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Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
po: Bo = Bow exp [col P» — P)] (2.30) where, Bes = oil formation volume factor at the bubbie-point pressure ¢.= oil compressibility, psi-* Col (2) of Table 1.2 shows the variation in the volume of a reservoir fluid relative to the volume at the bubble point of 2695 psig, as measured in the laboratory. These relative volume factors (RVF) may be converted to for- mation volume factors if the formation volume factor at the bubble point is known. For example, if By, = 1.391 bbU/STB, then the formation volume fac- tor at 4100 psig is B, at 4100 psig = 1.391(0.9829) = 1.367 bbVSTB.38 Iniroduction to Reservoir Engineering TABLE 1.2. Relative volume data a) @) Pressure, psig RVF*Y, 3000 0.9739 4700 0.9768 4400 0.9799 4100 0.9829 3800 0.9862 3600 0.9886 3400 0.9309 3200 0.9934 3000 0.9360 2900 0.9972 2800 0.9985 2695 1.0900 *Y,= volume relative to the volume at the bubble-point pressure V, laboratory data. 6.3. Isothermal Compressibility Sometimes it is desirable to work with values of the liquid compressibility rather than the formation or relative volume factors. The compressibility, or the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid, is defined by: Vv ap an Co= Because dVidp is a negative slope, the negative sign converts the compres- sibility c, into a positive number. Because the values of the volume V and the slope of dVidp are different at each pressure, the compressibility is different at each pressure, being higher at the lower pressure. Average compressibilities may be used by writing Eq. (1.1) in the difference form as: 1 W-%) =-1x rn aCe) (1.31) The reference volume V in Eq. (1.31) may be Vi, Vs, or an average of Vj and ¥,. It is commonly reported for reference to the smaller volume—that is, the volume at the higher pressure. Then the average compressibility of the fluid of Table 1.2 between 5000 psig and 4100 psig is 9739 ~ 0.9739 (5000 = 5 git 00) ~ 10-27 x 19°6 psi 6. Review of Crude Oil Properties 39 Between 4100 psig and 3400 psig, 0.9909 = 0.9829 _ ).9829 (4100 — 3400) c= = 11.63 x 10-6 psi™! And between 3400 psig and 2695 psig, __1.0000- 0.9909 _ ne ccet 0 9909 (400 — 3695) ~ 13-03 x 10°° psi A compressibility of 13.03 x 10°¢ psi~! means that the volume of 1 million barrels of reservoir fluid will increase by 13.03 bbls for a reduction of 1 psi in pressure. The compressibility of undersaturated oils ranges from 5 to 100 x 10-* psi~', being higher for the higher API gravities, for the greater quantity of solution gas, and for higher temperatures. ‘Villena-Lanzi developed a correlation to estimate c, for black oils.** The correlation is good for pressures below the bubble-point pressure and is given In (c,) = — 0.664 — 1.430 1n(p) — 0.395 In (pp) + 0.390 In(T) + 0.455 In (Rigs) + 0.262 In(p.,a01) (1.32) where, T=F The correlation was developed from a database containing the following ranges: 31.0(10)-*<¢, (psia) < 6600(10)-* 500