‎jobs ‎List your jobs.

‎& ‎Run a job in the background.

‎ssh ‎^Z ‎Suspend the current (foreground) job.

‎check ‎Shell Job Control
‎munin - monitoring ‎suspend ‎Suspend a shell.

‎fg ‎Unsuspend a job: bring it into the foreground.

‎Terminate a process (or send it a signal). ‎kill
‎bg ‎Make a suspended job run in the background.
‎killall

‎Invoke a program at a particular priority. ‎nice ‎Controlling Processes ‎ls ‎List files in a directory.

‎Change a process’s priority as it runs. ‎renice ‎cp ‎Copy a file.

‎cpulimit ‎mv ‎Rename (“move”) a file.

‎Basic File Operations ‎rm ‎Delete (“remove”) a file.

‎Wait a set number of seconds, doing nothing. ‎sleep
‎ln ‎Create links (alternative names) to a file.
‎Run a program at set intervals.  ‎watch
‎ ompletely erase a file when the file is
C
‎Scheduling Jobs ‎shred 
‎deleted
‎Schedule a job for a single, future time. ‎at

‎Schedule jobs for many future times. ‎crontab

‎cd ‎Change your current directory.

‎ rint the name of your current directory, i.e.,

P
‎Halts or reboots a Linux system ‎shutdown ‎Logins, Logouts, and Shutdowns ‎pwd
‎“where you are now” in the filesystem.

‎basename ‎Print the final part of a file path.

‎Print your login name. ‎logname

‎Directory Operations ‎dirname ‎Print a file path without its final part.

‎Print your current, effective username. ‎whoami

‎mkdir ‎Create (make) a directory.

‎Print the user ID and group membership of a

‎id ‎rmdir ‎Delete (remove) an empty directory.
‎user.

‎rm -r ‎Delete a nonempty directory and its contents.

‎List logged-in users, long output. ‎who ‎Users and Their Environment

‎List logged-in users, short output. ‎users

‎cat ‎View files in their entirety.
‎Print information about users. ‎finger
‎less ‎View text files one page at a time.
‎Determine when someone last logged in. ‎last
‎head ‎View the first lines of a text file.
‎Print your environment. ‎printenv
‎tail ‎View the last lines of a text file.

‎nl ‎View text files with their lines numbered.

‎Create an account. ‎useradd

‎Delete an account. ‎userdel

‎File Viewing ‎strings ‎Display text that’s embedded in a binary file.

‎od ‎View data in octal (or other formats).

‎Modify an account. ‎usermod
‎User Account Management
‎xxd ‎View data in hexadecimal.
‎Change a password. ‎passwd

‎acroread ‎View PDF files.

‎Change a user’s personal information. ‎chfn

‎gv ‎View PostScript or PDF files.

‎Change a user’s shell. ‎chsh

‎xdvi ‎View TeX DVI files.

‎Print the group membership of a user. ‎groups

‎emacs ‎Text editor from Free Software Foundation.

‎Create a group. ‎groupadd
‎Group Management
‎vim ‎Text editor, extension of Unix vi.
‎Delete a group. ‎groupdel

‎ ffice suite for editing Microsoft Word,

O
‎Modify a group. ‎groupmod ‎File Creation and Editing ‎soffice
‎Excel, and PowerPoint documents.

‎abiword ‎Edit Microsoft Word documents.

‎Print basic system information. ‎uname
‎gnumeric ‎Edit Excel spreadsheets.
‎Print the system’s hostname. ‎hostname

‎Same as hostname -d. ‎dnsdomainname

‎stat ‎Display attributes of files and directories. 

‎Same as hostname -y. ‎domainname

‎wc ‎Count bytes, words, lines in a file.

‎Same as hostname -y. ‎nisdomainname ‎Host Information

‎du ‎Measure disk usage of files and directories.

‎Same as hostname -y. ‎ypdomainname

‎file ‎Identify (guess) the type of a file.

‎Set and display network interface

‎ip ‎touch ‎Change timestamps of files and directories.
‎information.

‎chown ‎Change owner of files and directories.

‎Older command to set and display network
‎ifconfig
‎interface information.
‎ hange group ownership of files and
C
‎File Properties ‎chgrp
‎directories.

‎Look up hostnames, IP addresses, and DNS ‎Change protection mode of files and
‎host ‎chmod
‎info. ‎directories.

‎Look up the registrants of Internet domains. ‎whois ‎Set a default mode for new files and
‎umask
‎directories.
‎Check if a remote host is reachable. ‎ping
‎Change extended attributes of files and
‎chattr
‎View the network path to a remote host. ‎traceroute ‎Host Location ‎directories.

‎ex  ‎List extended attributes of files and

‎lsattr
‎directories.
‎ ttp://kb.mediatemple.net/questions/909/
h
‎dig
‎Understanding+the+dig+command
‎find ‎Locate files in a directory hierarchy.
‎ ttp://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-dig-
h
‎command-examples-usage-syntax/ ‎Process a list of located files (and much
‎xargs
‎more).

‎Create an index of files, and search the

‎Securely log into a remote host, or run ‎locate
‎ssh ‎index for string.
‎commands on it.

‎Locate executables in your search path (

‎Log into a remote host (insecure!). ‎telnet ‎File Location ‎which
‎command).

‎Securely copy files to/from a remote host (

‎batch).
‎scp ‎Network Connections  ‎type
‎Locate executables in your search path (
‎bash built-in).

‎Securely copy files to/from a remote host (

‎sftp ‎Locate executables, documentation, and
‎interactive). ‎whereis
‎ INUX
L
‎source files.

‎Copy files to/from a remote host (

‎ ommands
C
‎ftp
‎interactive, insecure!).
‎Find lines in a file that match a regular
‎grep
‎expression.

‎Graphical mail client. ‎thunderbird

‎cut ‎Extract columns from a file.

‎Graphical mail client. ‎evolution

‎paste ‎Append columns.

‎Text-based mail client. ‎mutt ‎Email

‎File Text Manipulation ‎tr ‎Translate characters into other characters.

‎Minimal text-based mail client. ‎mail

‎sort ‎Sort lines of text by various criteria.

‎View the outgoing mail queue on your

‎mailq ‎uniq ‎Locate identical lines in a file.
‎system.

‎Copy a file and print it on standard output,

‎tee
‎simultaneously.
‎Full-featured web browser. ‎firefox

‎Text-only web browser. ‎lynx ‎Web Browsing ‎tar ‎Package multiple files into a single file.

‎Download web pages and files. ‎wget

‎gzip ‎Compress files with GNU Zip.

‎gunzip ‎Uncompress GNU Zip files.

‎Usenet newsreader ‎slrn ‎Usenet News
‎bzip2 ‎Compress files in BZip format.

‎bunzip2 ‎Uncompress BZip files.

‎Instant messaging and IRC client. ‎gaim
‎Compress/uncompress BZip files via
‎bzcat
‎Linux/Unix chat program. ‎talk ‎standard input/output.

‎Send messages to a terminal. ‎write ‎Instant Messaging ‎File Compression and Packaging ‎compress
‎Compress files with traditional Unix
‎compression.
‎Prohibit talk and write. ‎mesg
‎Uncompress files with traditional Unix
‎uncompress
‎Print your terminal device name. ‎tty ‎compression.

‎Compress/uncompress file via standard

‎zcat
‎input/output (gzip or compress).
‎Print simple text on standard output. ‎echo
‎zip ‎Compress files in Windows Zip format.
‎Print formatted text on standard output. ‎printf
‎unzip ‎Uncompress Windows Zip files.
‎Print repeated text on standard output. ‎yes ‎Screen Output
‎metamail ‎Extract MIME data to files.
‎Print a sequence of numbers on standard
‎seq
‎output.

‎Clear the screen or window. ‎clear ‎Line-by-line comparison of two files or

‎diff
‎directories.

‎comm ‎Line-by-line comparison of two sorted files.

‎Display a graphical calculator. ‎xcalc ‎File Comparison
‎cmp ‎Byte-by-byte comparison of two files.
‎Evaluate simple math on the command line. ‎expr ‎Math and Calculations
‎Compute a checksum of the given files (
‎md5sum
‎Text-based calculator. ‎dc ‎MD5).

‎Display a graphical clock. ‎xclock ‎lpr ‎Print a file.

‎Print a calendar. ‎cal ‎Printing ‎lpq ‎View the print queue.

‎Dates and Times
‎Print or set the date and time. ‎date ‎lprm ‎Remove a print job from the queue.

‎Set the system time using a remote

‎ntpdate
‎timeserver.
‎look ‎Look up the spelling of a word quickly.

‎Spell Checking ‎aspell ‎Interactive spelling checker.

‎Display graphics files. ‎eog
‎spell ‎Batch spelling checker.
‎Display graphics files and slideshows. ‎geeqie

‎Take a screenshot (screen capture). ‎ksnapshot

‎Display available space on mounted
‎df
‎filesystems.
‎Edit graphics files. ‎gimp ‎Graphics and Screensavers
‎mount ‎Make a disk partition accessible.
‎Draw structured diagrams. ‎dia

‎Unmount a disk partition (make it

‎Create graphs and plots. ‎gnuplot ‎umount
‎inaccessible).

‎Run a screensaver. ‎xscreensaver

‎Disks and Filesystems ‎fsck ‎Check a disk partition for errors.

‎sync ‎Flush all disk caches to disk.

‎Audio file players (MP3, WAV, OGG). ‎amarok, rhythmbox, xmms
‎lshw
‎CD player, ripper, and MP3 encoder. ‎grip
‎inxi
‎Rip audio from CDs to WAV files. ‎cdparanoia
‎lsblk
‎Convert from WAV to MP3. ‎lame ‎Audio

‎Edit ID3 tags. ‎id3tag

‎dump ‎Write a disk partition to a backup medium.

‎Edit audio files. ‎audacity

‎restore ‎Restore the results of a dump.

‎CD burner with graphical interface. ‎k3b

‎Backups and Remote Storage ‎cdrecord ‎Burn a CD, DVD, or Blu-ray disc.

‎Mirror a set of files onto another device or

‎rsync
‎Video file playback. ‎mplayer ‎host.

‎Simple DVD player. ‎gxine ‎mt ‎Control a tape drive.

‎Video
‎Video editor. ‎kino
‎ps ‎List process.
‎Video ripper. ‎HandBrake
‎uptime ‎View the system load.

‎View the network path to a remote host. ‎traceroute ‎w ‎List active processes for all users.

‎Older command to set and display network ‎Monitor resource-intensive processes

‎ifconfig ‎top
‎interface information. ‎interactively.

‎Commands  ‎netstat ‎htop

‎List logged-in users, long output. ‎who ‎iotop

‎tcpdump ‎Network ‎Viewing Processes ‎powertop

‎Check if a remote host is reachable. ‎ping ‎Monitor system load and processes
‎gnome-system-monitor
‎graphically.
‎ifup/ifdown
‎xload ‎Simple, graphical monitor of system load.
‎nslookup
‎free ‎Display free memory.
‎dig
‎Command, which looks up and prints the PID
‎pidof
‎ tr combines the functionality of the
m ‎of a process by its name
‎traceroute and ping programs in a single  ‎mtr
‎network diagnostic tool ‎nmon 