DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNZTY MEDICINE TJALALABAD RAGIB-RABEYA MEDICAL COLLEGE Ragib-Rabeya Medical College Road, Pathantula, Sylhet om RY & See 5 & Oe sae a [smmess Lever, * vestry A~Tientify_ the picture? This is the picture showing the risk factors of non- Communicable disease - Hypertension. cends vax tular Rea’ 2. Name § non-communicable disease, }ib}6 -» @-4Y Cardiovascular disease: Heart attacks, Stroke, HTW Qtr Cancers - Lung cancer, Bladder cancer (iii) Chronic respiratory disease - Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease, Asthma @éiwy Diabetes Mellitus PD). @L- Hypertension (HTN) "())_Others - Rheumatoid arthritis, Depression 7 Enlist 5 complications of this disease, @-€ Myocardial infarction Ge Renal failure © ti Hedrt failure (¥)_ Chest pain / angina (iii) Stroke * @-“. Premature death Station No:6 1. Identify the picture? 2. Whats risk factor and classify Risk factors: An attribute development of a disease, Classification: : : 9) Modifiable risk factors: Insufficient Physical activity, Unhealthy diet, Tobacco smoke, Harmful use of alcohol or excess alcohol drinking, risk factors. oF exposure that is significantly associated with the Excess salt intake:High blood x ry and weight/ Obesity, lig risk factors ~ Raised blood pressure, Overweld a sable sex, race, family histor pi lucose levels, Hyperlip c ses 5) Unmodifiable of immutable risk factors: 09 yenetic factors. rl . inl the high-risk population for this diseases 3. rn High-risk population are people with (iv) Insufficient physical () Elderly age : activity ' (ii) Children of two hypertensive (y)Oveructght end obesity. parents. (iti) High salt ahd saturated fat intake —) | == %2. Name 5 non-communicable >< 3. Enlist 5 complications of this disease. 1 ‘ way. “Oa, x Tentify_the picture? This is the picture showing the risk factors of non- communicable disease - Diabetes Mellitus. a) Acute complicatio b). Chronic. complications: (), Hypoglycemic coma ; (i) Diabetic retinopathy (ii) _ Diabetic Ketoacidosis 3 (ii) Diabetic neuropathy (iii) Lactic acidosis (iii) Diabetic nephropathy Gation No: 6 ) Identify the picture? 7What is:risk factor and classify risk factors. Ay 24-Eailist thie high-risk population for this disease. Ay High-risk population of DM are population with ~ Age group 40 and over Those with a family history of diabetes Ati The obese fi Women who have had a baby weighing more than 4.5 kg (or 3.5, kg in constitutionally-small populations)(v) Women who show excess weight gain during pregnancy (vi) Patients with premature atherosclerosis ‘Station No: 10 AC Identify the picture, This is the picture showing signs of dehydration usually occurs in Diarrheal disease. . _ 2 What are the agents for this disease? (i) Virus: Rotaviruses, Adenoviruses, Coronaviruses (ii) Bacteria: V cholerae, Salmonella, Shigella, enterotoxigenic E.coli_ and Campylobacter jejune ; i Others: €. -bstoutien Giardia intestinalis» Wandjasis rite 12 2S8t76H Fiteasures for this disease. pecsmmehded by WHO may be classifieds below: i, Short-term Appropriate clinical’ management - oral rehydration therapy, intravenous rehydration, maintenance therapy, appropriate feeding, chemotherapy, zinc supplementation i. Long-term a. Better MCH care practices - maternal nutrition, child nutrition. b. re strategies. c. Preventing diarrheal epidemics. & Freak ducts ,“Identify the picture. This is the picture showing Green-house effect. 2, What are the greenhouse gases? “e—Water vapor * Ozone v= Carbon dioxide Hydrofluorocarbons - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) — 4 Perfluorocarbons © Methane © Other gases — Nitrous oxide _-3< What is the effect of greenhouse gases on climate? Effect of greenhouse gases on climate are - H Positive effect: it trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the planet and keeps the world habitable for its dwellers. Rasy da admesphers 1. Identify the picture. This picture is showing the Water Purification/treatment Muthad -provess ona large scale, slew send filten . 2. What are the methods of household water purification? pi AMY’ Boiling (iv) Ultraviolet irradiation J Chemical disinfection : (v) Multi-stage reverse osmosis Ait Filtration Cloningdjsn purification of water 3. What is the heart of the slow sand filter and how does it work? Vital layer is the heart of the slow sand filter. Tt works by holding back bacteria and organic matter and thus helps in yielding 29907 a bacteria-free water. barteri : Mrsve .Table 3.9 farks of Students M a 40-50 50-60 60-70. Station No: 20 . Identify the picture. This picture is. showing the tabulation method of data presentation. . 2, What type of data can be presented by this method? ‘All types of data can be presented by this method. 3. What are the other methods of data presentation? i) ‘Array: Ascending, descending (for ordinal, and numerical data only) Tabulation (for all types of data) iti) Drawings/ Graphs a. Graph (for quantitative data): = Histogram = Line chart * Frequency polygon = Cumulative frequency diagram {Ee =" Frequency curve * Scatter or dot diagram b. Diagram (for qualitative data): * Bar diagram (simple, multiple, = Pictogram/ picture diagram component) = Map/spot diagram * Pie/sector diagram Station No: 21 1, Identify the picture. * 2. What type of data can be presented by this method? 5 g28 3. Write down 3 examples of qualitative & quantitative variable. Bes Qualitative variable: Religion, Occupation, Sex £25 Quantitative variable: Age, Height in cm, Weight in kg, BP Sse * oe **Type of table: £3 _ — . Ss Depending on the variable - Bt i) Univariate table: presenting one variable at a time nr ‘Bivariate table: presenting two variable at a time iii) Multivariate table: presenting three or more variable at a time 5#7 Tdentify the picture. This hazards. 2 What are the different type Physical hazards: Heat an: Chemical hazards: Dusts: Biological hazards: Viruses: Mechanical hazards: Accidents; Injuries. Psychological hazards: Frustration; Lack of human relationships. “x Name3 ocet ational diseases caused by biological hazards. : ccupational picture is showing different types of 0 .s of occupational hazards? id cold; Light: Noise Gases; Metals and their compounds Fungi: Bacteria; Parasites. job satisfaction; Insecurity; Poor ay AnthraxrTl) Brucellosis;"Ii) Tetanus: iv) Leptospirosis; v) Actinomycosis CHefing 1 e Tdentify the picture, This is the picture showing different sources of. noise. at is the audible range of frequency of sound for human ear? Human ears can detect sounds in a frequency range from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz “How many dB is considered as noise pollution? Noise above 65 decibels (dB) is considered as noise pollution. 6P Wt wditory effects of noise polluti uditory effects - Temporary or permanent loss hearing (ii) Nori auditory effects: 7 Nervousness, _” Fatigue, * «Interference with by speech, communication * Decreased efficiency, annoyance [Identify the picture, This is the picture’ showing a broken chain of irifection. C= sD 2 Fill up the gaps. @ Gaps are: i) Source or reservoir; ii) Modes of transmission; iii). Susceptible host |..How could we break the chain of infection? By- * investigation, d) isolation, e) treatment, f) quarantine. Si} Interruption if transmission: Prevent direct or indirect transmission by:’ a) “Controlling the reservoir: a) early diagnosis, b) notification, c) epidemiological Perfarm good hand hygiene; b) Disinfection & sterilization techniques; c) Water treatment: d) Maintain food hygiene; e) Cover cuts and open sores; f) Take ‘appropriate precaution during sexual activities; g) Isolation of infected patients; h) Not working when contagious; i) Use personal protective equiprient (PPE) Aity Protection_of suscepti ible_host by: i) active immunization, ii) passive immunization, iii) combined passive and active immunization, iv) chemoprophylaxis. tation no: 32) 1. Identify the picture and fill up the blank, This is the picture showing the chain of infection: Blanks ares #} Source or reservoir: ‘diy Modes of transmissiot 7 Jt’ Susceptible host e528 Stude “Tat yn!Define reservoir. "Any person, dnimal, arthropod, plant. soil or substance (or combination of these) in which an infectious agent lives arid multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival; and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to.a susceptible host". Write down the direct transmission of disease example. Direct transmission : (i) Direct contact: STD,AIDS, skin and eye infections. Gi) Droplet infection: Common cold, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, meningococcal meningitis. (iii) Contact with soil: Hook worm, tetanus and mycosis, : (iv) Inoculation into skin or mucosa: Rabies virus by dog bite, hepatitis B virus by contaminated needles. (v) Transplacental (vertical) transmission: Toxoplasma gondi, Syphilis, Hepatitis 8. \ Write down 2 important advantage of this study. Relatively easy to carry out. 4) Rapid and inexpensive. iii) Require comparatively few subjects. syeckio™ PeCOr she gy deOE vate uae a161 aw 2) (3) identify the picture. (Any type of school desk) one down its criteria. {irite down the five important functions of schoo! health medical officer. Be postr yest hal cae? ““*winat are the criteria of minus desk and for whom itis used? gehen lk desk Tis the picture showing zero desk (1}/ plus desk (2) / minus desk (3) 2 < + Zero the seat. + Blos desk—In this type, there isa space between the anterior edge of the seat and the posterior edge of the desk. > Prinus desk~ Here the vertical line from the posterior edge off the desk falls on the seat 3.5 important functions of school medical officers ~ >. Undertake periodic physical examination in 2 planned schedule. b, Give treatment for minor injuries. Referred the children to appropriate specialists, 4. Help in prevention and control of epidemic outbreak of disease. Organize vaccination. 4, Types of schoo! desks ~ a. Zero desk b. Plus desk Minus desk. sia of minus desk Here the vertical line from the posterior edge off the desk falls on the seat. It is used for kindergarten students. — Here the posterior edge of the desk is vertically in line with the anterior edStation No. 166: entity the picture. 2 Define incidence and prevalence. -3-“Write down the point prevalence of December 31. 1. This s a picture showing incidence and prevalence of a 2 i ing > Incidence: itis defined as the number of new cases occurring in a defined population during specific period of time. ; -. > rovlence tis the numberof al current ass ensing at given point in time or over a period time in a given population. ome DEAE 4, va point Prevalence on December 31is 4 Station No. 137: 1. Identify the picture, What is data? 3. Write down the method of data collection, 4. Itis 2 picture showing frequency distribution table method of data presentation, nal units is called data, 2. Data: A set of values recorded on one or more observ: 3. Methods of data collection: Interviewing or enumeration Questionnaire Examination and experimentation Observation Records VvvvryTdentify the picture. Name the common source of air pollution. (AM What do you mean by green belt? ‘4, What are the greenhouse gases? 5. Write down the greenhouse effect in Bangladesh? “2-47 This 3 picture showing sources of air pollution. ‘Common sources of air pollution: ‘Automobile - Hydrocarbons, CO, lead, NO Industrial Pollutants ~ CO, COr, HS ‘Agricultural pollutants ~ Pesticides Domestic source Smoke, dust, SOz, NO: Active & passive smoking Burning refuse Incineration Natural sources: wind borne dust, fungi, molds, bacteria Combustion of fuel coal wood or oit AO Green belt: it means the establishment or plantation of trees between industrial and residential areas. Greenhouse gases: CO,- 64% Methane ~ 19% Chlorofluorocarbon ~ 119% Nitrous oxide ~ 6% 5. Greenhouse effect on Bangladesh: Sea level is likely to rise by 3 feet by the middle of the next century places like Barisal and Khulna will take shape of an island Salinity of all major rivers and their tributaries More violent and frequent visits of flood Disappearance of coastal greenery/\@ “A @ \ @ 1 ; enw AZ entity the picture sanitetion Se ne > : (Ac Wiitea short note aboutit. defing wi Mh, 4a Tmpontent ¢ 3. Name some faecal borne disease, } 5 Meh oe the ikeck raathed, of excrete ARopasch a» Une Stan ema Urban aren fF Syst dainict » . tis piture showing sanitation barrie. ; 4, Hew 2. Sanitation barrier Sanitation barrier may be defined asthe sanitary, physical or biological intervention through proper disposal of excreta to limit the migration, interbreeding or free movement of harmful oe disease from environment to human host. trek Components: > Food bene > Fluids °, > Fes disor? 5 is > Fingers Faecal borne disease Viral Hepatitis (A & €), Poliomyelitis, Rotavirus | : vest diarrhea in infants. I Bacterial Typhoid, paratyphoid, €. coli diarrhea, Cholera Protozoal ‘Amoebiasis, Gardiasis Round worm infection, Thread worm infection, Helminthic = ‘Tape worm.“tation No. 142: Identify the picture. AL. What type of refuse disposal done by it? AZ Ti that type of refuse is not disposed properly then what will be the health hazard? 1. itis a picture showing sanitary landfill method of refuse disposal. 2. Putrefiable refuse is usually disposed using this method. 3. Health hazard of improper refuse disposal: -@ \t decomposes and favours fly breeding (7 Itattracts rodents and vermins | pathogens of solid waste may be conveyed back to man through rat and flies Possibility of soil and water pollution “Present unsightly appearance and nuisance from bad odors.tation No. 143: 7 Tentify the pieture 2 Write down the bacteriological standard of drinking water. <3-Tiame the water borne viral diseases. ATW the criteria of safe and wholesome water. _s--athat isthe most common method of household water * purification? 3 Itisa picture showing a glass containing safe and wholesome water. Bacteriological standard of water: 2. No sample should contain €. coli in 100m|. b. No sample should contain more than 3 coliform organisms per 100m! Not more than 5% sample throughout the year should contain coliform organisms in 100m 4. No two consecutive samples should have coliform organisms in 100 ml, Water borne viral diseases: 2. Viral hepatitis A , b. Hepatitis € Poliomyelitis 4. Rota virus diarrhea in children, Criteria of safe and wholesome water: a. Free from pathogenic agents. b. Free from harmful chemical substances, Pleasant to taste. 4. , Free from color & odor. e. Useful for domestic purpose. Most common method for household purification: Bolling ~ for 5-10 minutes b. Chemical disinfectants: > Bleaching powder > Chlorine tablet > Chlorine solution + Filtration through ceramic filter.‘ee hota a ra ns daha “ee eo tes, een the picture Write down ts parts 7 What are the other methods of data presentation? 4. Itisa picture showing tabulation method of data presentation namely simple table. 2, Parts of a table: » Table number >» Title > Body L. Vertically columns ji, Horizontally rows % Footnote: description of table > Source: in secondary table 3. See station 136 Below. No. 135: 4 Bantity the picture Fw <“Write-down the festures of tin developing countries. wa-Wanto you mean by population explosion? LAC Tris a picture showing age-sex pyramid of a developing country 2. Features of age-sex pyramid of a developing country: The pyramid has a wide base and a narrow apex + Indicates that maximum population are children, + Indicates rapid growth of population. Population explosion: When growth rate in a given population is greater than 2% itis called population explosion.Station No. 141: 1 identfy the picture, 27 Name the methods of refuse disposal 37 What are the disadvantages of open dumping? 2. Itisa picture showing open dumping method of refuse disposal. 2. Methods of refuse disposal: Refuse dispoasal methods Trench Method Pesce) 2. Controlled tripping or land fill 1. Open dumping 3. Incineration| ‘Area method 4. Composting 5. Manure pits Ramp method |] 6. Burial 3. Disadvantages of open dumping: 7 Breeding ground for fies, rats and other insects > Source of nuisance from the smell and unsightly appearance > Loose refuse dispersed by wind 7 Ralnwater run-off these dumps and contaminates nearby land and waterentity the picture. “AC What are the methods of data presentation? 5 Wheat is range? 1. Itisa picture showing a drawing m: 2. Methods of data presentation are listed below: Heights of 30 peopie lethod of data presentation namely frequency polygon. ess of dats “ebulaion| anager’ ‘ethos pees eee 7 Frequency savant Diagrams ‘ceaphs rc r r 1 Complex table Bar diagram Pi gear Pcroeram | | statist maps Simple Table Simple bar Frequency ‘agrom pogo" Muto bar 7 ‘Sagem Frequency cure component bar agam Line enart Seater diagram