A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques: Application in Wind and Solar

Energy Resources
Computational Intelligence (CI) methods have become significant tools in production and optimization of
renewable energies besides Deep learning techniques (DL).
For big data sheet deep learning techniques have higher performance then computer intelligence
techniques but for smaller datasets the performance of deep learning models decreases the hybrid
networks perform better than single networks in Deep Learning.
ANNs, EC, FL and probabilistic methods are four main principles of CI methods.
Machine learning methods search as nearest neighbour neural network and bootstrap aggregating
performs a better accuracy model. MLP network can be used to forecast win energy where an in networks
can be applied to low and high concentrated photovoltaic panels. DBNs, RBMs, CNNs, RNNs or LSTMs, SAE,
DRL are known methods of Deep Learning.
For daily and hourly solar radiation predictions a combination of RNN and WNN (Wavelet neural network)
i.e DRWNN is very effective.
DBN and SAE models are compared with MLP network for hourly average speed prediction of energy.
Using 1200 hours of data with data of China farm model MRBM for wind power and also WT and DBN
models used for wind speed prediction.
With a Datasheet from German solar farm containing 21 photovoltaic facilities with 3 hour resolution for
990 days some models like MLP, LSTM, DBN, auto LSTM models are used for prediction of solar power
With her data sheet of 5 minute interval home January 2011 2 December 2011 of China wind farm CNN
model is used to predict wind power.
MSE, RMSE, MAPE, MAE, RC, IS (Improvement score), MBE are the metrics calculated for error or loss
functions.
CNN- CNN uses 2 stage training poses that is feedforward and back propagation. Input is given and the
network output is computed which is compared by using loss function then the back vacation begins. All
RMSE values are between 0.0642 0.338 kilowatt for sunny, partly cloudy and overcast conditions.
Single CNN for wind speed prediction and solar radiation prediction is used in most of the fields and have
the best correlation in the way of the study.
Hybrid WPF- CNN model is used for wind power prediction who is converts 1D data to 2D image extracts
featured through convolutional layer subsampling layer and then the 2D image is converted to 1D data and
uses logistic regression to generate output values.
Restricted Boltzmann machine- DBM is a type of boltzmann machine. DBMs use effectively layer learning
technique for deep network initialization off parameters and then adjusts all weights together with
expected outputs. It can be used for unsupervised learning model. Hybrid MRBM- WPP technique is used
to predict a very short term moving power and compared with BPNN- WPP technique. The performance of
BPNN- WPP is higher than that of MRBN- WPP.
Also there is some deep auto encoder (AE) models predicts the target value of Y for input X instead of
teaching the network.
It is recommended to use hybrid and ensemble DL techniques for modelling, optimizing and categorizing
purposes in wind and solar energies.
Wind Power Forecasting Methods Based on Deep Learning: A Survey
Components- data pre-processing, high-dimensional and low-dimensional data feature analysis, model
formalization based on deep learning and reinforcement learning, model structure optimization and model
performance evaluation.
data pre-processing- Time-domain filtering, Frequency-domain filtering, Time-frequency domain filtering.
Feature analysis and selection- Correlation analysis, Computational efficiency, Network learning efficiency,
Sample Dimensionality.

Deep learning and reinforcement learning- there are two types of models, deterministic and probabilistic
forecasting models is established. Ensemble mixture density network (MDN) with three-layer architecture
is for wind forecasting and verification of performance based on operational wind turbine farm data is
done by probabilistic forecasting measurement.
RNN or LSTM-related approaches- long term information of the input sequence can be traversed by the
hidden layers in these networks. Vanishing gradient is improved in GRU. Novel deep learning approach
based on infinite feature selection with record neural networks is adopted. Based on the data from
national renewable energy laboratory the experimental performance of short term wind power forecasting
accuracy is improved by 30% in summer, 19% in winter, 11% in spring.
ELM or SELM-related approaches- it is a bidirectional mechanism and a backward forecasting model best
on extreme learning machine which is proposed for ultra short term and power time series forecasting.
The bidirectional mechanism is beneficial to improve the forecasting accuracy. ELM is a simple network
based on list norm least squares which cannot utilise gradient dependent chain rules used in DNNs.
Hybrid NNs-related approaches- a hybrid model based on the Wavelet Packet Decomposition,
Convolutional Neural Network and Convolutional Long Short Term Memory Network (WPD-CNNLSTM-
CNN) for short-term wind speed forecasting reduce the negative impact of non-stationary of raw data on
short-term forecasting modelling. hybrid modeling method for different frequencies can effectively
improve the short-term wind speed forecasting accuracy on testing samples. CNNs are used to analyse high
frequency time series and CNNLSTM is for low frequency time series forecasting model.
In spring TRA, in summer PRA, in autumn PRA, in winter PRA give lowest RMSE and MAE error among TRA,
DS, TRD, MSN, PRA models.