SPECIAL FINAL EXAM: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ESSAY: Answer the following questions.

1. Explains how vision organizes images.
2. Discuss how to detect vibrations.
3. How would a rise in altitude likely affect the speed of a sound transmitted
through air? Why?
4. How does the structure of the ear allow a person to determine where a soun
originates?
5. An organism is excreting ions in its urine. What is likely the current tonicity of
the organism’s cells, and why?
6. A student measures the osmolality of two aqueous solutions, A and B. The
student finds that the osmolality of solution B is much higher than solution A.
Based on this result, how do solutions A and B likely differ in the concentration
of solutes in their solution, and why?
7. Would an organism that is constantly in a hypertonic environment likely be an
osmoregulator or an osmoconformer? Why?
8. Why might specialized organs have evolved for excretion of wastes?
9.Explain two different excretory systems other than the kidneys.
10. How do contractile vacuoles work as excretory systems in microorganisms?
11. Which statement best describes the structure of a nephron?
12. How does the loop of Henle act as a countercurrent multiplier?
13. Describe the urea cycle.
14. How are the formation of urea and uric acid similar and different?
16..In terms of evolution, why might the urea cycle have evolved in organisms?
17..How do hormones regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and kidney function?
18. How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism function?
19..What is the fight or flight response, and what is its effect on the excretory system?
20. Draw the “Urogeneital System: and label the parts.

NOTE: NO DOWNLOADED ANSWERS.