SOCIAL SCIENCE

GRADE X / TEACHING NOTES

NATIONALISM IN INDIA
MIND MAP

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GRADE X / TEACHING NOTES

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What was Satyagraha? Name any four places where Satyagraha was launched by Gandhiji.

A. It was a non - violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The idea of Satyagraha
emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

a) Champaran - Bihar

b) Kehda - Gujarat

c) Ahmedeabad - Gujarat

d) South Africa

2. Who was the writer of the book, ‘Hind Swaraj’ ? What was the theme of the book?

A. Mahatma Gandhi was the writer of the book, “Hind Swaraj’. In the book, Hind Swaraj, Gandhiji
declared that the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and
had survived only becasue of this cooperation.

If Indian refused to cooperate, the British rule in India would collapse within a year, and
Swaraj would be established.

3. When was the Non - Cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji?

A. The Non - Cooperation Movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji in 1922 because of the violent
incident of Chauri - Chaura.

4. What was Rowlatt Act? When and why was it passed?

A. In 1919 the Imperial Legislative Council passed the Rowlatt Act. The Act gave enormous powers
to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners
without trail of two years.

5. What was power of Rowlatt Act (1919) passed through the Imperial Legislative Council?

A. It gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed
detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

6. What were the major demands of the peasants who participated in the Non - cooperation
Khilafat movement?

A. i) Reduction of revenue

ii) Abolition of Begar

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7. Why were Council elections not boyocotted in Madras?

A. The Council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the justice
party, the party of non - Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some
power - something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

8. What steps were taken by the Muslim leaders to defend Khalifa’s temporal powers?

A. To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March
1919. A young generation of Muslim leaders life the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali,
began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the
issue.

9. Who was the leader of Peasant Satyagrah in Awadh?

A. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra - A sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as
an indentured labourer

10. How as ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’ Formed?

A. In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the
villagers and trying to understand their grievances. By october, the Oudh Kishan Sabha was
set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few other.

11. Was did the Tribal peasant participated in the Non - cooperation Khilafat Movement?

A. The colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the
forest to graze their cattle and to collect fuel wood and fruits.

12. Who were the founders of the Swaraj Party?

A. C.R Das and Motilal Nehru.

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13. What was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859?

A. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to
leave the tea gardens without permission.

14. What was the notion of Swaraj for the plantation workers in Assam?

A. For the plantation workers Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of
the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the
village vfrom which they had come.

15. Who was Alluri Sita Rama Raju?

A. He was a nationalist of Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh who led the Non - cooperation of
1921.

16. What does begar mean?

A. Indian peasant were forced to work at landlord’s field without any payment of wages
which was called begar. This made their condition meserable.

17. How was European nationalism different from Indian nationalism?

A. Nationalism in Europe led to the formation of nation - states in place on the multina-
tional dynastic empires of Europe. Whereas, in India, nationalism was connected to
the anti - colonial movement, a struggle against colonialism.

18. Why did Mahatma Gandhi pick salt as the focal point of the movement?

A. Salt was one of the most essential items of food and it was consumed by people of all
classes, whether rich or poor. So, when the British government heavily taxed it, Gandhi
protested against the tax. People from all classes came with him.

19. Why was Simon Commission set up? Why was it boycotted when it arrived in India?

A. Simon Commission was set up to look into the functioning of the constitutional
systemin India and suggest changes. This commission did not have a single Indian
member.So, it was boycotted when it arrived in India in 1928.

20. What is the importance of the Lahore Congress Session of 1929?

A. It was the session in which the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India
was made.

21. Why did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar clash with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table
Conference?

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A. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi over the issue of separate elector-
ates for the dalits.

23. Name the Pact which gave the Depressed Classes reserved sseats in provincial and
central legislative councils.

A. The Poona Pact signed in 1932, which gave the Depressed Classes reserved seasts in
provincial and central legislative councils.

24. What is “Purna Saraj”? Who initiated it and when?

A. In December 1929, under Jawarharlal Nehru, the Lahore Cogress solemnised the de-
mand of “Purna Swaraj” which meant full independence for India. It was declared that
26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to
take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

25. What was Gandhi - Irwin Pact ? What were it features?

A. Mahatma Gandhi signed a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931 which came to known as
Gandhi - Irwin Pact. According to this pact.

i) Gandhiji agreed to participate in a Round Table Conference in Location.

ii) The government agreed to release the political prisoners.

26. Who published a massive four volume collection of Tamil Folk tales. The Folklore of
Southern India.

A. Natesa Sastri

27. Who was Abdul Ghaffer Khan?

A. He was a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi who led the Civil Disobedience movement
in Peshawar.

28. Name the Commission which was formed to look into the functioning of the constitutional
system in India. Who was the President of the Commission.

A. Simon Commission. Sir John Simon was the President.

29. Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

A. On 6th April, Mahatma Gandhi ceremonially violated the Salt Act. manufacturing salt
by boiling sea water. This incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience
movement.

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30. What was Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s proposal for Muslims?

A. Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim league, was willing to give up the demand for
separated electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly
and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim - dominated prvinces of
Bengal and Punjab.

31. What was Gandhi - Irwin Pact?

A. The pact which was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931.
Under this pact Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in
London whereas government agreed to related all the political prisoners.

32. The Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns during Civil Disobedience
movement.

A. Because it did non want to raise issue that might upset the rich peasants and land-
lords.

33. Name any two organisations which were formed by the business class to organise their
business interests.

A. i) Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress.

ii) Federation of the Indian Chamber of commerce and Industries.

34. Name any two indusstrialists who activily participated in the Civil Disobedience move-
ment.

A. i) Purshottamdas Thakurdas.

ii) G.D. Birla

35. How was Bharat Mata depicted in the painting of Abanindranath Tagore?

A. In his painting, Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic figure. She is calm, com-
posed, divine and spriritual.

36. What kind of Indian flag was introduced during Swadeshi Movement?

A. A tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses, representing
eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

37. What changes were brought in Indian flag by Mahatma Gandhi?

A. In 1921. Gandhiji had designed the swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and
white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self - help.

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38. Who created the image of Bharat Mata?

A. Bankin Chandra Chattopadhyay.

39. In 1928, Vallabhabhai Patel led the peasant movement in Bardoli, a taluka in Gujarat,
against enhancement of land revenue. Known as the Bardoli Satyagraha, this move-
ment was a success under the able leadership of Vallabhbhai Pate.

40. When did police in United Provinces fired at peasants near Rae Bareli?

A. On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces fired at peasant near Rae Bareli.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Give a breif description of Mahatma Gandhi’s satyagraha movements which he organised

in various places after arriving in India from South Africa?

A. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi organised several satyagraha movements in

various places :

i) In 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle

against the explotation plantation system.

ii) In 1917, he organised a Satyagraha movement in support of the Kheda peasants in

Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and a plague
epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue collections.

iii) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organised satyagraha movement among the

workers of cotton mills.

2. Explain new economic and political situations created in India during the First World
War. (or) What was the impact of first World War on the economic conditions of India?

A. i) The War created a new economic and political situation.

ii) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which ws financed by war loans and
increasing taxes; customs duties were raised, and income tax introduced.

iii) Through the war years, prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 -
leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

iv) Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural
areas caused widespread anger.

3. Mention any four factors which were responsible in arousing the spirit of nationalism
in India.

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A. i) Political unification of the country under the Britishers.

ii) Destruction of India’s old social and economic system.

iii) Development of modern trade and industry.

iv) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied
many different groups.

4. Why did Gandhiji decided to launch a nation wide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed
Rowlatt Act 1919? Explain any three reasons.

A. i) The Act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council on a report of the Sedition
Committee, headed by Justice Rowlatt.

ii) Through this Act, tghe Government gave vast powers to the police to search a place
and arrest any.

iii) The Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members of the
Council. This Act became one of the factors due to which Gandhiji launched Non -
Cooperation Movement.

5. Mention three main proposals with reference to the Non - Cooperation Movement as
suggested by Mahatma Gandhi.

A. The Non - Cooperation had two aspects, i.e., one relating to the struggle and the other
relating to the norms of conduct and constructive work.

i) Surrender of titles, honours and honorary posts.

ii) Boycott of Legislative Councils,

iii) Boycott of law courts by the lawyers,

iv) Boycott of Government schools and colleges, and withdrawal of children from these,

v) Boycott of British goods,

To get a popular support for the movement, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured
extensively throughout India.

6. Describe in brief the reactions of the people immediately after Jallianwala Bagh incident.

A. i) As the news of Jallianwala Bagh massacre spread, the crowd took to streets in many
North Indian towns.

ii) There were strikes, clashes with the police and attack on govermental buildings.

iii) The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise
the people Satyasgrahis resisted with courge.
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7. Why was Khilafat Movement supported by Gandhiji in 1919? What was his main aim?

A. In 1919. Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement to protest against the breakup of
Ottoman (Turkish) empire by the British and humilation caused to Turkish Caliph who
was also the head of the Muslims of the whole world.

In this movement, Gandhiji extended the support of Congress towards the Muslims He
saw the opportunity of uniting the Hindus and Muslims for the cause of India’s freedom

8. What were the factors responsible for the gradual slow down of the Non Cooperation
movement?

A. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for variety of reasons :

Expensive Khadi : The Khadi cloth was often more expensive than miss - produced mill
cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. So, they couldn’t boycott the mill
clothes for long time.

No alternative : The boycott British institutions posed a problem for the movement to
be successful, alternate Indian institutions, had to be set up they could be used in
place of the British institutions but these were slow to come up. So students and
teachers had no option except joining back government schools, and lawyers joined
back work in government courts.

9. Describe briefly any three economic effects of the Non - Cooperation movement.

A. The effects of Non - cooperation in economic front were more dramatic.

Boycott of foreign goods : People decided to boycott foreign clothes were burned in
huge bonfires.

Impact on imports : As people began discarding imported clothes, ‘the import of foreign
clothes halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57
crore

Impact on Indian industry : As people decided to boycott foreign clothes, production

of Indian textile mills and handloom went up.

10. Why was the Non - Cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji ?

A. In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non - Cooperation Movement due
to the following reasons :

i) The movement was turning violent. At Chauri Cahura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful

demonstration in a bazar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen
were killed.

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ii) Gandhiji also left felst that the Satyagrah is needed to be properly trained before
they would be ready for mass struggle.

iii) Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggle and wanted to
participate in elections to the provincial councils, which were set up under the Government
of India Act, 1919

11. How did Gandhiji convert the National Movement into a Mass Movement?

A. i) His simple and saintly life and style of convincing the masses made him popular.

ii) His undisputed leadership and magnetic personality.

iii) His policy of non - violent Satyagraha.

iv) His programmes of social reforms like fighting against untouchability

v) His commitment to Hindu - Muslim unity.

vi) A crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.

12. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non
- Cooperation Movement ?

A. i) Talukdars and landlords posed high rent on land and variety of cesses.

ii) Various taxes were also implemented on them.

iii) Peasants had to do Begar and work at landlord’s from without any payment.

iv) They had no security of tenure and were evicted regularly.

v) They had no right over leased land.

13. Examine the main features of Gudem Rebellion ?

A. In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrialla spread in early 1920s. This
movement was not similar to Gandhiji’s Non - Cooperation Movement yet the inspira-
tion came from Gandhiji.

The movment was basically to protest against forest laws. Here, as in other forest regions,
the colonial government had closed forest areas, preventing people from entering the
forests to graze their cattle or to collect firewood or fruits. This enraged the people of
the hills.

Not only were they deprived of their livelihood and food but their traditional rights tooo
were dinied when the government compelled them to work free (begar) for road - build-
ing. They revolted under Alluri Sitaram Raju who was popular because of this special
power of astrological predictions and the power to heal people. He could survive bullet

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- shots. The rebels believed that he was an incarnation of God. Though Raju respected
Gandhiji, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force and not
through non - violence. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations and attempted to
kill British officials. Raju was eventually captured and executed in 1924.

14. Why the rural people participated in the non - cooperation movement?

A. The movement here was not against the Britishers but against Talukdars and landlords.
The problems of the rural people were different from those of the urban people:

a) The talukdars and landlord - were demanding very high remand a variety of other
taxes.

b) Peassants had to do begar and work at the landlords farms without any payment.

c) The peasants had no security of tenure. They were regularly evicted so that they
could acquire no security of tenure.

As the problems of the people were different, their demands were also different. The
peasand movement demanded.

a) Reduction of revenue

b) Abolition of begar

c) Redistribution of land

d) Social boycott of oppressive landlords.

15. Why did the tribal people join the Non - Coopertion Movement?

A. Most of the tribal people were dependent on forests for thier livelihood but under the
new Forest Policy, the government had put several restricitions on the people:

a) Closing large forest area for the tribal people

b) Forcing the local people to contribute begar.

Preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood
and fruits. All these steps enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods af-
fected, but they felt that their traditional rights were also being denied. So the people
revolted.

16. How did non - cooperation movement spread in the country side?

A. The Movement in the country side had a different angle. In many places, Nai - dhobi
bandhs were organised by the Panchyats to deprivate the landlords of the services of
barbers, cobblers, washermen, etc. Even national leaders like Jawahar Lal Nehru, Baba
Ramchandra, and a few others.

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When the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were
attacked. The movement turned violent which was not liked by some of the Congress
leaders.

17. Why salt was chosen as a weapon by Gandhiji to fight against the Britishers?

A. i) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the
most essential items of food.

ii) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, revealed the most
oppressive face of the British rule.

iii) Salt was chosen to give the movement a wide base.

18. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement called off by Gandhiji?

A. i) When Indian leaders were arrested, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of
Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.

ii) A month later, when Gandhiji himself was arrested, industrial workers attacked
police posts, government buildings, law courts and railway stations and all structurs
that symbolised the British rule.

iii) As Gandhiji was against violence, he decided to call off the movement.

19. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement relaunched by Gandhiji?

A. In December 1931. Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations
broke down, and he returned disappointed.

Back in India, Gandhiji discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of
repression. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the
Congress had been deelared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to
prevent meeting, demonstrations and boycotts. With great apprehension, Mahatma
Gandhi relaunched the Civil Desobedience Movement.

20. Explains about Gandhi’s Elevent Demands.

A. Gandhi’s Eleven Demands : On 31st January, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi, in a statement,

put forward withdraw the Civil Disobedience on British Government’s acceptance of
these demands. However, Gandhi’s demands were declared to be unrealistic by the
Viceroy.

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Long Answer Type Questions

1. “A satyagraha wins the battle through non - violence.” Explain with examples.

A. It was a non - violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The method
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, there is no
need for physical force to fight the oppressor.

i) Gadhiji used the Satyagraha technique successful against injustice in South Africa.

ii) In 1916 A.D., he fought for justice for the tenants of Champaran, and the Govern-
ment had to pass an Act for the welfare of the peasants of Champaran in 1918 A.D.

iii) He started the Kheda Satyagraha in which Ganhiji asked the people not to pay the
taxes due to the failure of crops. Ultimately, the Government had to bow, and the
payment of taxes was deferred to the next year.

iv) Again in 1918 A.D., Gandhiji intervened in the Mill Worker’s Strike at Ahmedeabad,
and helped them to get their pay raised, for which he had started a fast unto death.

2. Explain the course of the Non - Coperation Movement in the towns.

A. Participation of the middle class : The Movement started with middle - class participa-
tion in the cities. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and col-
leges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up thier legal practices.

Boycott of council elections : The Council elections were boycotted in most provinces
except Madras (Chennai), where the Justice Party, the party of the non - Brahmans,
felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power, something that usu-
ally only Brahmans had access to.

Swadeshi : The Non - Cooperation movement had a great impact on the Indian textile
industry. Swadeshi goods, especially cloth get a great impetus. Foreign goods were
boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

Impact on industry : In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign
or finance foreign trade. Due to this, the demand of Indian textile mills and handlooms
went up. The increase in demand provided a big relief to the vanishing textile industry
of India.

3. Give any two reasons for the launching of the Non - Cooperation Movement? What was
Gandhiji idea behind launching it as started in his book ‘Hind Swaraj’ ?

A. Two reasons for the launching of the Non - Cooperation movement were :

i) The passing of the Rowlett Act (1919) according to which the government got the

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power to detain political prisoners without trail for two years.

ii) The in famous Jallianwalla Bagh incident where innocent people were shot.

Following were the ideas of Gandhiji behind the launching of the Non - Cooperation
Movement a stated in his book ‘Hind Swaraj’ :

i) British rule was established with the cooperation of the Indians and had survived
because of this cooperation.

ii) If the Indians refuse to cooperate, the British rule would collapse within a year.

4. “Plantation workers too had their own understanding of Gandhiji’s notion of Swaraj.”
Explain.

A. i) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out
of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with
the village from which they had come.

ii) The government had passed the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 under which plantation
workers. were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact,
they were rarely given such permission.

iii) When the plantation workers heard of the Non - Cooperation Movement, thousands
of them defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed towards their homes.

iv) The plantation workers believed that the Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone
would be given land in their own villages.

v) They interpreted the term Swaraj in their own ways, imagining it to be a time when
all sufferings and all troubles would be over.

5. What were circumstances which led to Jallianwala Bagh incident? Describe in brief the
reaction of the people immediately after the incident.

A. Rowlatt Act : The Rowlatt Act was passed by the government despite the united
oppostion of the Indian members. The act gave enormous powers to the police to arrest
any one without any trail.

Rowlatt Satyagraha: Gandhiji decided to launch Rowlatt Satyagraha. Rallies were

organised in various cities, workers went on strike, and shops were closed down.
Alaramed by the popular upsurge, British government decided to arrest Indian leaders.
Locat leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Delhi.

Martial Law : Seeing the people’s reaction against the arrest of their leaders police

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imposed Martial law in Amritsar. On 13th April 1919 General Dyer fired at the people
who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh killing many.

6. Examine incidents leading to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. How did the Government
react to Satyagraha?

A. On 13 April 1919, the in famous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a
crowd of people gathered in an enclosed ground called Jallianwall Bagh to attend a
meeting. Being strangers to the city they were unaware that martial law had been
imposed by General Dyer. The angry General blocked the exist and ordered his troops
only to open fire on the innocent crowd, killing hundreds. He declared that his aim was
to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis.

This incident proved to be a landmark in the history of Indian National Movement. The
cruelty and atrocities committed on Indians made Gandhiji decide to start more broad
- based movement in India. The government responded with repression ; the people
were humiliated and terrorised. The people were made to crawl and rub their noses on
the grund. People were flogged and Gujranwala village in Punjab was bombed.

7. Explain the course of the Salt March.

A. i) On January 31st, 1930, Gandhiji wrote a long letter to the Viceroy, communicating
his decision to start the Civil Disobedience Movement.

ii) On 12th March, Mahatma Gandhi began his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram
to Dandi, a village on the Gurarat sea - coast.

iii) He was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers, but as Gandhiji advanced,

others joined the party.

iv) On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the salt laws by picking up some salt
left by the sea waves. Gandhji’s campaign against the salt laws was a signal to disobey
the Government laws.

The Programme of the Movement : The Civil Disobedience campaign involved defi-
ance of salt laws, boycott of liquor, boycott of foreign cloth and British goods of all
kinds.

8. Explain the progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the countryside.

A. i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the
Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active participants.

ii) They participated in the Movement because they suffered the most due to the economic

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depression. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the
government’s revenue demand.

iii) They demanded a reduction in revenue but the government refused to do so. This
led to a widespread resentment. These rich landlords participated in the boycott
programmes and refused to pay revenues. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle
against high revenues.

iv)

9. Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

A. i) Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedience Movement

ii) During the movement thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to
Gandhiji.

iii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picket foreign cloth
and liquor shops.

iv) Many were put to jail by the police.

v) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of
women.

10. Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement? How was
the Civil Disobedience Movement different from Non - Cooperation Movement?

A. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi, and violated the law.

Civil Disobedience Movement :

i) Rejection of Ganhiji Eleven Demands was the immediate cause of the Civil Disobedience
Movement.

ii) During the movement people were asked not only to refuse cooperation, with the
British, but also to break the colonial laws.

Non - Cooperation Movement :

i) The Rowlatt Act and injustice done to Khilafat were the basic cause for the Non -
Cooperation Movement.

ii) During this movement people were asked not to cooperate with the British
manufactring salt by boiling sea water.

This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

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11. “Large sections of Muslims did not respond to the call for a united struggle during the
Civil Disobedience Movement.’ Explain.

A. Association of Congress with Hindu Mahasabha : After the decline of the Non - Coop-
eration - Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Con-
gress. From the mid 1920s, the Congress came to be most visible associated with
openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.

Communal Clashes : As relations between the Hindus and the Muslims worsened,
each community organised religious processions with militant favour, provoking Hindu
- Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every riot deepened the dis-
tance between the two communities.

Issue of demand for separate electorates : Some of the Muslim leaders demanded a
separates electorate for the Muslims which was not supported by the Congress leaders.

Status of Muslims in Hindu majority state : Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals
expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They
feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domi-
nation of a Hindu majority.

12. Examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932 in the light of different
between Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

A. i) Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar was nominated as a delegate of the opressed classes for the
Second Round Table Conference.

ii) In that Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by demanding
separate electorates for the dalits.

iii) When the British government accepted Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast
unto death. He believed that separate electrorates for dalits would slow down the process
of their integration into society. The issue was eventually resolved through the issue
was eventually resolved through the Poona Pact of September 1932.

iv) It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Scheduled Castes) reserved
seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the
general electrorate.

13. Describe various problems in unifying people in India by the end of the 19th century.

A. Problem of depressed classes : For long, the Congress has ignored the dalits or de-
pressed classes for fear of offending the conservative higher caste Hindus. Dr. B.R.

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Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depresses Class Association clashed with
Gandhi at Second Round Table Conference demanding separate electrorates for dalits.

Wedge between Hindu Muslims : From the mid 1920’s the Congress came to be more
visibly, associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups the Hindu nationalist
groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. So a large section in Muslims strted them selves
keeping away from it. Each community started blaming each other for the wedge leading
to communal clashes.

Separate electorates and two nation theory : Muhammad Ali Jinnah the leader of the
Muslim League demanded separate electorates for the Muslims as he feared that the
culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu
majority. Many prominent Muslim leaders like Muhammad Iqbal supported separate
electrorates. They also proposed a two nation theory under which it was persumed that
both communities belong to different nations.

14. How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from earlier movement?

A. The earlier movement like Non - Cooperation Movement was launched to attain Swaraj
while the goal of Civil Disobedience Movement was Purna Swaraj or complete independence.

During Non - Cooperation Movement that middle class, peasants, tribal, workers fought
in their own way. While the educated middle class understood Gandhiji’s ideas and
remainded non - violent, rebeks in Gudem Hills or Moplas of Malabar became militant.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a successful mass movement on Gandhiji’s lines.
Satyagraha Movement Movement was practised by all sections of people with determination
and courage.

Gandhiji and had to withdraw the Non - Cooperation Movement as it turned violent in
Chauri - Chaura in UP. Gandhiji felt that people were not yet ready for such a movement,
whereas the Civil Disobedience Movement proved that Indian people were in a a posi-
tion to fight the armed troops of mighty British Empire with moral force. Large partici-
pation of women made movement much more broad - based.

15. How did the people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement
Explain.

A. Diefferent people reacted differently to the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Thousands of people broke colonial laws like salt laws, manufactured salt and demon-
strated in four of government salt factories.

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Village officials resigned and at many places forest people violated forest law and went
into Reserve Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

In Peshwar the movement was led by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan.

On the other hand the colonial government reacted rughlessly. Worried by the intensity
of the movement the colonial government began arresting all eminent Congress leaders.
This led to violent clashes at many places. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women
and children were beaten and about 1,00,000 people were arrested. The Congress was
declared as illegal institution.

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

1. ‘Muslim political organisations in India were lukewarm in the response to the Civil
Disobedience Movement’. Give reason.

A. i) From the mid 1920’s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly
HIndu religious nationalist goups like the Hindu Mahasabha.

ii) Communal classes in various cities deepened the distance between the two communities.

iii) Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals were concerned about the status of Muslims
as a minority.

iv) Many feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under
the domination of Hindu majority.

2. How flag was used to promote the spirit of nationalism among Indians?

A. i) During Swadeshi Movement in Bengal a tricolour flag (Red, Green and Yellow) was
designed. It had eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India and the
cresent moon represent Hindu and Muslim unity.

ii) By 1921, Gandhiji has designed a Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (Red, Green
and White) and has spinning wheel at the centre, representing Gandhian ideal of self
help.

iii) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during the marches become a symbol of defiance.

3. Why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement?

A. Various classes and different social groups of Indian participated in the Civil Disobedience
Movement led by Gandhiji in 1930. All of them joined this movement on accound of
their own needs, aspirations and limited understanding.

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i) RICH PEASANT GROUP : In the rural areas, rich farmers and peasant communities
such as Patidars (Gujarat) and Jats in Uttar Pradesh were very hardly hit by the trade
depression and they participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement demanding
reduction in land revenue

ii) POOR PEASANTRY GROUP : The poor peasant wanted remittance of their unpaid
rent. hence they participated in Civil Disobedience Movement.

iii) BUSINESS CLASS GROUP : The business classes participated in the movement to
oppose the colonial policies that restricted business activities.

iv) Some prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas, G D Birla formed FICCI. They
wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and rupee sterling exchange ratio
and refused to sell imported goods. So they supported the movement financially and
boycott the trading of foreign goods.

v) WORKING CLASS GROUP : The industrial working classes except the workers in
Nagpur region stayed away from this movement as big industrialist came closer to the
Congress.

vi) WOMEN : This way the first time that the large number of women participated in the
Nationlist Movement.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Explain the social and moral values you have learnt from the life of Mahatma Gandhi.

A. Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi emphasised o a novel method of mass agitation, which

he called Satyagraha. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the Power of truth and the
need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was
against injustice. Then physical force was not necessary to light the oppressor. With-
out seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagraha could win the battle through
non violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

People : Including the oppressors - had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being
forced to accept truth through the use of violence, by this struggle, truth was bound to
ultimately triumph, Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of Non - violence could
unite all Indians.

Non - violence : Gandhiji’s whole philosophy was based on non - violence. According to
Gandhiji, it is the weapon of strong, mighty and powerful individuals. He was of the
opinion that neither an individual nor a country could gain anything by using violent
methods.

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Religious ideals : Gandhi spirtualised politics. He laid stress on the incorporation of

moral values in politics. Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated for
politics. What he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or
Islam but moral values that form all religions.

Social Justice : Gandhi was a social reformer who fought the evils of communalism,
untouchability, purdah and the dowry system. He called the untouchables Harijans
(God’s people) who must he respected.

Women Empowerment : His crusade for the liberation of women and the oppressed
classes shows his deep concern about social justice. He inspired the women to take
active part in the political affairs of the country and play an important role in the
national movement.

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I. Loate the label the following on the given political outline map of India.

i) A place where session of Indian National Congress was held in September 1920.

ii) A place where session of Indian National Congress was held in 1929.

iii) A place in Bihar where Satyagraha movement of indigo planters took place.

iv) A place in Gujarat where Gandhiji started Satyagraha movement of cotton mill workers.

v) A place where Gandhiji violated the Salt law.

vi) A place in Punjab where Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.

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PICTURE INTERPRETATION

I. Make a difference between the two pictures Bharat Mata. What do they symbolise.

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