm and is illumi- nated by light from the discharged of mercury light. (i) What is the expected dispersion, in the third order, in the vicinity of the intense green light (2 = 546 nm)? Gi) What is the resolving power of this grating in the fifth order? Solution: (i) We have A = 546 nm, m= 3. The grating space d = 25355-" = 3125 nm. a = ow (22) (3)(546 nm) = sn ( 3125 nm ) = 316", Dr. Md, Kamal-Al-Hassan 13 Dept. of Physics, DUET, Gazipur Downloaded by Oviit Karmokar (ovltkarmokar85@qmall.com)1.6 Examples 1, DIFFRACTION Now the dispersion m Teosd 3 (G125 nm) (cos 31.6%) = 113x103 rad/nm 0.0646? /nm. Gi) We have N = 9600, m=5 The resolving power R = Nm (9600)(5) 4.8 x 10%. ‘Thus, near 2 = $46 nm and in the fifth order, a wavelength difference given by 2 _ 546nm ORB aT O.OLL nm can be resolved Example 1.6: Light from sodium light is incident normally on a grating of 0.5 cm wide with 2500 rulings. (i) Will the two sodium lines be resolved in the first order spectrum? (ii) Calculate the angular separation between the two sodium lines of A; = 5890 A and Az = 5896 A, respectively. Solution: (i) We have A = 5890 A = 5890 x 10-8 cm, = m=1, AA = 5896 A—S890 A = 6x 10-* em, N=? Now the resolving power R Aemy 2 mAA 5890 x 10-8 em (1) 6x10-F em = 982. ‘Therefore, the two given lines of wavelengths 5890 A and 5896 A can be resolved by a grating of rulings N = 982. Since, the given grating has 2500 rulings, the two sodium lines be well resolved. (ii) First wavelength 2; = 5890 A = 5890 x 10-* em. Here, m= 1. ‘The grating spacing Sem Sem _ 9000 x 10-8 em. 2500 We know dsin@ = mA 1A 6 - 1 (mas sin 1 (2 1 (1x 5890 x 10-§ cm sint (= * 20000 x 10-¥ cm = sin '(0.2945) 17.13° Dr. Mid. Kamal-Al- sy socamentis avaiabe toe ot charge oo SEUDOCU.COM ‘8 PUFF Gazipur Downloaded by Oviit Karmokar (ovitkarmokar85@qmall.com)1.6 Examples 1, DIFFRACTION Now we know CC Bi deos8 mAh 40 = Toos0 (1)(6 x 10-8 cm) ~ (20000 x 10-* cm) (cos 17.13°) = 3.139 x 10"4 rad = 0.0188". Dr. Md. Kamal-Al-Hassan 15 Dept. of Physics, DUET, Gazipur Downloaded by Oviit Karmokar (ovltkarmokar85@qmall.com)