INTELLIGENCE AND

COGNITION
 THINKING

- When answering, we scan images stored

in our memory to answer the questions

Have you ever tried a kiwi ?

How do we know an
individual is thinking?
 THINKING

- Cognitive psychologist (Ulric Neisser, 1967)

examines thinking by investigating on how
people…..
+Solving problems,
+Making decisions, understand the world,
+Using language and communicate their thoughts to
others…
 THINKING
What advantages of using
concepts in thinking?

-Reducing load of memory

-Developing ability to
communicate
=> easy communication with
much information
-Allowing to predict the world

Application in providing
training?
How do you often solve
your daily problem(s) ?
 Problem solving methods

+ Using algorithms:
A systematic procedure (specified set of steps) for
solving a problem which may involve evaluating
all possible solutions (Ashcraft, 2002; Medin et al.,
2000)
+ Using heuristics approach: educated
guesses or rules of thumb for
solving problems
 Problem solving methods

What are advantages and

disadvantages of using algorithms
and/or heuristics approaches for
problem solving?
 DECISION MAKING

What are differences between problem

solving and decision making ?
 What are differences between problem solving and decision
making ?

Role differences between managers and executives ?

PS: process of finding a solution to something that needs to

change or a deviation from what we expect to happen

DM: process of choosing from among alternatives to move

the company up and forward, to change what we have been
doing to support a strategy that promises innovation and
growth.
Example ?
 Do we often use algorithm or
heuristics approaches in decision
making? Why?
 THINKING AND LANGUAGE
-Is it a beautiful vase ?
-Can you recognize that
two persons are going to
kiss each other?

How may the guiding

questions (language)
influence thinking?
 THINKING AND LANGUAGE

I do encourage you to introduce new ideas

There is no way to apply your ridiculous
ideas

My favorite teacher left me forever

My favorite teacher died of cancer

How to apply in HRM?

 INTELLIGENCE
What
characteristics
do we expect to
observe in
someone who is
judged to be
intelligent ? Albert Einstein
 INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence: The cognitive
abilities of an individual to
learn from experience, to
reason well, and to cope with
the demands of daily living
(Lahey, 2002)

-Intelligence is how well a

person is able to use cognition
in coping with world
 INTELLIGENCE
Is intelligence general or
specific abilities?
-Sir Francis Galton (1822-
1911): Intelligence is a single
general factor which underlies
each of our specific abilities

-Howard Gardner (1983)

introduces seven independent
types of intelligence
 INTELLIGENCE
How to measure human
intelligence ?

Using IQ test to measure IQ

score

(Albert Einstein has IQ score

above 130 (about 2% of
population)
 INTELLIGENCE
Both our heredity and
our experiences
combine to determine
our level of
intelligence (Plomin & 50% – 60% (Plomin et al., 1997;
Petrill, 1997) Snyderman & Rothman, 1987)
 How are intelligence scores important in
modern society?

-Many occupations are available only to persons with

college or graduate degrees, high IQ persons tend to
qualify for advanced education => more likely to
complete advanced courses when admitted (Brody, 1997)

-Take less time to train person with higher IQ to a high

level of job performance (Hunt, 1995)
 How are intelligence scores important in
modern society?

-More intelligent individuals tend to perform better in

complex jobs (involved making judgments in
changing situations – Gotfredson, 1997)

-People with higher IQ in nonprofessional jobs => more

likely to be promoted into more complex ones (Wilk,
Desmarais & Sackett, 1995)
 INTELLIGENCE
Are people
becoming more
and more
intelligent? Why
or why not?
 INTELLIGENCE

-Nutrition and health

improvements
-Levels of education
increase
-Decrease of the number
of children per family
-Degree of environmental
complexity
 INTELLIGENCE

How to
improve our
level of
intelligence?
 IMPROVING OF INTELLIGENCE

-Taking nutritious and

healthy food

-Further our education

-Joining in environmental
complexity
THANK YOU