Module 7 — Upscaling ‘AfFracture network model is made with some fracture network attributes, however, for practical purposes in dynamic reservoir models, these are not useful until you upscale them into the required grid properties that can be used for simulation. In order to compute dual porosity/permeability flow simulations, ECLIPSE (and any other numerical reservoir simulators) needs the appropriate fracture properties for each cell of the simulation grid. Therefore, this requires an upscaling step to transform the fracture model data into the required simulator grid properties. These properties are: «Fracture porosity © Fracture permeability © Sigma (shape) factor defining the connectivity between fractures and matrix © Mean fracture spacing along local directions (I,J,K) for each grid cell These properties can be used directly in Petre! RE (ECLIPSE running in Petrel), or can be exported as .FAB files (Golder). Prerequisites Basic reservoir simulation concepts Learning Objectives In this module, you will successfully learn to: Upscale the Stochastic fracture network using a Statistical method (Oda) : * Visualize and OC the generated properties Frecure Modding Unsealing «211 Scanned with CamScannery Lesson Fracture Modeling - Petre! 2011 i Inial Data Modeling Fracture Pacha erg ImporvDisplay QC and use me ee a Building Fracture Upscaling Fracture model with Simulation id ge Fracture Divers Upscaling Workflow so far... are Intensity Property Fracture Model Dual Porosity Simulation (ECLIPSE) 212¢ Upscaling Fracture Modes Scanned with CamScannerUpscaling Flow Simulation - General Puc Ac Finite Element ee kc suet hectic (ingle Phase) SMe MUNI RIC ieerita Re RUC Sense stiches sensitivity. Depending on the simulation grldblock size (LG) Rr NRSC Onc Merten ite Dit LG i (Multi Phase) AA . Lf>LG Lf=LG Lf< Surface smoothing. This functionality is provided through the Structural and fault analysis (RDR) module and facilitates polygon smoothing, boundary treatment, and various averaging methods. Surface Derived Attributes in Petrel First derivative — Dip and Azimuth. Can be created directly on a surface from a right-click operation. * Second derivative — Curvature (reciprocal of radius of curvature). The Second derivative is often used as a direct measurement of curvature, but only when dip is zero. Curvature Types from the Surface Operations Tab: ur types of surface curvatures. This is b of any regular surface. Select the type bute is added to the surface. If you face, which will be In Petrel, you can calculate fot done from the Operations tal and click Run to execute. A new attri use a Horizon in a 3D grid, simply convert it toa sur stored in the Input pane. Principal curvatures: Represent the extremes of normal curvatures © Max curvature: Convex positive curvature - 1/ rmax (r= max radius of all possible directions). The largest absolute curvature. Effective at delimiting faults and fault geometries; positive curvature values represent the upthrown side and the negative values the downthrown side of the fault. © Min curvature: Concave negative curvature ~ 1/rmin (r= max radius of all possible directions). The curve perpendicular to _____ Max curvature is called the minimum curvature. ractare Modeling ie You can only create curvature attributes on Regular surfaces (Operations tab of Horizon), not from Structured surfaces. Fracture Divers © 235 Scanned with CamScanner(Max curvature + Min curvaturel/2, Th gonal normal curvatures through a ant and is defined as the mean «Mean curvature: average of any (wo orthor point ona surface IS const curvature. . a ; (Min curvature)*(Max curvature), Gaussian curvature: J ( product of principal curvatures. Since Min curvature is smaj around +/- zero -> rapid changes (=> absolute Gaussian curvature better. Fracture Drivers ROR - Structural analysis Byeecs cl Identifies sharp edges which used to smooth noise on surface data, Pen TechNEWS ‘Smoothing can be RDR - Structural Analysis (Edge detection) Itis often difficult to identify subtle discrete edges on a surface which might represent relatively low throw faults. The Edge detection operation assists you in the identification of these discrete edges, Hale enhancing the confidence in the modeled fault network. it can a either to rapidly highlight a fault network or it can be used to lentify potential low throw structures not discernible in seismic sections. This process can, therefore, el ality 0 i fe, enhance the qui rau! The i i ee Operation allows you to rapidly isolate areas 0° a aan bald Subtle changes in the surface topography occur. The omeuee 2 Specially developed surface edge detection algorithm. ome) actu Bis Trecine Divers Scanned with CamScannerformed on a su n can be per ris peril and a regularly spaced point va ro the Structural Analysis { sed vil ess 8 ©, 4.30 seismic horizan dataset. The pri ab in the object’s Settings ox. The result of this process is an attribute box attached to the ct. Because this is a 2D operation - and the surface St data objet be sampled into a 3D Property, the Z values will be bute NaS a of the edge detection is related to fault offsets, it “stant IF nto use the distance to fault/object option (30) ght ean one of the following slides, gemons Fracture Drivers ROR - Structural analysis TUMEUR eT eL Le) atiatio Haines ante Net Mtetyy Fee) 1 hs) Suis Variation. The pi (| i a ich Influential Surface Data ; . indicator of whicl The aim of this operation is to provide you al on the form of the ther geometry are geometaly inl tial parts ofthe data ee The sin st highight the geometrical i ht areas of influence : * ks a a are valid. It can also highlig can ensu valid. °. Nie fold structures shown in the slide abov ‘i Uaidng Fracture Drivers © 237 Scanned with CamScannerFracture Drivers Curvature - 3D Seismic Risuieka ac ie) liens ce) RISE M aU AME BAAS ey NEAT R UMS) ae LUTE OSIM) Seismic 3D Curvature 3D curvature can be used to bring out stratigraphic features in sedimentary environments, karst features, or structural discontinuities. 13 different types of curvature volumes are available in Petrel from the Volume attributes process. ti Scanned with CamScannergracture Drivers seismic Attributes RS Rec ese WME MOH eH eas oo Gere o=accLUN Leto aN CoN I= I1D) Celie) CSE Can be used to combine several seismic attributes Rib gottcy Seismic Attributes Seismic attributes can be derived in Petrel from the original amplitude volume. Here are some examples that could be related directly to faults and fractures, and some that can be related to other mechanical properties used to guide Fracture intensity distribution ina 3D grid. The attibute cubes must be converted to grid properties through a ‘esampling process. Chaos - Maps how chaotic the local seismic signal is within a 3D Window (PCA based). A good indicator for discontinuities and faults. Variance — An Edge-method attribute used for imaging discontinuities. 65.4 vertical smoothing window. If vertical average = semblance. ileence" averages over window and looks for similarities, but runs intermediate step, so variance is sharper. tacking Powerful patent-protected Petrel method for sharp “continuity detection (faults and fractures) using edge enhancements Swarm, intelligence. «Modeling Fracture Drivers © 238 Scanned with CamScanner_ seismil ition method, 7 enc Seismic decompost lethod, usin . Iso-Frequ Ym (CCT Spectral normalization can bette eg, correlation trans! tribute for indicati da cation of open fra ion — patente! Tt attenuation frequency attenuation (only available ty . uation is tied to fracture density and vertical Al 7 fracture zone. Fractures attenuate higher frequencies - 5 ike, frequencies above and below fractured layer captures the a iy lower frequencies. 0 te ency absorption is in high frequencies f Ww emrenci for fluid-filled fractures OF 98s-filag i Example: Frequ fractures and lo Instantaneous Phi Dominant Frequency a time-varying spectral proper shadows. Gradient magnitude — Frequency change in all directions. ase- Indicator of continuities, faults, pinch outs nd Instantaneous Frequency — Reyeg ties by searching for low frequency Envelope — Frequency attenuation. Fracture Drivers Ant tracking Tea Cele 2a ssc Dives PSEC Te ET eC) ty ‘Fault patches can also be used as direct input to a Deterministic fracture model, Cer Mer= linea MW elce) Lenya eb at tat= c-( 1Cnn (e= eC aos Eitrection sampling threshold: Top 30% y Extraction background threshold: “Tp ow Deviation from a plane: tt = Connecvty constr: 1 . ‘Minimum patch size (points): 100 Patch down sampling (voxels): 8 | {Extract fault patches Here, you can extract patches automatically from the Extract fault patches button in the process dialog, or you can extract single patches by using the function bar tool 22 Seeded 3D fault autotracking. The fault patches are stored in a separate Fault patch folder in the Input pane. View the resulting patches in the 3D window along with the Ant cube. Inspect the Histogram and Stereonet tabs, filtering clusters of data using the interactive filtering tools. Note: Since the ant cube was generated using ‘Aggressive ants’ and with no prior Stereonet filtering, a large number of fault patches are generated. These may need to be filtered on, for example, dip, or ne" fault patch generation must be run with tighter constraints (higher confidence parameter settings). Fracture Noted Scanned with CamScannerFracture Drivers © 253 Se 2 | Lasts “| Eas Ste Se z (vox [xe Fracure Scanned with CamScanner ue Modeling256+ Fracture Divers ey © Createnew Z 7 © Est exsting: [JI] AntTracking (1 Regenerate name Eo Method: @ Seismic resampling Propertytemplate: “Bf Black grey white Seismic: (E) [FB 30 directional curvature (160) (Realized) Qualty: Intersecting + Averoge method: Arithmetic . [Ey Use zone/segment fiters 13. The new properties are stored in the Properties folder of the grid - make sure they get the same name as the Volume attributes, Make a folder named Fracture drivers to drop the properties into. B © Fracture drivers “ALO Sweetness “91 © GredMag 11 © 30 directional curvature 14. Display the new seismic properties ina 3D window.“ Distance to fault The Distance to faultis a geometrical property that can be made directly for the Fault model. Exercise Steps 1. Use the Geometrical Modeling process and select the Distance to Object method with the distance to Faults in the grid option, = plane to inve' Structural analysis tab > Geometric analysi: Dip /dip direction. YSIS and selec 5, Create Fault dip and Fault dip direction f or faults folder. all objects in the ome Sera ais [taps w Ge Geometric analysis 4G} Fault throw and displacement he “oj Fault segment attributes ©2-(a Property analysis B-(a Juxtapesition analysis Scanned with CamScanner3 [Frac Ga (eran) Skeleton os Fauts @ © |FautProperies| : ® O dp & © Dip direction Fat Sticks 33D Seis Fout interpretation 3 Faut Sticks 4 [2D Seta Faut intepretation 1 80 Faut interpretation 4 | 89) Fautintepretaton 2 BdSDo0 The dip related properties are stored under the Faults folder. Display faults with the Dip property in a 3D window. If dip is deviating a lot from 90 deg, use the polygon option described below: 6. Right-click on the Faults folder of your 3D grid and select Convert to fault polygons. This will create a separate folder in the Input pane. 7. Copy/paste one of the fault polygons and rename it to Combined fault polygon. In the Operations tab, drop in the other polygons and click Run for each one - this way, you can control which faults have an impact on the model and which ‘ones you do not need. Fracture Drivers 259 Scanned with CamScannerit by vetcal : & Pet ove polygons by number of points eg Renove ober bmn. et ff Remove end poi Fes evey tn pomen “> Concatenate all polygons “© Chose all polygons 8. Now update your Distance property; drop the Combined fault polygon into the Geometrical modeling process > Distance to object as Object. 20 Facixe Divers Scanned with CamScannerMethod: © Distance toctieat Propertytemplate: dy, Distance 98 © Center ofthe upscaled cels (&% © Fouts inthe gid coe @ Rama] 9. Rename the property to Distance to fault polygons. Curvature Various curvature attributes can be generated from surfaces. Ideally they should first be smoothed to take away noise and spikes in the data that easily corrupts the fine curvature generation. Curvature surface attributes must be sampled into the 3D grid. They will have lateral variations, but will have a constant value in the Z-direction. Exercise Steps 1. From the TENSLEEP horizon, go to Settings > Operations tab and click the Make surface button. 2. Aregular surface is created and stored in the Input pane. 3. In surface settings > Structural Analysis > Data clean up and processing, select Surface smoothing. Use the below parameters (if the RDR functionality is not available, use the standard surface smoothing from the Operations tab): "rate Moding Fracture Divers © 261 Scanned with CamScanner262 Fracture Divers eas re Seetilshs BG Structural analysis : £5 {Data clean up and processing n@ Anomaly identifier Clipping to points. (B-Cy Attribute mapping urface smoothing or a variety of surface {oo supplied surface to reduce noise and spikes [This process applies @ moshing approaches in the data. Region half-width (Idirection): 1 a Region haf height (I drection}: (1 Polygon region for smoothing: ‘Smooth inside polygon a Poboonregen: (=) ‘Surface: Averaging method: Boundary treatment: Number of passes: 229] JOavax) 4, Right-click on it to Create/update dip angle and azimuth Note that these are stored as attributes under the TENSLEEP surface. 5. Go to Operations tab for the surface and select Curvature operations, Select each of them and click Run in betwee”! Generate new attributes - these are also stored on the TENSLEEP surface, Frecare No Scanned with CamScannerZin: -908.25 Zmax: 33,08 Dz: 941.33 1B Seismic operations Aathmetic operations (Bi General functions oS Mean curvature ‘~~ Gaussian curvature “\ Aaimuth of max curvature 6. Display the surface in a 2D window and swit D s ich betwe different attributes. Pea TENSLEEP T@z ~@ O Dip angle é © Dip azimuth bf © Min cuvatue EIT © Max curvature M1 © Mean cuvvatue T© Gaussian curvature BO Azimuth of max curvature 7. Use the Geometrical modeling process to sample the attributes into the 3D grid. Use the Method called Constant or surface in segments and zones. 8. Drop in Max and Min curvature in addition to the Dip angle. = Trae Dives ©2683 "ecu Nodeing Scanned with CamScannerSBF Geometrical modeling with ‘Frac model/Frac Grid (Dc) Make property @ Create new 7 © Edt existing: tance to faults (1) Regenerate name ZJ Elevation depth Property template: ‘Set Constant or Surface: ‘Same for all zones Sameforallsegmerts [[] All surfaces B All segments 7 |@ET Max curvature (TENSLEEP) | _Allzones =e 5 a 2 5 2 2 8 = 3 2 oa = 5 2 3 B 5 3 3 8 2 £ s zt a highlight the features properly. drop all of the new properties into the folder Fracture 10. Finally, drivers, Frac nate Scanned with CamScannera cise 2” Use Secondary Properties exe odeling of Intensity in ise 1, We prepared some Fracture dri i 0 a Gaussian Random Function simulation ie ae a vel ved Intensity acts asthe primary variable (upscaled on and o fracture driver properties will act (one-by-one first) as secondar vaiales (in 3D) in a co-kriging run, "y gerne er ofthe orig 4, Make a copy of the Original upscaled Intensity GRFS stored in your Intensity - Total folder (shold be let iy all zones.) Rename it to Intensity GradMag. 2. Open the Petrophysical modeling process. Use the Intensity GradMag property. Use the GRFS method for all (Fracture Drivers) zones Together. gh Ovewte (GF) (a ] E&trarevery: Tesi retool Status: =a (Gono) [Zone setings ] 5%] i Seed {21057 @ [Zones] Same setings forall zones (Z] Tosether [Za] (BY Facies: No conditioning to facies. The zone is modeled in one single operation. GG NORTE, [Boceussonrndem ncionsiniton 3. Set the Variogram as below: It will approximately follow the hinge line of the 3D grid (160 deg = -20 as seen in Module 7). = Variogram [7 Distribution ot eT Variogram type: (Exponential +] Nugget: 0.0001 ¢ Range Arisctropy range and orientation Major dir; Minor dir: Vertical: Range: fgo00 [3000/10 Ramuth: 20 | Dip: 0 } ShohS Fracture Divers © 265, Scanned with CamScanneria might be a low estimated correlation ‘between the Intensity and the Fracture driver, but this is expected for some properties ‘asa direct relationship is nat ahvays seen in the well position, The correlation coefficient can be used to tune the impact of the Fracture driver when populated in the 30 grid, 266 + Frecture Divers ive resampled property (Fracture driver) ag the i -kriging tab. dary property in the Co: 5, searrallveatad co-kriging with a constant correlation . coefficient. Click the Estimate button to get the correct Correlation Coefficient (in the Upscaled position). 4, Use the respecti [2 Co-kriging Varogen A Distibuin | Secondary Vibe, ] Property: ® Gf GradMag . © Horizontal surface: ‘Vertical function: Method © Local varying mean © Coloceted co-kriging Expert settings - > 1 Transform using input distribution 6. Once the GRFS method is run, you can now tune the correlation Coefficient using the interactive slider bar which is now active, Notice that the property is updated on-the-fly in the 3D window. © Colocated coknging Coefficient: 'Constant —» |(0.01842802 | Hto 1} a 0 1 7. Di ; Display the intensity Property and test the slider bar to match @ corettion Which you think is more appropriate than the low ‘ation estimated at the upscaled well logs. Fracture Mosel Scanned with CamScannerFrat 8. Redo steps 1 to 6 by copying the Intensity GradMag property, and rename it with reference to the remaining fracture drivers. The setup should be the same; simply substitute the respective secondary properties in the Co-kriging tab. Re-estimate the Correlation coefficients! 3. In the end, you should have a few Intensity properties with names related to the Fracture drivers. Put them into a new folder called Intensity Co-kriging. 10. Move all new Intensity properties into a folder and name it Intensity Co-kriging. a Modeling | Fracture Drivers © 267 —_ Scanned with CamScanner268 Fracture Drivers Optional: Exercise 3 - Creating Surface Attributes Ug; RDR Structural Analysis Tools Ing ROR (Rock Deformation Research) has developed a set of structy, analysis tools for surfaces that can be useful in delineating linearn like faults and fracture zones. ments, Exercise Steps 1. Use the same TENSLEEP surface that you made the cury, attributes on earlier. ature 2. Inthe surface settings > Structural analysis tab, select th Edge detection method. Use the default parameters and a Run. lick a More Variogram ‘Structural Analysis ‘~@@ Fault segment attributes (2G Data clean up and processing GB Attribute mapping Frome oe Scanned with CamScannera9 TENSLEEP -27@Z i O Dip angle ei © Dip azimuth YT O Min curvature TO Max curvature 91 O Mean curvature 92 © Gaussian curvature BO Aaimuth of max curvature Ni © Edge detection: Pre-smooth method, Combo average 3. Also, use the Influential surface data method. Fac Des © 269 Taare = CC Fracture Drivers « 268 “ele Medcing Scanned with CamScanner20 Fracture Divers Variogram Structural Anaivaiy Ree {G Foult segment atributes © By Data clean up and processing ig Anomaly identifier BBR Clipping to points LGB Surface smoothing [i . ———————————— object hat highs areas cf oP win the dataset thet are [Prepares emottiatdocbieck eee Search region: 2 [©] Apply histogram equalization Clamping: ‘Clamp to P5 and P95 values Resample the surface attributes into the 3D grid. Edit the Influential property; cut the “red” part using the property Calculator: eee eo) Fi Scanned with CamScanner: exercise 4- Neural Net: Combining Fracture Driver properties for Intensity The Neural Net will use a combination of the above properties to create a new generalized property to be used as a secondary variable in Co-kriging Process. Some or all of the above fracture indicator properties can be used to estimate a new Intensity in the ypscaled cells, which can then be populated as a secondary intensity property. It is advisable to perform a proper fracture analysis and characterization before attempting the Neural Net method as the fracture intensity also should incorporate multiple fracturing events. Exercise Steps 1. Upscale a new basic Intensity property the same way as you did in the previous exercise, and name it Intensity NN. 2. Open the Train estimation model process. 3. Select the Estimation radio button to create a new Neural Net Estimation model. 4. Use 3D properties as Data type and drop in the Frac Grid (Depth) as input. 5. We will estimate the Intensity based on some or all of the fracture driver properties we modeled earlier. 6. In the Input tab of the Train estimation model dialog box, toggle the properties from the Fracture driver folder. Froctre ‘Modeling Fracture Divers «271 Scanned with CamScanner————— Train estimation model 1 @ Geatenew 7 © Edt existing: eee © Gassfication Datatype: 3D properties 2 Input 3D gid eB) ® Frac Grid (Depth) |component analysis Comelation analysis ‘a 7. Inthe Settings tab, select the Intensity NN as ‘The amount and type Supervised property. of drivers may vary from what you have generated © Supervised [Intensity NN [U] Revert back to the Input tab, make sure to only use the filter for Upscaled cells; Use fiter Click the Correlation analysis button to view the Linea? each pion between all of the fracture drivers and betwee" masrecusumee ——|-__—___2at driver and the supervised Intensity property Fracture oder 4 Scanned with CamScanner10. Click Apply. 11, The Neural Net Estimation model (Neur: in the Input pane. 42, ANeural Net property (Intensi ‘ ‘The Petrel Message log appears and displays the Training results al net 1) is stored ity NN [Neural net 1]) is i 4 lot, activate it from the also created and stored in the Properties folder in the View menu). The Relative Models pane; this has values only in the upscaled cells, roe sad tease ee Display this in a 3D window. the lowest error is selected . = and Stored. In this case, our 13. Open the Petrophysical modeling process. Use the inputs have low correlation existing Intensity NN [Neural net 1] property with i = crate —— . results. Normally, you wou Neural net as the method and drop in the Neural net 1 take out the properties with from the Input pane. the lowest correlation and 7 re-tun te Estimation. There isa limit to the amount of information that a Neural Net can handle, so ideally, tty to reduce the amount of inputs. k Frese Dives 273 “Sing Scanned with CamScannerDN Fracture Drivers mot ifiae model/Frac Grid (Depth)’ Makemmodel [Hints | ——— [] Overwrte (ol entra rcee — Nena (Gennen|[Zenecatnoe (GH) «Seed [009 Zones: ] Same settings forall zones [F] Together Facies: | No condtioning to facies. The zone is modeled in one single operation, Method or [[ Neural net af zone/facies: F Sinn (D) etre eset] a | Original properties Mapped properties 1_[BTSweetness a Vin Edge detection: Pre-smooth My Edge detection: Pre-smo [Vy Influential_low @)Miulnfluential_low 14. Once the Intensity NN [Neural net 1] property has been modeled in 30, use it as input in the GRFS method; Collocated co-kriging, for the original Intensity property (Intensity NN). Rename accordingly. Froctre Moved Scanned with CamScannerTTT Faaseness [its] pete EG) rome. Status: Ibu as Cl sees iiss Same settings for all zones [Z] Together id (Depth (oe) (feces) No ccondtioning to facies. The zone is modeled in ‘one single operation, ‘Method for zone facies; {il Gaussian random function emulsion | [= Verioaram | /\._ Distribution Le Co-kriging ieee ome] ‘Secondary variable, Se Bi Hotzontal suface: ED Vetical function: Method © Local varying mean © Colocated co-riging Coefficient: ‘Constant > 057368039 Hto1] Fay ney Veg Fracture Drivers © 275 Scanned with CamScannerea new property folder for storing the inally, creat C e ens properties derived form the Neural net Name it Intensity Neural Net. Process BB O Fredue dives 111 © Sweetness AI O Grditeo Af © 3D directional curvature dy O Distance to feuts 1 O Min curvature Max curvature ie Edge detection: Pre-smooth methe Nyy © Influential data: HistEa Voy © Influertial_low BB O Intensity Co-kriging I © hitensty Sweetness [U] I © Intensity GredMag [U] T © Mtensiy Dist to fautt [U] I © Intensity MaxCurvature [U] = © Intensity 3D Cury 160 _[U] Fro © Intensity Neural net I © Intensity NN [U] I © intensity NN [Neural net 1] (F| Exercise 5 - Creating New Fracture Models Using Various Intensity Properties Create a series of new Fracture Networks using the various Intensity properties made in the previous module, or use a single property that you have confidence in. Ultimately, use the one derived from your Neural Net modeling. Exercise Steps 1. Open the Create fracture network process. Run with the same settings used previously for the Simple Fracture network. Name the fracture mode! Neural Fracture network. 2. Select Intensity NN as 30 grid Intensity property inthe Distribution tab. ee so oa 26+ Fracture Divers Fact Scanned with CamScanneray When using a neural net property, we are partly integrating multiple fracture drivers, so the statistical parameters for D1 Truncate bytop: — [t00% = the Fracture network mode! Truncat : = setup may need some pe reseby bo: (RO x considerations - as they : may in fact incorporate © Region propery: [51 TensleenFacies (Newe ~] data from multiple fracture © Entire ord Distribution Densty defintion: [Fracarea/volume | See 2. Iftime permits, pick any of the Intensity properties using a single Fracture driver as Distribution input. Agood one to test is Intensity Dist to fault; make sure to run the GRFS with a high but negative correlation coefficient first (0.9). Trace Divers *277 i "ete Moding Scanned with CamScannerExercise 6 - Redoing the Upscaling for the Neura} Fracture Network Create from the Neural Fract Exercise Steps e new Upscaling properties based on the Fracture attribute ure network. : 1. Open the Scale up fracture network properties Process and remember to change the fracture network and property prefix. 2. Toggle off the filter and use the Oda method. Scale up | rk model/F. Scale up fracture network properties = © Createnew /Prefic: [NeurelFN| @ 7 © Est existing: 7D SimpleEN_porosity input Fracture network: (&>]| 2% Neural Fracture network Grid: @ Frac Grid (Depth) Upscale from: (Whole fracture network Upscaling {a g@ NewalFN_poosty ‘NeurclFN_sigma i NeuralFN_Ki Al NeualFNL (NetraIENE i Bae Fracture Divers ee ied Faawe™ Scanned with CamScannerammary module, you have learned how to wivel properties together with the primary well-derived Intensity erties. YOU have used various tools in the Geometrical odelid process to create the new fracture drivers, and you have ised these fracture drivers 8 secondary variables in the petrophysical modeling process (GRFS Co-kriging). finally, YOU have created a Neural Net Intensity model that integrates the useful fracture drivers, inthis generate and use fracture i "Se Modeing Fracture Drivers © 279 Scanned with CamScannermodule 9 — Simulation J porosity reservoirs are Mainly of {Wo types . Naturally fractured reservoirs «Ne + Vugular Carbonates -ynmon feature is that these reserve Oir types show a Contrast ‘VETS OF zones, Dual Porosity deposition), Normally related to dary Porosity (fractures), related age (higher porosity) , and secon rainly to flow (higher Permeability) {ual porosity can be modeled in Petrel a infCLPSE However, you can also use t tecture network model to help the mod: simulation. nd then simulated dynamically the output Properties from the leling and subsequent Prerequisites : : + Ageneral interest in modeling, simulation @ and the overall goal &. learning Objectives “this module, you will successfully learn to: * Understand the basic setup for a Dual-Porosity Simulation run in Petrel. kts ———— ‘Simulation © 281 Scanned with CamScannery Lesson Fracture Modeling — Petrel 2011 Fracture Model ImpottDsplay —QCand use Fractwe ‘Inia Data Macting Fa rahe ‘tite ata anaiis ra Fectey al Buldng Fracture Upscaling Fracture model wih | Simulation Model Mulipl Fracture Drier Simulation .» Finally Fracture analysis Intensity Property Upscaling ual Porosity Simulation (ECLIPSE) 2B Simulation Scanned with CamScannermulation uid FlOW, Simulation Models Org Pcs) EL Re WES el CeVAla tl sis) lly Pees eats CATED (ols sits els) fl Real Reservoir ‘0 EALIZATION OF A FRACTURED RESERVOIR Match Stick Model NSE) sine) Mey ARMAS AIM lS lel N Layered Model the matrix blocks into the fractures) eeu ILL) Flow from Matrix to fractures and between matrix blocks Solid Phase Matrix Blocks (Primary Porosity) Fractures (Secondary Porosity) ‘CROSSFLOW (Fluid Exchange) \nadual porosity reservoir, fluids exist in two interconnected systems: «The rock matrix, which usually provides the bulk of the reservoir volume + The highly permeable rock fractures. Considers fluid flow and transport in both the connected fractures and mnatrix blocks. Two overlapping continua, where both are treated as porous media, Assumes release of fluid from storage in the matrix blocks into the fracture network. Iithe matrix blocks are linked only through the fracture system, this ould Conventionally be regarded as a dual porosity single Permeability system, because fluid flow through the reservoir takes Pte only in the fracture network with the matrix blocks acting as Sources. If there is the possibility of flow directly between neighboring Malt blocks, this is usually considered to be a dual porosity dual Pemmeability system. Pa aay ‘Sugar Cube Model ia Dual porosity dual permeability runs ae computationally more expensive than dual porosity single permeability runs ‘Simulation «283 Scanned with CamScanner2A Simulation Simulation Define Simulation case t Meso ee { wu Se aecal AiR SMMC LUD MS) oolesSSsa Vig ing should now be available, Seo | Coe) feacm)eZ Modeling and Simulation of Dual Porosity/Dual Permeability in Petrel (ECLIPSE) To model such Dual porosity /Dual Permeability systems, Petrel will generate two grids — one representing the matrix and the other representing the fracture volumes of the cell. The porosity, permeability, depth (etc) properties of both grids can be independently defined. A matrix-fracture coupling transmissibility is constructed automatically to simulate the flow between the two systems due to fluid expansion, gravity drainage, capillary pressure, and so on. Ina dual porosity, run the number of layers in the Z-direction should be doubled. The simulator associates the first half of the grid with the matrix blocks, and the second half with the fractures, Fracie Nes Scanned with CamScannersimulation Results Simualtion results simulation results can be VieWed aS 3D properties, 2D curves, Notes on dual porosity modeling and simulation Ingeneral, the words “modeling” and “simulation” are sometimes used interchangeably; however, they are not necessarily identical. In the following discussion, the words “modeling” and “simulation” are used with care. Here, “modeling” means the construction of static (geo-) models of reservoir properties, as it is done in Petrel. These models are then used as the time-independent part of the data input required by dynamic reservoir simulation models such as ECLIPSE. The conventional method of modeling and simulating fracture- dominated reservoirs is to represent the rock as a dual-porosity, dual-permeability continuum. The matrix is represented as a set of blocks Containing the matrix properties. The fractures are mathematically represented in ECLIPSE as another spatially coincident Set of blocks with exactly the same block faces but containing the "acture properties. The properties of each block are assumed to be ‘niform throughout the entire block. In other words, after having ‘efined the grid blocks to be used in the model, there is no longer any atal resolution within any grid-block itself. Note that there is not Ieeessarily any relationship between the grid-block (for example, 100m Page ey : Glee kere ele Pr MUA ae ALAS AOE else retin ia Ndi ‘Simulation © 285 Scanned with CamScanner286 Simulation ed in the model (Petrel or ECLIPSE) and the block gr chy voir matrix material bounded by the individual fractures, |p ee for practical field-scale modeling, each grid block wilt Probab contain many fractures, and therefore many fractures and many blot, of matrix material. The smaller fractures within each grid block arg S coupled to the rock by means of factors that are related to the fracture geometry, as represented by the Sigma factor. This type of geo-madel cannot accurately reproduce many commonly observed types of fractured reservoir behavior because it does not accurately reflect the geometry of fluid flow pathways. Conventional dual-porosity geo-models do not explicitly model the geometry of discrete fractures, solution features, and bedding that control the flow pathway geometry. This inaccurate modeling of discrete fracture connectivity might possibly result in inaccurate flow predictions in areas of the reservoir where there is not good well control. Itis important to make the distinction between conventional dual porosity (static geo-)modeling with its inherent limitations compared to the DFN+IFM fracture modeling approach, as compared to ECLIPSE Dual Porosity (dynamic) simulation, which may or may not have been supplied with input data prepared by the fracture models. The ECLIPSE Dual Porosity dynamic simulation model is an excellent tool, but its accuracy is limited depending on the ability of ‘the user and the quality of the input data. x 100m) ust The “limitations of conventional dual porosity approaches” mentioned below do not refer to “dual porosity (dynamic) ECLIPSE simulation”, but rather refers to old-fashioned dual porosity geo-modeling (such as the “sugar cube” approach) for preparing the ECLIPSE simulation input data. The discrete fracture network (DFN) approach offers many key advantages over conventional dual porosity (DP) geo-modeling approaches, particularly when issues of connectivity dominate the recovery and reservoir stimulation in fractured and heterogeneous reservoirs. DP models have been developed for complex multiphase and thermal effects, and have been implemented for basin scale modeling. However, DP geo-models address only the dual porosity nature of fractured reservoirs, generally simplifying connectivity and scale- : dependent heterogeneity issues which are modeled efficiently and ie accurately by the DFN approach. Coupled with the FM approach. also the smaller scale fractures will be investigated and modeled. 5 -—— — Fret Scanned with CamScanneradvantage of DFN and IFM fracture hel i : ly implemented as stochastic models models is that they are al n i , in which multiple eats provide a quantitative measure for uncertainty and etait | models still offer advantages regarding the level of sophistication of gate multiphase flow Solvers. In many cases, DP models also offer = Syantages regarding model size and speed. As a Tesult, the speed a rovernents seen by the coupled DENsIFM model will be able to take rraximum advantage of each approach, Reservoir simulation can be significantly more challenging and interesting for naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) than itis for conventional clastic reservoirs. We now have a very powerful set of tools to study NFR: the combination of Petrel for Generating static models and ECLIPSE for using those static models in simulations of dynamic reservoir behavior. yuss MATRIX Tirloton 287 Face Maing Scanned with CamScannerSummary In this module, you have learned basics about Dual porosity/Dyay al permeability simulation in Petrel. 288 Simulation — aque Scanned with CamScannerAppendix — Background Theory Inthis module, you will be introduced to the basics of fracture classifica and characterization, how they are formed, and how they can be analted and interpreted using various tools. All of this is important for understand wh we perform fracture modeling and for getting a clear Picture of what fae is needed for the Fracture network model and Simulation model ° Prerequisites © Basic Structural geology Learning Objectives inthis module, you will learn the theory of: Fracture Investigation and Description - Fracture model input: Distribution, Geometry and Orientation © Fracture Behavior in nature - Faults, Folds, Lithology and Porosity © Fracture Detection methods - Outcrop analogs, Seismic, Logs (cores) © Fracture Analysis / Characterization - Orientation, scale, shape, size distribution, spacing/density * Fracture model input - Fracture Density/intensity * Simulation input 7 - Fracture plane Aperture, Porosity & Permeability * Fracture Modeling - Why does all this matter? ii 9 289 ee ee "lute Modeling Scanned with CamScanner2° Appendix gy Lesson 4. Fracture Investigation and Description Required parameters for input to the Fracture mode! tion methods ( PSOE OMO ACA UES Maan ieiaesns fractures and theit statistics ar ORIENTATION Fracture Detection and Description To investigate fractures, certain observations must be made to make sense of the fracture information. The result of these observations will be used as input to the Create fracture network process. The-quality of the fractured reservoirs depends on the intensity of the fracturing, the fracture volume, and the degree of fracture network communication. To be able to model and simulate such reservoirs, we need a proper fracture characterization : + Aproper fracture detection at the well level must be performed ‘This leads to a collection and description of tangible fracture attributes (location, aperture, and orientation). ‘* A thorough fracture interpretation should be performed to select “valuable” fractures which may be seen as open, conductive and with large aperture. Other fractures of lower quality; small aperu"®: healed etc., may also be sorted out. Based on how the fractures appear in depth (zones and layers). in i i within certain facies/lthologies and with respect to orientations (OF Frocure Nose Scanned with CamScannerexample, seen in Stereonets), fracture modeled separately in the Fracture mo Distribution and geometry of fracture Fracture modeling and can partly be i However, this is a 1D representation samy ipled at ve locations, so additional drivers of 3D orientation ote ttre system is important. Such information could b ‘ : e seismic or geomechanical information ae Sets can be sorted out and ideling process, Systems is important in inferred from well data Detection to Ste Orientation of fractures; can help identi infer the orientation and extent of See ie ‘tae « Scale and shape; fractures normally die out or terminate against other fractures. The displacement reduces towards the joint. Fractures can exist on a scale from meters ta kilometers, down to micro fractures on millimeter scales. In an ideal world without truncation, erosion, etc., fractures are thought of as having an elliptic shape. «Fracture spacing; the average spacing of fractures tends to be consistent, depending on the rock type and bed thickness. In general, the fracture spacing increases with bed thickness and behaves differently depending on the lithology (for example, the spacing in limestones are considerably greater than in wackes with shale interbeds). ‘Accurate characterization of fractured reservoirs is achieved through data integration: © Measurements (seismic, image logs, well tests) + Reservoir models incorporating fractures (Petrel) * Flow simulation (reservoir simulators, Petrel RE, ECLIPSE, FrontSim) aa ‘Appendix 234 Scanned with CamScanner9. Fracture Behavior in Nature Geologic Classification of Fractures COE eae it Nie Faultrelated frincs seen Gautcoie) Farrel sr ou fice ool Rather Compressional stress Fold controls Fracture sels related to folding types: Ture aL Mechanical stratigraphy affect fracture inten eeMcmseapsrcutiee worl = Bed thickness - Porosity, diagenetic fractures (contracional) exe SineyeUtns|or folding. It is also related to stress reduction, creating dilatational fractures after Cresne ur yi In Situ Stress State on Extensi i Natural Fracture System tactics a ome fe LOS S | JA oe on OH mal Principal stress axes: EE Applied Nal Suess (In Sits) cna BEI Regional Stress (horizontalvertica) 92 intermediate (EEE Shear Strain (seismicity) 3-mit 03~minor 280 Roped 9 Fracture Node Scanned with CamScannersin Fractured Reservoirs iro “reservoirs are primarily related to the meio the loading and unloading history of rocks Natural fractures ‘orleved to represent the local stress at the time of facturing, ilo pote atures and flds might berlated to diferentialstoce vy wh the maximum and minimum horizontal stress components fi ‘ ase with increasing burial. Open fractures (Which are of interest in ino ve modeling) require stress relief in at least one direction, 7 extensional fractures could be mud cracks, joints within a bed stylolites, diagenetic fissures, and so on, / «Shear fractures are related to normal (Sigma 1 = vertical), reverse/thrusts (sigma 3 = vertical) and Strike-slip faults seams and Friedman (1972) group naturally fractured reservoirs into four categories, based on fracture mechanisms or origins lectonic history, Fractures Tectonic: Tectonic or structure related fractures - result of tectonic events like faulting and folding, « Regional fractures - normally cover large areas and have a fairly constant orientation. It can be difficult to unveil the exact cause of these fractures. Non-tectoni ¢ — Contractional fractures - cause of reduction in bulk volume. Due to thermal contraction and diagenesis. * Surface-related fractures - relate to weathering and unloading of stored stress. Other fractures we can see in boreholes are induced fractures: * Hydraulic fractures * Mechanical fractures — Fens Scanned with CamScannerAe Appendix Faults Fault process zone Ricci aren cues of fault. The intensity ot fract Picci: ides subsidiary faults, fracture ture frequency decrease and veins along the length away {rom the fault FAULTS Gouge Zone (<1 m) Intense cataclasis and usually very low permeability. Gouge Zone Fracture swarm /Corridor Fracture corridor (<100 m) { Highly fractured with fracture | intensity and permeability | decreasing from the fault —— ae Distance rom Fault Fault Zones Fault zones in rocks generally consist of a fault core and a damage zone that have permeabilities distinctly different from the original rock in which they were formed. The damage zone can include gauge zones, small subsidiary faults, fractures, and veins. The fractures within a damage zone can create areas of increased permeability. This can result in a preferential fault-paralle! fluid flow. Gouge Zone In a gouge zone, gouge materials are minerals filling the fractures. They are primarily composed of calcite, limestone, or quartz, which are precipitated from fluids. The materials in the gouge zone will normally inhibit flow and decrease the permeability. Fracture Corridors These are considered highways of fluid flow. They are quite large, can stn, be seen on a seismic scale and have localized high fracturing within le zone, Froctre Mosel Scanned with CamScannerFaults Fault controls AM thrusts ( DERE 1 CONIC CH SE Wai: BUnCesiote lil pa Fractures related to FAULTS Fault Controls Faults and fractures can vary in character and density along the length of a ‘ault due to variations in lithology and mineralization. The displacement also varies along a single fault from a maximum at the center toa rrinimum at the fault tips. Therefore, the density of secondary fault structures might be greatest near the center of the fault and decrease toward the fault tips, along both the strike and the dip. Shear fractures are normally associated with faulting Within the fault zone of a normal fault, the dominant direction of fractures are parallel to ‘he fault, with some minor subordinate conjugate shear fractures at about £5 eq to the fault direction. Fracture types: * Extension fractures (mode ! the fracture walls. i i * Shear fractures (mode I) ~ sliding motion perpen )) - relative motion is perpendicular to jcular to the edge of the fractures. | ot * Shear fractures (mode Il) ~ sliding motion parallel to the edge the fracture, — Agiecwe: "cw ding Scanned with CamScannere extension (mixed mode fracture) — the Components of + obliqu : pl oth paral ard perpeniuar oti ay clisplacement are b surface. Faults a Fracture/Fault Spacing Relationship Fracture/Fault Spacing Relationship Number of Hinge Perpendicular Fractures 3945 67 8 9 1011 Distance from Fault (m) eg nape aged es Ne) Fracture Spacing — vs. Faults From Cooper (2000): Histogram of an outcrop transect starting at, and perpendicular to, a fault on the northeastern limb of Teapot Dome. The histogram shows fractures in the damage zone of the fault increasing in ‘umber with proximity to the fault. The fault and fractures strike perpendicular to the fold hinge. Smee Scanned with CamScannerFolds - Compressional Stress Geet Uc sh i nae cr Se ea COMPRESSION NEUTRAL FIBER EXTENSION Strain partitioning Folds Fractures can be related to folded rocks with a certain degree of curvature. One method of predicting the fracture density relative to the structural position is the radius-of-curvature or rate-of-change approach (Murray, 1968). The major assumption of this approach is that the greatest density of flexure-related fracturing will occur where the rate of change of dip (or curvature) of beds is at a maximum (Nelson, 1985), such as in a fold hinge. The occurrence, orientation, and density of fold-related fractures vary with the fold type and location of the fold. Owing to strain partitioning, ody’ stress field fractures developed in the upper part of the fold differ from those in the determines whether lower part of the fold, This has a great impact on flow. Fractures may pre-existing fractures are Contribute to high rates of hydrocarbon production in dilated fractures, open or closed hile in closed fractures there may be no flow. Note that the above conditions are not accounting for flexural slip. Explanation of principal stress direction Sigma t (max) ~ max. stress direction Sigma 3 (min) - min, stress direction (least stress) maar Teper 7 Scanned with CamScanner