Cleaner Waste Systems 2 (2022) 100020

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Cleaner Waste Systems

journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/cleaner-waste-systems

Characterization and energy potential of municipal solid waste in Osogbo

metropolis ]]
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B.S. Adeboyea, , M.O. Idrisa, W.O. Adedejia, A.A. Adefajoa, T.F. Oyewusib, A. Adelekunc
⁎

a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
b
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Osun State, Nigeria

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The emission of methane from dumpsites remains a significant source of global environmental pollution concern.
Characterization This study investigated the physical composition and volume of municipal solid waste at the central dumpsite,
Waste Egbedi, Osogbo metropolis. The volume of landfill gas and concentration of methane gas that will be produced
Energy content via anaerobic digestion over a specified period towards the possibility of energy recovery were also estimated.
Osogbo metropolis
Results from the characterization of the municipal solid waste revealed that organic materials constitute the
Methane
highest fraction (35.71 %). The energy content of the organic material was determined to be 21,582.8 kJ/kg. The
methane generation potential from 2017 to 2025 was estimated to be around 41,125 tonnes by employing the
method proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Methane gas emitted can be
harvested and utilized as a renewable source of energy thereby mitigating pollution environmental occasioned
by the release of methane into the atmosphere from dumpsites most especially from developing countries to-
wards ensuring a sustainable city.

1. Introduction growth, economic development and industrialization, which has put

Rapid population growth and industrialization has resulted in a
daily surge in energy requirement across the globe. The energy re-
quirements to satisfy basic human needs such as welfare and health are
on the increase (Owusu and Sarkodie, 2016). The utilization of fossil
fuel in meeting these energy demands has negatively imparted the
environment. However, it is also very important to have access to en-
ergy to improve the quality of life as well as encourage economic de-
velopment. Recently, there has been concerted effort to explore other
energy sources and improve the technology available for energy con-
version and the urge to mitigate the impact of energy exploration and
utilization on climate change is also on the increase (Gielen et al.,
2019). Renewable energy resources have been identified as important
stakeholders that can shift focus from the petroleum resources thereby
mitigating the effect of its exploration and utilization on the environ-
ment.
Globally, it has been established that waste materials negatively
affect the environment and the health of man. The management of
waste fractions is a very complex and cost intensive service usually
provided by the government (Scarlat et al., 2015). There is a rapid rise
in the volume of waste in urban centers of the world due to population
pressure on the existing waste management facilities. Cities in most
developing countries most especially in sub-Saharan Africa are plagued
with issues related to disposal, collection and management of municipal
solid waste (MSW) due to increasing population and lack of infra-
structural development (Achankeng, 2003; Henry et al., 2006,). This
poor waste management practice being experienced in developing
countries is not sustainable and has grave consequences most especially
in relation to the health and environmental challenges of uncollected
wastes and improper management of waste collected (Scarlat et al.,
2015) Therefore the management of solid waste requires an integrated
approach which will involve the reduction of the volume of waste
generated, collection of waste generated, recovery of materials for re-
cycling and the generation of energy from wastes.
Although, there have been several efforts geared towards the re-
duction, reuse and recycling of waste materials, huge volume of wastes
are still required to be disposed in landfills/dumpsites. Different tech-
nologies can be employed in the disposal of waste and conversion of
same to energy. However, the choice of an appropriate option is de-
pendent on the local specific condition (UNEP, 2013). In order to de-
velop and implement effective strategies for the management of MSW,
information regarding the nature and composition of the different parts

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: busayo.adeboye@uniosun.edu.ng (BS. Adeboye).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2022.100020
Received 24 May 2022; Received in revised form 15 July 2022; Accepted 20 July 2022
2772-9125/© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd. CC_BY_4.0
B.S. Adeboye, M.O. Idris, W.O. Adedeji et al.
of MSW stream is required (Burnleya et al., 2007). This will assist in the
planning, formulation of policies and making appropriate decision as it
relates to the sizing of infrastructure for various aspect of an integrated
waste management solution (Gidarakos et al., 2005; Stanley and Barlaz,
2009).
Incineration of waste is an option for the disposal of waste with the
possibility of energy recovery. However, technical and economic con-
siderations limit the use of this technology developing economies
around the world most especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Landfill
method of waste disposal is a very common practice employed in waste
disposal which entails the direct disposal of wastes into landfill or open
dumps. It is a very common technology which is deployed in developing
economies due to its simplicity and low cost of setting up and main-
tenance when compared with other methods (Bexultan et al., 2019;
Stanley and Barlaz, 2009). The disposal of MSW in landfill presents a
viable option for waste management and an opportunity for energy
recovery via the capture of landfill gas (LFG), most especially in
countries with inadequate access to energy. LFG is a renewable energy
resource derived from the release of methane and some other gases
from landfill sites. The LFG released from the dumpsites can be col-
lected and used as a source of renewable energy since several million
tons of wastes are daily dumped on landfill/dumpsites. MSW contain a
high proportion of organic matter which undergoes biological de-
gradation under anaerobic conditions leading to the production of these
gases collectively termed LFG (Renou et al., 2008). The methane
component of LFG can be collected and used as a valuable source of
renewable energy while simultaneously reducing the emission of me-
thane gas which is a significant component of greenhouse gases which
are known to cause global warming resulting in a reduction in the effect
of climate change (Akintayo and Olonisakin, 2014).
This study aims to investigate the composition of MSW in Osogbo
metropolis with a view to integrating landfill option of MSW manage-
ment toward energy recovery for a sustainable city. The release of
methane gas from unmanaged landfill sites into the atmosphere has
serious impact on the environment and it represents a significant con-
tributor to the problem of global warming; therefore, estimating the
amount of methane gas liberated into the atmosphere from landfill sites
is very important as it will provide baseline data which will assist in
formulating appropriate counter measures involving energy recovery.
This will lead to the reduction in the concentration of methane gas in
the atmosphere. The reduction in the concentration of methane gas
released into the atmosphere via its capturing and utilization as an
energy resource has both economic and environmental benefits. This
technology need to be brought to the attention of major stakeholders in
Nigeria since most urban centers are grappling with energy crisis and
environmental pollution arising from improper waste management
practices. Therefore, the potential of methane emission from the major
dumpsite in Osogbo metropolis was investigated in this study.
2. Methodology
2.1. Study area
The investigation was executed in Osogbo which is the capital of
Osun State, Nigeria. Osogbo metropolis is the local government head-
quarters of Olorunda and Osogbo Local Government area. It is also the
capital of Osun State in the southwestern part of Nigeria. Having a total
geographic land mass of about 47 km2, it is bounded with other LGAs
such as Ede North, Ifelodun, Atakunmosa West, Egbedore, Ibokun and
Boripe (Osun State Government, 2016). Osogbo metropolis exists be-
tween Latitudes 7°42′ and 7°49′ N and Longitudes 4°30′ and 4°38′ E in
the southwestern part of Nigeria. Based on the report of the National
Population Commission (NPC), the population of the inhabitants of
Osogbo was estimated to be 381, 405 based on 2006 census. Using this
data as baseline and employing an annual growth rate of 3 %, Osogbo
was estimated to have 527,953 inhabitants as at 2017 (National Bureau
2
Cleaner Waste Systems 2 (2022) 100020
of Statistics, 2017). The rapidly increasing population of Osogbo makes
this city appropriate for this study since growth in population also leads
to a corresponding increase in waste generation. The study was con-
ducted at the Osun central dumpsite, Egbedi in Ido Osun, located in
Egbedore local government being part of Osun Capital Territory De-
velopment area. The dumpsite is accessible via the Iwo-Ibadan Federal
road and is the main dumpsite servicing Osogbo metropolis.
2.2. Materials and methods
Method for determining the composition of unprocessed MSW
waste, ASTM D523 was employed for the characterizing the sample
(ASTMD 5231-92). Representative samples of MSW were collected and
then homogenized over a period of three weeks. The homogenization
was carried out by separating the collected MSW samples into four
equal portions, two portions was discarded and the process repeated
until a significant portion of MSW weighing about 1 kg was left. The
waste sample was then manually separated into different fractions such
as plastics, paper, metal, ceramic, organic/food waste, sand, fabric
(clothing materials produced from weaving or knitting of fibers) and so
on. This procedure was done at three different locations on the
dumpsite, the individual weight of each fraction from each location
determined and the average value of from the three locations taken.
The organic portion of the waste sample is then subjected to further
experimental investigations. A scheme of the methodology employed is
shown in Fig. 1 below.
2.3. Physicochemical characterization of the organic content of MSW
The percentage volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash contents were
determined by employing the American Standard Test Methods
(Adeboye et al., 2021; Titiladunayo et al., 2018). Elemental composi-
tion (ultimate analysis) was carried out with the aid of an elemental
analyser (Flash EA (1112)).
Moisture content: 5 g of the organic sample was measured and
placed on a crucible. The crucible was then placed into an oven with the
temperature maintained at 105 °C for one hour based on ASTM D1348.
This procedure was replicated two more times and the average value of
difference in weight represents the moisture content.
Percentage volatile matter: test samples employed in the moisture
content determination was employed in determining the percentage
volatile matter in the samples. These samples were heated at 950 °C for
seven minutes in a furnace. The samples were cooled in a desiccator and
the average loss in weight taken as the volatile matter content.
Ash content: this was determined by employing the samples re-
maining in the crucible after volatile matter content determination.
These samples were ignited at 750 °C for 30 min according to the pro-
cedure specified by ASTM D5468-02. The average weight of residues
left after cooling represent the percentage of ash contained in the
samples.
Fixed carbon: according to ASTM D3172-07a, it refers to the re-
maining sample after removing the sum of the percentage moisture,
percentage amount of volatile, percentage amount of ash from the
100 % representing percentage initial weight of sample.
2.4. Energy content
The higher heating value of the organic fraction of the MSW was
determined by employing the modified form of Dulong formula
(Klingshrin and Albrechi, 1981) as shown in Eq. (1) below.
O
Qh = 337C + 1428 H + 95S
8 (1)
Where Qh represents the higher heating value (kJ/kg), C represents the
carbon content (%), H represents the hydrogen content (%), O is the
oxygen content (%) and S is the sulfur content (%). The lower heating
B.S. Adeboye, M.O. Idris, W.O. Adedeji et al.
Fig. 1. Landfill gas estimation and production at Egbedi dumpsite.
value (LHV) gives a better measure of heat released during actual op-
erating condition and is determined from Eq. (2) below as
LHV = HHV 0.0244(M + 9H)
where M represents the moisture content on dry basis and H the per-
centage of hydrogen.
2.5. Determination of the population generating waste
The population generating wastes was predicted by employing po-
pulation data released by the National Bureau of Statistics (2017) which
was based on the 2006 censors. These population data was then used as
basis for the adopting of the models presented in Eq. (3) (Ibikunle et al.,
2019).
Projected Population
= (Population Growth Rate × Present Population)
+ Present Population
2.6. Methane gas estimation
Methane production potential was determined by employing the
method of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), as
presented in Eq. (4) below
16
ECH4 = MSWT × MSWF × MCF × DOC × DOCF × F ×
12
ECH4 represents the methane emission( tonnes), MSWT represents
the total MSW generated (tonnes), MSWF represents the fraction of
MSW received at the landfill sites while MCF is known as the methane
correction factor which is dependent on the type of landfill practices
employed on site. The default range of value for MCF is between 0.4
and 1.0, a value of 0.6 usually adopted for an unmanaged landfill (Tsai,
2007). DOC is the portion of degradable organic carbon which is de-
pendent on the composition of the MSW and can be determined from
the Eq. (7) below as
DOC = 0.4P + 0.15K + 0.3W
DOCF represents the portion of the all degradable organic content
which actually decomposes and subsequently becomes landfill gas.
Usually, a value of 0.77 as specified by IPCC is employed. F represents
the fraction of methane contained in landfill gas. In the Eq. (7) above,
the fraction of paper/cardboard is represented by P, fraction of kitchen
Cleaner Waste Systems 2 (2022) 100020
waste in MSW represented by K, fraction of wood/leave is represented
by W while the waste generation rate per population is represented by
MSWT.
(2)
The total Municipal Solid Waste (MSWT) was determined from the
product of the rate of generation of solid waste within Osogbo me-
tropolis and the population in Osogbo metropolis while employing the
average waste generation rate for urban centers in Nigeria which has
been estimated to be 0.66 kg/capital/day (Tsai, 2007). The population
figure was based on the 2006 censors by employing an annual growth
rate of 3.0 % (National Bureau of Statistics, 2017) 0.74 was assumed as
the MSW factor because an approximate value of about 74 % of waste
generated in developing countries eventually gets to the dumpsites/
landfills (Ogunjuyigbe et al., 2017) Default values of used for MCF,
DOCF and F were 0.6, 0.77 and 0.5 respectively as specified by Johari
et al. (2012).
2.7. Production of landfill gas and determination of concentration of
methane under anaerobic conditions
(3)
Samples of biodegradable wastes were employed in the production
of landfill gas via digestion under anaerobic condition. About 30 g of
each biodegradable waste sample was transferred into a 250 ml digester
and 50 ml of distilled water gradually added into the digester and then
tightly sealed using a rubber cork to prevent air from entering. The set
up was left for about 10 day under ambient conditions. Gas sample was
then taken out using a 10 ml syringe and subsequently transferred into a
gas chromatography analyser to determine the composition of the gas
(4)
(Johari et al., 2012). The gas produced under anaerobic gas was then
analyzed for methane gas using a Varian 3800/4000 gas chromato-
graph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with a capillary column
DB5ms (30.0 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness). Under optimum
GC conditions, an aliquot of extract (0.5 µL) was injected into the GC
inlet operating split mode (5:1, split flow 10 ml min−1) at an initial
pressure of 2.6 bar and temperature of 200 °C. Helium was used as a
carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 ml min−1.
3. Results and discussion
(7)
3.1. Solid waste composition
The composition of municipal solid waste at the dumpsite is shown
in Table 1 below. The average percentage composition of each fraction
of waste from the site was 35.71% organic matter, 21.6 % plastic,
12.03 % paper, 2.75% metal, 6.47 % fabric and 12.52 % miscellaneous
3
B.S. Adeboye, M.O. Idris, W.O. Adedeji et al. Cleaner Waste Systems 2 (2022) 100020

Table 1
Composition of MSW at the central dumpsite in Egbedi, Osogbo metropolis.

Component Weight (%) Week 1 Weight (%) Week 2 Weight (%) Week 3 Average %

Plastic 21.76 20.13 22.9 21.60

Paper/cardboard 15.20 16.38 4.5 12.03
Metals 0.54 0.00 7.7 2.75
Ceramic/glass 6.61 1.78 18.4 8.93
Organic 35.53 33.20 38.4 35.71
Fabric 9.31 10.1 0.0 6.47
Miscellaneous (sand/ash etc) 11.05 18.41 8.1 12.52
Total 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0

waste (mostly sand). The composition of MSW reveals the socio eco-
nomic and sociocultural lifestyle of the inhabitants of a location and the
volume of MSW has been identified to be directly affected by the fi-
nancial status of the households in any location (Kamran et al., 2015).
From Table 1, organic materials have the highest percentage followed
by plastics while metal has the least percentage. People earning more
income tend to consume product that are well packaged with inorganic
materials such as plastic product and other non-biodegradable products
(Mboowa et al., 2017). Most semi urban and rural household generates
a high percentage of biodegradables substances as waste. This reveals
that Osogbo metropolis is a blend of rural dwellers, semi-urban dwellers
and urban dwellers. The high percentage of waste products such as
plastic, paper and other recyclable materials is an indication that re-
using and recycling of materials is poorly implemented in the area
(Letshwenyo and Kgetseyamore, 2020). Only metallic materials are
currently being recycled and usually carried out by scavengers collect
these metallic materials for recycling before getting to the dumpsite
which accounts for the low percentage composition of metals on the
dumpsite.
3.2. Physicochemical characterization of the organic content of MSW
Results of proximate and ultimate analyses of the component from
the dumpsite are presented in Table 2. Moisture content was de-
termined to be 48.74 % this was due to the fact that the study was
carried out during the wet season coupled with the fact that the organic
fraction majorly consist of agricultural and food wastes. High moisture
content has been determined to have a positive effect in the production
of methane on landfill sites (Gurijala and Suflita, 1993; Kazuyuki and
Katsuyuki, 2012). Therefore, the high moisture content of the biode-
gradable fraction favors the production of methane. Volatile matter
content of the organic fraction of the MSW was 34.39 %, volatile matter
content influences the rate at which a solid fuel burnout and a high
percentage of volatile matter indicates that a solid fuel contains large
amount of useful gases such as methane which can be released easily
when such material is subjected to a heating regime (Durogbitan,
2019). The ash content of the MSW was determined to be 6.86 % which
is relatively low and is within the range 0.49–12.58 %, which is said to
Table 2
Proximate and ultimate analyses of organic fraction from MSW at
the central dumpsite in Egbedi, Osogbo metropolis.
Parameters Organic fraction of MSW
Proximate analysis (wt%)
Fixed carbon 10.01
Volatile matter 34.39
Ash content 6.86
Moisture content 48.74
Ultimate analysis (wt%)
Hydrogen 6.98
Nitrogen 1.56
Carbon 50.09
Sulfur 1.23
Oxygen 30.15
indicate lower quantity of salt, heavy metal and chlorine and other
organic pollutants thereby making the management of the MSW easier
and also advantageous to the environment (Durogbitan, 2019; Lam
et al., 2010). The fixed carbon content of MSW was determined to be
10.01 %. Fixed carbon content refers to the residue left after the per-
centage moisture content, volatile matter content and ash content have
been removed from a solid fuel. With increases in the amount of
charcoal generated from MSW, there is a corresponding increase in the
energy content for such waste which is a function of the fixed carbon
content. (Durogbitan, 2019; FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation),
1995).
The percentage elemental composition which is employed in the
determination of composition, volume of air needed for combustion and
volume of combustible gases (Raju et al., 2014) of the organic fraction
is also presented in Table 2 and shows that the carbon content is
50.09 %. The high percentage of carbon enhances the heating value of
the fuel thereby making it a good energy resource. Hydrogen content
was determined to be 6.98 % which is slightly beyond the range of
2.31–4.37 % specified by Durogbitan (2019) for MSW. Nitrogen and
sulphur contents were determined to be 1.56% and 1.23 % respectively
which are both within acceptable limits indicating that the effect of air
pollution as a result of the emission of oxides of these elements will be
reduced. Oxygen content of 30.15 % is within the range of 30–40 %
specified by Chaney (2010).
3.3. Energy content
The calorific value represents the energy content of a solid fuel.
Different terms are usually employed in describing the energy content
of a solid fuel such as Gross Heating Value (GHV), Higher Heating Value
(HHV), Lower Heating Value (LHV), Net Heating Value (NEV). Usually
for a developing country like Nigeria, the calorific values of MSW waste
fractions are usually lower than for industrialized countries because of
the higher percentage of moisture, organic and mineral contents in the
waste (Novita and Damanhuri, 2010). Heating value of MSW is de-
pendent on the elemental composition and proximate analysis. The
higher heating value and lower heating value of the organic fraction of
municipal solid waste were determined to be 21,582.8 kJ/kg and
21,580.1 kJ/kg respectively with the difference representing the energy
content of water vapor in the organic material. For solid wastes a ca-
lorific value of 7.5–17 MJ/kg is prescribed before they can be said to be
a fuel source (Lee et al., 2013; Whiting, 2002). The relatively higher
value of calorific value for the organic fraction of MSW makes it very
suitable to be used as fuel. However, it has a lower calorific value
compared with that of coal having a range of 37–40 MJ/kg (Fetene
et al., 2018; Heylighen, 2001). Practically, it means that the energy
produced by a kilogram of coal is approximately two times the energy
produced by the same quantity of organic fraction of MSW. Though the
heating value of this fraction is low indicating lower power output per
unit mass when compared with coal, the utilization is regarded as a
source of renewable energy which is free and has the added advantage
of waste utilization.

4
B.S. Adeboye, M.O. Idris, W.O. Adedeji et al. Cleaner Waste Systems 2 (2022) 100020

Table 3
Expected methane generation in at the central dumpsite in Egbedi, Osogbo metropolis between 2017 and 2025.

Year MSWt (tonnes) MSWf MCF DOC DOCf F 16/12 Methane (tonnes)

2017 127,184 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4048

2018 130,999 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4170
2019 134,930 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4295
2020 138,977 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4424
2021 143,147 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4556
2022 147,441 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4693
2023 151,864 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4834
2024 156,420 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 4979
2025 161,112 0.74 0.6 0.14 0.77 0.5 1.33 5128

3.4. Methane gas estimation

Estimates and projections of the methane produced from the MSW

from the dumpsite during the years 2017–2025 are presented in
Table 3. Methane emission from Egbedi dumpsite was increasing stea-
dily until a maximum of 5128 tonnes by the year 2025 which was in
agreement with the submission of Daura et al. (2014) who also reported
increase in methane emission until the 10th year for some of the
dumpsites considered. A total of 41,125 tonnes of methane will be
produced during the period under consideration. This value is depen-
dent on the volume and composition of the waste generated which is
also a function of the rate of development of the city.

3.5. Concentration of methane in the landfill gas produced under anaerobic

condition from organic fraction

Fig. 2. GC-MS of the landfill gas under optimum condition.

A breakdown of the composition of the landfill as produced under
anaerobic condition is shown in Table 4 and the GC-MS of landfill gas
yield at optimum condition is shown in Fig. 2. The concentration of
oxygen, ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen in the
landfill sites are 0.18 %, 4.17 %, 2.30 %, 18.62 %, 58.49 % and 0.03.
Methane has the highest concentration of 58.49 % which is close to the
value of 61.1 % reported by Nagamori et al. (2013) indicating that
methane is a very substantial part of landfill gas. This gas can be de-
plored in the production of electricity via combustion processes uti-
lizing Organic Rankine cycle or through the use of biogas generator
(Lee et al., 2013).
4. Conclusion
Physical characterization of MSW at the central dumpsite in Egbedi,
Osogbo metropolis revealed that the MSW is composed predominantly
of organic fraction (35.71 %) and other high combustible materials like
plastic (21.60 %), paper/cardboard (12.03 %), and fabric (6.47 %) re-
presenting 76.08 % of the total wastes of Osogbo metropolis, suggesting
that these waste fractions can be deplored for energy generation and
ultimately environmental pollution mitigation. The higher heating
value and lower heating value of the organic component of the MSW
were evaluated to be 21,582.8 kJ/kg and 21,580.1 kJ/kg which con-
firms its suitability for energy recovery. A total of 41,125 tonnes of
methane will be produced between 2017 and 2025 and further in-
vestigations reveal from anaerobic digestion of organic fraction re-
vealed that a high percentage of the landfill gas is methane which re-
presents significant contributor to the challenge of global warming. To
ensure a sustainable city, actions must be taken to mitigate the negative
consequence of the release of this gas by trapping the gas and deploring
it as a source of renewable energy through the production of electricity
via combustion processes utilizing Organic Rankine Cycle or by em-
ploying a biogas generator for powering small and medium scale in-
dustries and commercial enterprises. A robust approach must be de-
veloped for solid waste management for Osogbo metropolis in order to
harness energy from solid wastes to compliment the inadequate energy
supply from the national grid thereby reducing the over-dependence on
conventional fuel from fossil sources and also increase the production of
cleaner energy which is more beneficial to the environment.

Table 4
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of landfill gas from central dumpsite, Egbedi, Osogbo metropolis.

Peak Retention time Gas Molecular formula Molecular mass Peak area (%) % Composition

1 9.48 Helium He 4 5.97 0.02

2 10.31 Nitrogen N2 28 9.03 2.30
3 13.48 Ethane C2H6 30 7.48 4.17
4 14.00 Methane CH4 16 20.05 58.49
5 IS Standard STD STD IS STD
6 23.00 Hydrogen H2 2 6.62 0.03
7 26.25 Carbon dioxide CO2 44 13.05 18.62
8 28.75 Oxygen O2 32 4.01 0.18
9 31.25 Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 34 5.01 0.12
10 34.50 Argon/Oxygen composite- Ar/O2 18/32 3.72 0.09
11 43.50 Carbon monoxide CO 28 3.01 0.06

5
B.S. Adeboye, M.O. Idris, W.O. Adedeji et al.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
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