Universal free and Compulsory Education

Article 45 of the Indian constitution states that,

" The state shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years from the Commencement of this
constitution for free and compulsory Education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years."

It is clearly directed in Article 45 of the constitution that the provision of universal, Free and compulsory
Education becomes the joint responsibility of the centre and the states.

The expression 'state' which occures to this article is defined in Article 12 to include" The govt and
parliament of India and the govt and the legislature of each of the states and all local and other
authorities within the territory of India on under the control of govt of India"

Right to Education Act 2002

The consutution 86th Amendment) Act, 2002 Hoseated Article 21-A in the constitution of India to
provide free and compulsory Education of all children in the age group of 6-14 years as a Fundamental
right in such a manner the State may, by law, determine.

Operation Blackboard of National Literacy Mission .of literate people at the time

The percentage of literate people at the time of independence was only 14%. Govt realised Importance
of Education and efforts have been made, but due to the increased number of drop outs at the primary
stage, the numbex of literates decreased..

According to National Policy on education, 1986, The govt has launched, National literacy mission and
operation black board, for the spread of mass literacy at primary stage

- This mission is for Those who were deprived of the benefits of education in their Childhood

-Special efforts to educate them by night School and adult literacy centers

-distance education programmes through Correspondence courses

-National Institute of open schooling and Several open universities have been set up to attain the goal of
universalization Education.

Right of minorities to establish and administer educational Institutions.

- Minorities are granted the ability to establish and administer their own educational Institutions by The
constitution of india.

Article 30 Is Sometimes known as the "charter of Education Rights". This article states That
 " All minorities whether based on religion от language shall have right to establish and administer
educational institutions of their choice. "

"The states shall not discriminate against any educational lnstitution in respect of granting aid, on the
ground that it is under the management of a minority whether based on religion or language."