Generalized Lattice-Boltzmann Equations Dominique d'Humiéres Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France JAIAA. Reprinted from Rarefied Gas Dynamics: Theory and Simulations, edited by Bernie D. Shizgal and David P, Weaver, Vol. 159 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, TAA. Washington, DC, ISBN 1-56347-080-2.Generalized Lattice-Boltzmann Equations Dominique d'Humitres* Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France Abstract A general derivation of the macroscopic equations is presented for lattice Boltzmann equations. This derivation is applied to a nine- velocity model with thermal effects. This model is used to simulate a shock tube. I. Introduction Since the pioneering work of Frisch et al.,! lattice gases have attracted a lot of attention and were applied to a large number of systems.” They describe the motion of particles on a regular lattice £ = {7}, all the particles being on the nodes of the lattice at discrete time steps t,. Each time step is split into a propagation step and a collision step. During the propagation step, the particles hop from one node of the lattice to one of its neighbors according to their velocity which is chosen in a finite set, {&}, i € {1,...,6}. During the collision step, all the particles sitting on the same node are shuffled according to rules specific to the model and chosen such that the collisions do not change the conserved quantities of the physical world (mass, momentum, energy, species, etc.). However, one main problem with lattice gases is the fact that the macroscopic variables are obtained by averaging Boolean variables and, as a consequence, this results in a rather important statistical noise which limits the accuracy of the simulations. Several attempts have been made to overcome this limitation.>~® The so-called lattice Boltzmann equations simulate the motion of the particles Copyright © 1992 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Ine. All rights reserved *Directeur de Recherche C. N. R. S., Statistical Physics, Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de IE. N. S. 450GENERALIZED LATTICE-BOLTZMANN EQUATIONS 451 by their occupation number (real numbers) rather than their Boolean oc- currence. Very quickly, it was realized that, in addition to the suppression of the statistical noise, this approach gives much more freedom in the choice of the relevant macroscopic parameters such as the viscosity. Among the different proposed schemes, one is very simple and corresponds to a relax- ation process toward a prescribed equilibrium. Until now, this equilibrium was derived from standard equilibrium distributions coming from the ki- netic theory; the aim of this paper is to show that such a constraint can also be removed by adding new degrees of freedom for the choice of the equilibrium distribution. Il. General Framework The lattice Boltzmann equations considered here are described by the following equation: Nis + Giste +1) = Ni(Faste) Yo AglNG (Fate) — NUN, 64)) @) 7 where N° is a given function of some conserved quantities defined as the eigenvectors of the collision matrix A = (Aj) for the zero eigenvalue (bold symbols represent b-component vectors ‘of the local phase space). In the lattice BGK models® (the letters BGK stand for Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook), A is the identity matrix times a parameter w (0 + ai) = -OyP + vAjy (35) where A is the Laplace operator, P = e ~ j?/2p, and « = (1/. A. Model A ‘A very simple situation occurs when g) = 7. Then c? = 2/3 and A, =, = 2/(1 + 6v). An additional simplification is achieved if o) = 0. For this very simple model (model A), Eq. (33) takes the generic form De t+ Aec2jz + Oxcrjy = x (yAe - Ap) (36) with x = « and 7 = 3/2. After having checked that all the linear behaviors are consistent with the above theory, we have used this model to simulate a shock tube. The results obtained after 400 time steps for p, e, T = /p and js are given in Figs. la-1d, respectively. Although, the results appear quite satisfactory at first glance, a closer look reveals several strange features. First, the front shock is not very sharp, while the rarefaction front is rather narrow. Second, the central front for the density is not moving: a consequence of the constant speed of sound. Third, the values of v = 0.1 and Ay = Ay = 1.5 were chosen in order to have smooth curves; when v is decreased or x and Ay are increased, some period-two oscillations appear behind the front shock. B. Model B ‘This second model was an attempt to have a speed of sound depending on pand ¢ in a way similar to perfect gas: cj = yI. Then, o) was chosen to keep Eq. (36) valid — 1/2)/3. oe (0) = 2 Te 4 308 a = 5p e+ 3c (37) which gives x = ke/p. The preliminary results were quite disappointing as illustrated by Fig. 2, showing very important period-two oscillations before the code blows up due to overflows, despite high damping coefficients. However, the moving central front for the density or temperature is an encouraging feature. Since the submission of this paper, a similar one has been published by McNamara and Adler.® These authors were also faced to numerical stability problems that may be a generic feature of models with too few non-physical modes.456 D. D'HUMIERES a) ® ror 0.9 = 4 ore = eee ee le eee ene 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Fig.1 Profiles in the shock tube for model A after 400 time steps; a) density, b) energy, c) “temperature”, and d) momentum.GENERALIZED LATTICE-BOLTZMANN EQUATIONS 457 ro 0 100 200 300 Fig.2 Profile of the temperature in the shock tube for the model B after 100 time steps. IV. Conclusions We have shown that the previous lattice Boltzmann equation can be put in a more general framework. It is then easier to build models with a more complicated behavior than those derived from the lattice gas models. Whereas, the linear versions are stable when the eigenvalues are between zero and two, the nonlinear terms can trigger new instabilities as shown by the simulations of the shock tube. An origin of these instabilities can be looked for in the direction of the spurious invariants of the models presented here. ‘The extension of the two-dimensional model to three dimensions is straightforward; it is just a question of more complicated algebra. The addition of four velocities {2,0}, {0,2}, {-2,0}, and {0, -2} is also quite easy and can cure the invariant-related problems. References prisch, U., Hasslacher, B., and Pomeau, Y., “Lattice Gas Automata for the Navier- Stokes Equation,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 56(14), 1986, pp. 15051508. 2sLattice Gas Methods for PDE’s: Theory, Application, and Hardware,” Doolen, G. D., ed., Physica D, Vol. 47(1&2), 1991, pp. 299-397. McNamara, G., and Zanetti, G., “Use of the Boltzmann Equation to Simulate Lattice Gas Automata,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 61(20), 1988, pp. 2832-2335. AHiguera, P., Succi, S., and Benzi, R., “Lattice Gas Dynamies with Enhanced Colli- sions,” Europhysics Letters, Vol. 9(7), 1989, pp. 663-668.458 D. D'HUMIERES. 5Qian, Y.H., “Gaz sur Réseaux et Théorie Cinétique sur Réseaux Appliquée a Equa- tion de Navier-Stokes,” (“Lattice Gases and Lattice Kinetic Theory Applied to the Navier-Stokes Equation,”) Doctoral Thesis, University of Paris 6, Paris, Jan, 1990. Qian, Y.H., @'Humitres, D., and Lallemand, P., “Lattice BGK Models for Navier- Stokes Equation,” Burophysics Letters, Vol. 17(6), 1992, pp. 479-484, TPrisch, U., d’Humiéres, D., Hasslacher, B., Lallemand, P., Pomeau, Y., and Rivet, J-P., “Lattice Gas Hydrodynamics in Two and Three Dimensions,” Complex Systems, Vol. 1(4), 1987, pp. 649-707. McNamara, G., and Alder, B., “Analysis of the Lattice Boltzmann Treatment of Hydrodynamics,” Physica A, Vol. 194(1-4), 1993, pp. 218-228.