SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE
Quarter 1 | Week 7

Natural Hazard, Mitigation and

Adaptation

SHS—Earth & Life Science

Competency: Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides (S11/12ES-If-30)

1
Earth & Life Science - SHS
Self-Learning Package
Natural Hazard, Mitigation and Adaptation
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

By the Department of Education
Schools Division of Iloilo
Luna Street, La Paz, Iloilo City

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lo.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this learning resource may be reproduced or

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Development Team of Self-Learning Package

Writer: Roditha O. Gonzales

Illustrator: Armand Glenn S. Lapor

Layout Artists: Lilibeth E. Larupay, Armand Glenn S. Lapor, Zaldy M. Tondo

Emmanuel S. Sasi

Reviewer: Zaldy M. Tondo

Division Quality Assurance Team: Lilibeth E. Larupay, Zaldy M. Tondo

Armand Glenn S. Lapor

Management Team: Dr. Roel F. Bermejo, Dr. Nordy D. Siason

Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque, Dr. Azucena T. Falales
Ruben S. Libutaque, Lilibeth E. Larupay
Zaldy M. Tondo

SHS—Earth & Life Science

Competency: Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides (S11/12ES-If-30)

2
Introductory Message
Welcome!

The Self-Learning Package for Senior High School is developed to guide you our
dear learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum.

The Self-Learning Package aims to guide our learners in accomplishing activi-

ties at their own pace and time. This also aims to assist learners in developing and
achieving the lifelong learning skills while considering their needs and situations.

For learning facilitator:

The Self-Learning Package is developed to address the current needs of the

learner to continue learning in the comforts of their homes or learning centers. As the
learning facilitator, make sure that you give them clear instructions on how to study
and accomplish the given activities in the material. Learner’s progress must be moni-
tored.

For the learner:

The Self-Learning Package is developed to help you, dear learner, in your needs
to continue learning even if you are not in school. This learning material aims to pri-
marily provide you with meaningful and engaging activities for independent learning.
Being an active learner, carefully read and understand to follow the instructions given.

REMEMBER ….
To answer the given exercises, questions and assessment, USE your Activity Note-
book or Answer Sheet. When you are DONE, wait for the teacher/volunteer to collect your
activity notebook/ answer sheet.

Good luck and God bless.

SHS—Earth & Life Science

Competency: Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides (S11/12ES-If-30)

3
 SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN

EARTH AND
LIFE SCIENCE
Natural Hazards, Mitigation & Adaptation
Learning Competency:
Describe the various hazards that may
happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides
(S11/12ES-If-30)
4
 LESSON 1: Geologic Processes and Hazards

Ready to Launch!
Natural hazards are events that occur as part of the natural cycles of
Earth and may cause potential damage to a community. An event that causes
widespread losses (human, economic, and environmental) and disrupts the
normal functioning of a community is called disaster.
Vulnerability, refers to the “characteristics and circumstances of a com-
munity, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a
hazard.” This module focuses on the identification of some major natural haz-
ards and what communities can do to reduce their vulnerability to potential
disasters. The Philippines, by nature of its geographic location, is vulnerable to
many natural hazards.

Aim at the Target!

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earth-
quakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

Try This!
Instruction: Identify the phenomena represented by the picture.
Write it on your answer sheet.
3.
1.

2. 4.

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 Keep This in Mind!
Activity 1. Geologic Processes and Hazards
Instruction: Philippines is a country prone to calamities or disas
ters. Given the following pictures below, describe
how Philippines vulnerable to the effects of earth
quake, volcanic eruptions, and landslides by identi
fying the date of occurrence, cause, and damage. Write
your ans

1. The Taal volcano erupted Sunday,

January 19,2020 on the Philippine isl
of Luzon, spewing ash up to 9 miles in
the air and forcing large-scale evacua-
tions.

2. A man looks at a cracked road run-

ning past collapsed houses in the Cher
Hills residential subdivision of suburb
Antipolo on August 4, 1999, following
landslide.

Analysis

Instruction: After performing the activity. Answer the following

questions. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. What are the common geologic hazards?

2. What do these calamities brought by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or

landslides tell about our country in terms of vulnerability?

3. What could be done to minimize future casualties given the lack of

resources to rebuild?

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Abstraction and Generalization
Common Geologic Hazards
• Earthquake
The plate tectonics theory explains that interaction of plates occurs
on their edges or boundaries. The Philippines is geographically lo-
cated near the boundaries of active tectonic plates. It is specifically
near the edge of the Philippine Plate that is constantly pushed by an active
Pacific Plate.
Areas that are at risk to earthquakes may also experience other
hazards associated with earthquakes. These include

(a) Ground shaking—the vibration of the ground due

to plate movement or seismic waves during an
earthquake. Ground shaking can damage struc-
tures and cause the sinking of the ground.

(b) Surface faulting—the tearing of the ground when

the movement of a fault deep within Earth breaks
through to ground surface. Surface faulting has
caused the appearance of gaps on the ground.

(c) Tsunamis—very high, large waves or seismic

waves caused by the sudden movement of the o
floor due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
made explosions, and on some occasions, landsli

the following:

• Volcanic Eruptions

The location of the Philippines in the Pacif

ic Ring of Fire is near the subduction zone
the Pacific Plate. Recall that the subductio
zone is the sinking region of a convergent plat
boundary. Here, the Pacific Plate which is a
oceanic subducting (sinking) plate, move
downward to the mantle as the other convergen
plate, the Philippine Plate, stays on top. Apa
from this, the Philippines belongs to the Pacific Ring of Fire, where volcanic
activities are frequent. Recall that being at or near the boundary of a tectonic
plate poses geological hazard to an area.
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 Because of the activity of these plates, the Philippines is prone to
volcanic eruptions. In fact, most islands in the Philippines are of volcanic
origin. The trenches (shown in Figure 1.1) surrounding the Philippines are formed
from collisional boundaries of tectonic plates. According to PHILVOCS, there are
more than 20 historically active volcanoes in the country that have manifested a
volcanic activity in the last 600 years.
Volcanic activities may also be followed by other related hazards such as lahar
flows, ash fall, pyroclastic flow, ballistic projectiles, emission of volcanic gases and
lava flows. These hazards prompt the evacuation of affected communities because
of the significant changes in the physical and biological profile of the environment.

Fig. 1.4. Distribution map of volcanoes in the Philippines.

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• Landslides

Landslides occur in sloping terrain. Usually, if the soil

s not compact and devoid of vegetation, gravity can
drive soil and rocks to slide. There are many natural
actors that can induce a landslide such as wind and
water. Landslide can also be triggered by rainfall or or
earthquake. Fig.1.5. A landslide in Compostela Valley
Province.

Rainfall-induced landslides In sloping areas,

the gravitational descent of loosened soil makes it
possible for landslides to occur. This is a common
phenomenon in places with tropical climates after
very intense and long rains during the wet season.
Landslides could especially be serious in densely
populated areas where weak and heavy structures are
built on slopes. Fig.1.6. Rainfall-induced landslides in
southern Italy in the 20th century.

Earthquake-induced landslide. This type of

landslide happens during and after an earth-
quake when a piece of weakened landslides off
primarily due to gravity. The development of frail
rock or soil foundation may be due to the natural
makeup of the soil consisting of a softer layer be-
neath solid bedrock; man-made activities that in-
duce erosion, such as deforestation, excavation,
mining, and quarrying; or thunder and other vi-
brations from natural ground activities. Fig.1.7.
An earthquake-induced landslide in El Salvador

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 Application

Instruction: Identify the three geologic processes, then draw how

you picture it and write a short description of each.
Write it on your answer sheet.

Geologic Hazards Illustrate Describe

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 Reflect
Earthquakes pose several hazards to our natural and built environment.
Reducing the impact of an earthquake requires preparation, planning, and
practice.
When was the last time you had an earthquake drill? Did you take it
seriously? Why or why not?

Reinforcement & Enrichment

Assume that your community is situated near an active volcano.

As the head of the sports committee of the Sangguniang
Kabataan in your locality, you want to propose a sports program
to be part of the local government’s disaster plan. You plan to
present this program to the members of the committee on your next meeting.
Draft a fitness program designed to prepare the community for an emergency
run. List 5 exercises that help strengthen leg muscles and promote endur-
ance. Your fitness program should include simple instructions for the exercise
routines. The participants of this fitness program should be able to complete the
exercises in 20 minutes.

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 Assess Your Learning
Instruction: Choose only one (1) between the two pictures, and
describe the various hazards that cause by earth
quake, volcanic eruptions or landslides. Give at least
three sentences. Write it on your answer sheet

(A) (B)

2. Instruction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong.

Write it on your answer sheet.
__________(a) The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHILVOLCS) is a service Institute of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters
that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquake, tsu nami and
other related geotectonic phenomena.
__________(b) Hazards are always accompanied with a disaster.
__________(c) Volcanoes with no records of eruptions and are physically
changed by agents of weathering and erosion are considered inac
tive.

__________(d) Calamities can be prevented but disasters cannot.

__________(e) Earthquakes can be tectonic or volcanic in nature.

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LESSON 2: Geologic Processes and Hazards

Ready to Launch!
A landslide is the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris
down a slope due to gravity. It occurs when driving force is greater than the
resisting force. It is a natural process that occurs in steep slopes. The
movement may range from very slow to rapid. It can affect areas both near and
far from the source.
In this module you will be able to identify human activities that speed up
or trigger landslides and suggest ways to help lessen the occurrence of
landslides in your community.

Aim at the Target!

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• use hazard maps to identify areas prone to hazards brought about by

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides; and

• identify human activities on your community that speed up or trigger

landslides.

Try This!
Instruction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer
on your answer sheet.

1. Which province in the Philippines is ranked the second at risk to

volcanic eruption?
A. Sulu B. Nueva Viscaya C. Camiguin D. Cavite
2. There are many ways to help prevent damage to your home and family
from a landslide. First, you must establish how much your home is at
risk. Which of these is a big sign of danger?
A. strong wind B. extreme erosion C. cold weather D. flood
3. Assuming you are not in immediate danger, which of these is a sensible
thing to do before leaving when evacuating your home because of a land
slide?
A. panic and scream, causing chaos and disorder
B. get distracted by television or radio
C. run extremely fast
D. turn off all electrical items and the main switch
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 Keep This in Mind!
Activity 2
Instruction: List down on the table below any human activities
that are applicable to your community. First column
will be the human activity which you believe are
contributing to the occurrence of landslides in your
community. Second column; write down how these
can be prevented, or if these existing activities can
still be prevented.

Human Activity How can be prevented or if the existing

activity can be prevented.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Activity 3

Instruction: Use the hazard map provided for you and identify at
least 10 provinces that are at high risk to earth
quakes. Choose your answer in the word bank. Write
your answer on your answer sheet

Surigao del Sur Iloilo Pangasinan Tarlac Palawan Pampanga

La Union Mindoro Benguet Davao Oriental Ifugao
Capiz Nueva Vizcaya General Santos Nueva Ecija

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10. ___________________________

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 Analysis

The following are the list of most common human activities that
will trigger and hasten the occurrence of landslides.

a.Removal of vegetation
b. Interference with, or changes to the natural drainage
c. Leaking pipes such as water and sewer
d. Modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways, buildings,
subdivisions
e. Overloading slopes
f. Mining and quarrying activities
g. Vibration from heavy traffic, blasting during road constructions of
nearby mining activities
h. Excavation of rocks

Instruction: Answer the following questions and write it on your answer

sheet.
1. Write your own observation in one of the human activities listed above.

2. Which of the following list of human activities are applicable to your

community?

3. What are other human activities which you think can also hasten
landslides?

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Abstraction and Generalization

• Managing Landslides
If your house is located in a landslide-prone area, structural
reinforcements may sometimes not be enough to ensure your safety. Depend-
ing on geological findings in your area, you might need to abandon your house
and relocate to safer grounds. If the landslide event is not very critical, you may
secure your place by doing the following:
(a) plant more trees for better anchorage and compaction of soil surrounding
your property and its vicinities.
(b) Build channels for diversion of mudflow or debris flow to direct it away
from your property. Make sure though that the diversion does not adversely
affect any neighbor or any property.
(c) Familiarize yourself with surroundings and the type of land it is made up
of. Identify low-lying areas where debris flow or a landslide can possibly
occur. Do not build any structure on or near that area.
(d) Observe patterns of storm water drainage and runoff especially in places
where they converge with other sources of runoffs. Avoid these areas when
there is a storm or heavy rainfall. Inform your household members to avoid
steep areas that are oversaturated with rainwater and are more suscepti-
ble to the effects of gravity.
The following are the list of most common human activities that will
trigger and hasten the occurrence of landslides.

(a) Removal of vegetation

(b) Interference with, or changes to the natural drainage
(c) Leaking pipes such as water and sewer
(d) Modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways, buildings,
subdivisions
(e) Overloading slopes
(f) Mining and quarrying activities
(g) Vibration from heavy traffic, blasting during road constructions of nearby
mining activities
(h) Excavation of rocks

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 When earthquake occurs the shaking of the ground are usually accom-
panied by other environmental risk such as landslides. The figure below
shows the locations that are vulnerable to earthquake-induced landslide.
Most of the provinces, except Palawan, are susceptible to landslide hazards. The
top ten provinces that are at risk to earthquake-induced shallow land-
slides are:
1. Ifugao
2. Lanao Del Sur
3. Sarangani
4. Benguet
5. Mountain Province
6. Bukidnon
7. Aurora
8. Davao del Sur
9. Davao Oriental
10. Rizal

Ifugao, Lanao del Sur and Sarangani ranked high because of their high
vulnerability to disasters while Rizal ranked the lowest. Benguet, despite its
low vulnerability, ranked four because of its high exposure factor or popula-
tion density. Aurora ranked higher than Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental
despite its low vulnerability compared with the other two provinces. This is
due to the fact that the whole of Aurora is more susceptible to landslide than
the other two provinces.

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Application
Instruction: According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHILVOCS), the top 10 provinces
that are at risk to earthquakes are Surigao del Sur,
La union, Benguet, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Tarlac,
Ifugao, Davao Oriental, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija.
A. Showing the Philippine hazard map
for earthquakes, what are the similari-
ties of the areas prone to earthquakes?
Write your answer on your answer
sheet.

B. Cite 2 human activities that trigger

landslide and suggest ways to help less-
en the occurrence of landslides in your
community. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.

Reflect

Have you ever been joining a tree planting activity on any organization
in school or in your community? What do you think is the main purpose of
planting trees of such organization? How could you contribute to your com-
munity to uplift the living environment?

___________________________________________________.

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 Reinforcement & Enrichment

Landslides may occur without warning. It will brings long

term effects not only on communities but also on the environment.
This hazard can lead to a number of fatalities especially if no dis-
aster reduction plans are in place.
If your house is located below a steep slopes what should
you do in order for you and your family as well as your neighbor to be safe
and to avoid too much hazard or to minimize the damage brought by land-
slides?

Assess Your Learning

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.
1. Which best explains the occurrences of earthquake in our country?
a. Philippines is within the Pacific Ring of Fire
b. Philippines has a lot of active volcanoes.
c. Philippines is an archipelago.
d. Philippines has many fault lines.
2. Which natural hazards results to flooding, property damage, fatalities and fire?
a. tsunamis b. earthquake c. volcanic eruption d. hurricane
3. Which province in the Philippines is ranked the second at risk to volcanic eruption?
a. Sulu b. Nueva Viscaya c. Camiguin d. Cavite
4. Assuming you are not in immediate danger, which of these is a sensible thing to do
before leaving when evacuating your home because of a landslide?
a. panic and scream, causing chaos and disorder c. run extremely fast
b. get distracted by television or radio d. turn off all electrical items and the main
switch
5. If your place is at risk of landslide, which should you do to prepare for it?
a. Choose a safe place in every room in your home.
b. Develop a disaster plan.
c. Contact your relatives for possible evacuation
d. Inform all proper authorities for possible landslide that may occur.

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 References & Photo Credits

CHERRY HILLS: https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/212440-list-deadly-landslides-philippines

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE, DIWA Textbook Senior High School Series, pp.69-83

EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE. https://phys.org/news/2018-07-landslides-earthquakes.html

landslides-sou/

DISTRIBUTION MAP OF VOLCANOES. http://vm.observatory.ph/images/Geophys_hires/

volcano_distribution.jpg

GROUND SHAKING. https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/News-and-Events/Media-Releases/strongest-ground-

shaking-in-NZ

OTON MAP. https://nona.net/features/map/placedetail.1485613/Oton/

RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDE. https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/2016/2/5/changes-

occurrence-rainfall-induced

RISK TO EARTHQUAKE MAP. http://vm.observatory.ph/images/Geophys_hires/risk_earthquakes.jpg

SURFACE FAULTING. http://static4.emsc-csem.org/Files/news/Earthquakes_reports/

KALININGRAD_surface_observations.php

TAAL ERUPTION: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-19/philippines-keeps-guard-on-

deadly-volcano-eruption-

amid-quakes

TSUNAMI. https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/what-tsunami-ncna943571

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/introduction-to-landslide

https://www.greening.gov.hk/en/about_gltms/purpose_objectives.html

https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/39084750401

https://www.needpix.com/photo/1838994/landscape-volcano-eruption-lava-mountain-smoke-geology-
free-pictures-free-photos

https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/news/20180806_pr_closure.htm

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