File name: Pizza - Politics 3 considerations might be help clarify the unfamiliar
notion that almost human association has a political
WHAT IS POLITICS?
“Politics is a process by which individual is reconciled with
collective action and the provision of a public good”.
pizza is best to represent the relationship
between the connection of authority and
its people and;
According to ARTICLE 2. Section 1 stated:
The Philippines is a democratic and republican state.
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority
emanates from them.
 Aristotle argues against those who say that “all kinds of
authority are identical” and seeks to distinguish the authority
of a political leader, in a political association from other forms
of authority .
 Aristotle defines; “political association” as the most
sovereign and inclusive association “Constitution” in respect
of its offices generally but especially in respect of a particular
office which is sovereign in all issues.
 For Aristotle, the only way by which men could maximize
their capabilities and attain the highest development of their
social life was through political interaction in an
institutionalized settling the state.
POLITICAL RELATIONSHIP INVOLVES
AUTHORITY RULE OR POWER.
Example:
-employee to employer
-teacher to student
-husband to wife
Max Weber said;
An association can be called political if in so far as the
enforcement of its order carried out continually within a given
territorial area by the application and threat of use of force on
the part of the administrative staff.
-involves power, rules, authority
-power is not the same in everyone
-territory is important application of rule and power
POLITICAL SCIENCE AS EMPERICAL WHICH IS
THE STUDY OF SHARING AND SHAPING OF POWER
AND POLITICAL ACT AS ONE PERFORMED IN
POWER PERSPECTIVE.
POLIICAL SYSTEM IS ANY PERSISTENT PATTERN
OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS THAT INVOLVES TO
SIGNIFICANT EXTENT, POWER , RULE, OR
AUTHORITY.
UBIQUITY OF POLITICS
Regard as “political possesses political systems”
aspect:
1.) In common parlance we speak of government of a
club, a firm and so on. In fact, we may describe such
a government as a dictatorial, democratic,
representative or authoritarian and we often hear
about politics and politicking.
2.) A political system is only one aspect of an
association. When we say that a person is doctor, or a
teacher, or a farmer we do not assume that he is only
a doctor, only a teacher or a farmer. No human
association is exclusively political in all aspects.
People may experience many other relationships such
as love, hate, respect, jealousy, purpose, dedication
shared beliefs and so on.
3.) Our definition says nothing at all about human
motives.
ROBERT DAHL
 He was made the Best explanation in
political associations
 According to him; politics arises then,
whenever there are people living together in
association, whenever they are involved in
conflicts, whenever they are subject to
someone kind of power, ruling, or authority.
 “But not at all associations have an equal
power.”
Refference: Lecture by Prof. Aubrey Rizzabeth S. Miñoza
File name: State ppt
Meaning of STATE
• According to James Gamer , the state is a
community of person more or less numerous
occupying a definite territory completely free or
external control and possessing an organized
government to which the great body of inhabitants
rental habitual obedience.
• Benn and Peters refer to the state as a human
society composed individuals bound together by an
order of normative rule “which defend the rights and
duties which they have toward one another, the ends
which they may pursue, and the ways in which it is
legitimate to pursue”
• Burke , the state is “an idea that extends through
time, and so its characteristics are drawn from a long
history of governments marked by a series of crises
and accomplishments. “
Four Essential Elements
PEOPLE - Inhabitants or population of a state.
TERRITORY - Fixed portion on the surface of the earth.
GOVERNMENT - The essential instrument or machinery of
the state that carries out its will, purposes and objectives
SOVEREIGNTY - The supreme and final legal author of the
state to enforce its will on its members by coercive sanction.
PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STATE  He must know his government really operates,
1. Domestic order and tranquility whether it’s for good or for bad.
2. Common defense of the state  Knowledge of political science prepares students for
3. Blessings of liberty and justice careers in law, foreign services, public
4. Promotion of the general welfare administration, politics, teaching, economics etc. It
5. Promotion of public morality helps them with intellectual resources that will
catapult them to greater heights of human
Sovereignty achievements and make their human existence more
meaningful and satisfying.
Internal Sovereignty
Is the supreme or absolute power of a state to enforce its will 3. HE WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO FOUND POLITICAL
on the people within its territory SCIENCE.
 Aristotle is the first person to found political science.
External Sovereignty  He wrote the book The Politics, inside his book he
Independence of a state from control by any other state. stated that…
o We are all political animals
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVEREIGNTY o We are all involve in politics
1.Absolute o We struggle for power.
2.Comprehensive
o We are all involved in political
3. Permanent
relationship.
4.Indivisible
o Whether we like it or not, politics exist
TYPE OF SOVEREIGNTY: everywhere.

Legal Sovereignty 4. WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL

• Supreme authority of the state expressed by the law SCIENCE?
and the constitution.  Government
Political Sovereignty  Structures
• Supreme will of the state expressed by the electorate.  Institutions through which the state function.
• It is called electoral sovereignty
5. WHAT IS POLITICS
Popular Sovereignty  a process by which individual interest is reconciled
• Supreme authority of the state which resides in the with collective action and the provision of public
people. good
De Facto Sovereignty  The struggle for an interest
• Vested on a person or a group of persons who have  The struggle for power
succeeded in displacing the legitimate sovereign.
De Jure Sovereignty 6. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF STUDENT OF POLITICS AND
• Supreme legal authority of the state is based on the POLITICAL SCIENTIST?
supremacy of the law  They serve as an adviser to a political practitioner.

File name: Fundamentals Chapter 1 7. WHAT IS A POLITICAL PRACTITIONER?

 It is the politician
1. WHAT IS POLITICAL SCIENCE?
 It is the systematic study of study of state and 8. IT IS THE LABORATORY OF THE POLITICAL
government. SCIENCE.
 The systematic study of Politics.  The world, the world of politics
 The study how the state functions.
 It came from the Greek word polis which means 9. DEFINE AUTHORITY OF STATEMAN.
city/state and scire which means to know.  It is the head of the family
 Both an art and science of governance.  The master over his slave

2. WHY THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE IS 10. ENUMERATE THE SUFIELDS OF POLITICAL
IMPORTANT? SCIENCE.
 Political Science is important because politics is  Political theory or philosophy
important.  Public law
 To educate the students for citizenship they’re being  International relations, international law,
equipped about their rights, duties, and obligations. international organization.
Ignorance of the civic rights, duties and obligations  Government (national and local government)
weakens the national foundation and causes its  Comparative government
collapse.  Public Administration
  Political dynamics (political parties, public
opinion and propaganda, pressure and interest
group.)
 Legislation and legislatures
 Government and business
11. WHAT IS POLITICAL THEORY?
 A political thought which explains the political ideas
and belief of group of young people,
 A body of concepts they lived in a certain period of
time. From the great political thinkers or
philosophers about political phenomena, the patterns
of thought that man had upon another in evolution of
political thinking.
 As political ideology which official doctrine that
people of the states adhere to, encompasses of
human existence.
12. WHAT IS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY?
 It expresses the moral or ethical standard
that government may adopt in public
affairs.
 Stresses the moral components or value
judgment in political theory.
13. WHAT ARE THE THREE COMPONENTS OF
POLITICAL THEORY?
 Facts and descriptions
 Generalization base on empirical data
 Moral components or value judgments
14. WHAT IS PUBLIC LAW?
 The constitutional and legal principles/ rules
governing sovereign states, governments and
individuals in their relationship with one another.
15. DEFINE INTERNATIONAL LAW.
 The body of generally accepted principles that
governs and regulates the international relationship
and conduct of non-state.
16. WHAT IS CONSTITUTIONAL LAW?
 Is the body of law which defines the relationship of
different entities within a state, namely,
the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.
17. WHAT IS THE MEANIMG OF ADMINISTRATIVE
LAW?
 Is body of law that governs the activities of
administrative agencies of government.
Government agency action can include rulemaking,
adjudication or enforcement of a specific regulatory
agenda.
18. WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
 Is a distinct branch of study, dealing with the
government set-up of a state on both national and
local levels.
19. DEFINITION OF COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT
 Study uses descriptive analytical or sociological
method in seeking the similarities and differences
among states as regards their executive, legislative
and judiciary bodies
 Important with the emergence of a newly
independent state.
 Uses social: descriptive, analytical method in
seeking similarities and differences between state.
20. WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?
 Government has become important machinery
with expanding activities and functions.
 Brings forth a fountain of knowledge on the
techniques and method of managing and
administering government in the phases of
administrative organization, personnel
administration, financial of fiscal administration, and
the management of good public relations.
21. WHAT IS A POLITICAL DYNAMICS?
 The study of political science which is concerned
with the interplay of different societal forces that
influence political decision and action.
22. Government and Business
 A field that gives emphasis to governmental exercise
of corporate, or business function, as well as its
regulatory function affecting the national economy.
23. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, INTERNATIONAL
LAW, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
 May also refer to nation-state power arrangements.
24. WHAT IS LEGISLATURE AND L EGISLATION?
 Legislature is an intricate process and separate
course can be expanded to clear view of what
legislature is, while legislature it is structure and
organization.
25. WHAT IS A CHIEF EXECUTIVE?
 It is the symbol of the state
 Owns the vast and tremendous powers and functions
 Having great authority over many department and
agencies of government
26. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN POLITICAL SCIENCE
AND HISTORY.
 Concerned with the problem of allocating scarce
resources to attain satisfaction of society’s unlimited
wants.
 Political Science has symbiotic relationship with
economics
 Economics the distribution of scarce wants of the
many
 Political who gets why, where, when
27. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIOLOGY
 Sociology is study of society as a whole
 Social problems which also problem of the
government
 Political Science to evaluate and which may later
become interesting and basic subjects of legislation.
  Rule over government and governed must be
legitimate should be tacit acceptance of majority of
the population.
28. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY
 Psychology is the foundation of political science.
 Psychology provides a well-spring of knowledge who
are interested in knowing how man acts and behaves
to achieve popular esteem through successful
exercise of political leadership or attainment of
political power.
 Political science in the study of public opinion which
influence two factors: propaganda and pressure
groups
29. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND ANTROPHOLOGY
30. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND GEOGRAPHY
 Considered many political scientist as very
fundamental study of political science that enriched
course called geopolitics.
 Geopolitics science emphasize domestic and foreign
policies of state are dependent to its political
environment.
 Political Science considers the location of a state as
very important factor in growth, development and
survival.
31. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
 Political philosophy has presented to man alternative
visions of the state.
 Political Science lacks substance without political
philosophy infusing certain values in political
theories.
32. METHODOLOGY OF POLITCAL SCIENCIENCE
 Employment of several or any methods to utilized by
political scientists
 OBSERVATIONAL OR EMPIRICAL
METHOD- an essential way of observing actual
political institutions and their process. May be best
employed also in determining the voting behavior of
the electorate in which election statistics and opinion
polls to predict election winner.
 HISTORICAL METHOD- origin and evolution of
state and its institution, by seeking to explain what
are they and what they will be. Historical approach
not merely expository but interpretative. The
evidence of past experience of the state to explain the
present and future development of its institution.
 COMPARATIVE METHOD- contemporary
institutions and practice of various countries at
different periods of history. Comparative approach
is helpful in prescribing solutions to certain political
problems.
 ANALYTICAL METHOD- an endeavor is aimed at
discovering significant essential elements of
political institution to analyze and examine their
worth and value and how they work. Analytical
study devoted to understanding the mechanics and
operation of institutional system to bring efficient and
effective government.
33. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE LATIN WORD
PRIMUS INTER PARES?
 It is the first among equal.
34. WHAT IS APOLITICAL STRATA?
 A -means absence
 Apolitical strata is the larger portion of population
and has less concerned or doesn't have an interest in
politics.
35. WHAT IS POLITICAL STRATA?
 Politics is essential in their lives.
36. WHAT IS POWER SEEKER?
 They have an active participation but cannot exercise
power. They have their resources and skills but failed
to get the position, rule and authority.
37. WHAT IS POWERFUL?
 The smaller number. They got hereditary power;
genetically they got their motivation and skills. They
got the authority, power and rule.
38. WHAT ARE THE FOUR (4) DIMENTION IN
DECISION MAKING?
 Interest- how curious is one to know?
 Concern- how important one decision is?
 Information- How much knowledge one has about
the decisions?
 Activity- how much one overly participates in the
decisions.
39. THE PERSON FIRST TO COIN THE TERM
POLITICAL SCIENCE?
 Jean Bodin is the first person to coined the term
political science
File name: Fundamentals 1.0
CHAPTER I
What is Political Science?
- It is the study of state, government and politics
- The art and Science of Governance.
What is politics?
From the historical point of view the term politics came from
the Greek word polis or City-state
Fields of Political Science:
1. Political Theory
2. Public Law
3. International Relations, International Law, and
International Organization
4. Government
5. Comparative Government
6. Public administration
7. Political Dynamics
 8. Government and Business
9. Legislature and legislation
1. Political Theory: Is a branch of political science which
deals with the study of state through a systematic body of
principles relating to the origin, form, behaviour, and purposes
of the state, and upon which its political system operates.
Political theory is all about political though from great
political thinker or philosopher about political phenomena.
2. Public Law: It refers to the constitutional and legal
principles/rules governing sovereign states, governments and
individual in their relationship with one another.
2.1 International Law: the body of generally accepted
principles that governs and regulates the international
relationship and conduct of nation-state.
2.2 Constitutional Law: is the body of law which defines the
relationship of different entities within a state, namely,
the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.
2.3 Administrative Law: is the body of law that governs the
activities of administrative agencies of
government. Government agency action can
include rulemaking, adjudication, or the enforcement of a
specific regulatory agenda.
3. International Relations, International Law, and
International Organization: The focus in this field of
political science involves inquiries into foreign policy of
nation-states in their mutual relationships on the different
forces.
4. Government: it is a distinct branch of study, dealing with
the government set-up of a state on both national and local
levels. It covers the state constitution, laws, citizenship,
structures of various levels of government, the election
process, the judicial system, political parties, and interest
groups, foreign affairs, etc.
5. Comparative Government: this study uses descriptive
analytical or sociological method in seeking the similarities
and differences among states as regards their executive,
legislative and judiciary bodies, their constitution, laws,
administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties
and process, economic, social and political functions, and their
cultures and traditions.
6. Public administration: it bring forth a fountain of
knowledge on the techniques and method of managing and
administering government in the phases of administrative
organization, personnel administration, financial of fiscal
administration, and the management of good public relations.
7. Political Dynamics: it refers to the study of political
science which is concerned with the interplay of different
societal forces that influence political decision and action.
8. Government and Business: it is the field that gives
emphasis to governmental exercise of corporate, or business
function, as well as its regulatory function affecting the
national economy.
9. Legislature and legislation: as a branch of political
science it brings political limelight the vital role of the
legislature is to make law. Number game.
CHAPTER II
What is a State?
State is a community of persons more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a fix and definite portion of territory,
having a government of its own rendering habitual and free
from external control.
Essential elements of the State:
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
People: refers to the inhabitants or population of state
Territory: consist of the land within the boundaries of the
state, the air, the land, the inland waters like rivers, springs,
lakes, bays, mineral and natural resources, and the 12 miles of
the sea beyond state’s coastlines
Government: Essential instruments or machinery of the state
carry out its will, purposes and objectives.
Sovereignty: The supreme and final legal author of the state
to enforce its will on its members by coercive sanction.
- Internal Sovereignty: the ability or power of the state
to enforce its will on the people within its territorial
jurisdiction.
- External sovereignty: Independence of the state of a
state from control by other state.
Characteristic of Sovereignty:
1. Absolute: The exercise by the state of its sovereign
powers is absolute in a sense that the state is not subject to
restriction by any other power.
However, in reality, we cannot say that the sovereign
power of the state is absolute especially when the
state has treaty agreements with other states. Treaties
are the chief basis of international law, and if a
nation-state is a signatory to a treaty, let us say, a
defence treaty or a military agreement, then it has to
surrender some sovereign rights that infringe upon
certain provision of the treaty. A perfect example for
this would be the Philippines although it declared its
independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 it became
again a colony for another Foreign Power which is
the United States, when the latter granted the
Philippines political independence on July 4, 1946, it
did not have an absolute independence during the
ensuing years for it remained a vassal of United
States economic imperialism.
 2. Comprehensive: The sovereignty of a Nation-State
is comprehensive for its supreme legal authority to
extend to all the citizens, aliens, associations or
organization within its boundaries. There is an
exemption to this characteristic of sovereignty. Rules
of international relations, however, provided several
exemptions to this characteristic. Under the mutual
respect or international courtesy, diplomatic
immunity is extended to foreign ambassadors,
ministers together with their respective families
during the period of their assignment in the host
nation-state. Under the principle of ex-territoriality,
diplomatic immunity means that diplomatic
representative and their families are exempted from
local jurisdiction of the state.
3. Permanent: Sovereign is perpetual in the sense that
as long as the state exists, sovereignty also exist. This
is because sovereignty is an inherent attribute of the
state. Rulers may be ousted through elections, or they
may be overthrown from power through revolutions.
Government may be changed from one form to
another. But as long as the state exists, sovereignty is
always present as one of its elements.
4. Indivisible: Sovereignty is indivisible power as “to
divide sovereignty is to destroy it” in fact, the
exercise of sovereignty may be distributed but not
sovereignty itself. Thus the power of the government
are apportion to Legislative, Executive and Judiciary
and/ or distributed into Central and local government.
However these are not evidence of division of
sovereignty, but manifestation of how it is exercised.
It is important to understand about the indivisibility
of sovereignty is that such supreme authority or
supreme will is the monopoly of the state. The
exercise of authority may be delegated to various
organ of the government.
This concept may be best applied to a federal system
like the United States. Between the latter and Hawaii,
a component part, which is sovereign? In this case,
there can be no two supreme powers in a state; only
the United States is sovereign: It is only the locus or
central source.
However, Hawaii can be independent from the
federal government when it exercises governmental
powers on local matters but the exercise of such
power should conform to the political system of the
United States. Moreover such exercise of power by
Hawaii as a “STATE” is not an exercise of
sovereignty. If it ever exercises a sovereign power for
a certain purpose that power is only delegated by and
is derived from the supreme authority of the United
States.
Type of State Sovereign:
1. Legal Sovereign: is defined as the supreme
authority of the state expressed by the law and
the constitution. As per John Austin in his
lectures on Jurisprudence describes law as a
supreme command enforce by the ruler upon his
people who in turn render habitual loyalty and
obedience to the rule and the latter calls that as
Positive Law
Whichever authority has the power to make the law
or amend the constitution, that authority exercise
legal or constituent sovereignty. In the Philippines it
is the Congress, Constitutional Convention and the
people which exercise legal authority to change the
constitution.
2. Political Sovereignty: The supreme will of the
state expressed by the electorate. Political
Sovereignty is also called electoral sovereignty
in the sense that this supreme authority if the
state is exercised by the electorate in the choice
if public officers at least during election.
3. Popular Sovereignty: Popular Sovereignty is
supreme authority of the state which resides in
the people. This authority possess coercive
power to control government through which they
allow themselves to be governed. It was said that
sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them. (i.e.
Martial Law/People Power)
4. De Facto Sovereignty: Power was vested on a
person or a group of persons who have
succeeded in a legitimate sovereign. From a legal
stand point, the revolutionary government that
was established after the installation to the
presidency of Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino was
not sanctioned by the constitution for the power
that it exercise was not found in the constitution
or in the laws, hence, the revolutionary
government as de facto..
5. De jure Sovereignty: The theory of de facto
sovereignty is that the supreme legal authority of
the state is based on the supremacy of the law
this means that sovereignty is formally expressed
by the constitution and by the laws enacted
conformably with its provision. In reference with
the revolutionary government as explained
above, it was at its inception illegal for lack of
constitutional basis. But it acquired de jure
Status when it gained wide acceptance from the
people and recognition from the community of
nations.
Theories of State Origin:
1. Divine Right Theory: The Idea that the ruler was
God’s appointed agent on Earth legitimated the
king’s rule, and that no matter how absolute his
power were, such power could never be question or
assailed by anyone. To challenge the ruler was to
challenge God’s authority.
2. Force Theory: in this theory state came to existence
out of conquest, force or coercion. One good example
of this theory is the Philippines.
3. Natural Theory: Under this Theory the state is just
like a living organism which is natural because it has
the capacity to grow, develop and attain fully
civilized life.
4. Patriarchal Theory: the state started through the
process of evolution from family it gradually form a
Clan and later on the clan expanded and for a tribe
and tribe grew bigger and for a nation and lastly the
nation form a State.
5. Instinctive Theory: in this theory the state was
created because of the natural inclination of men
toward political association. A social being by nature,
man associated himself with other men for self-
preservation and security.
6. Economic Theory: associated with other men in
order to provide themselves with their various need
through exchange of goods and services and led a
societal existence.
7. Social Contract Theory: individuals have consented
or explicitly surrender some of their freedoms and
submit to the authority of the ruler.
a. Social Contract by Thomas Hobbes: The Stronger
animal despoiled the weaker one. Man’s desire for
Self Preservation, order and peace could be attained
only if they surrender their natural rights and
submitted their will to the absolute monarchy, the
Great Leviathan or the “Mortal god” in return. This
great Leviathan would preserve the peace and give
his people the security they need. Pick or Select who
will protect them.
b. Social Contract by John Locke: men were rational
beings and could make use of natural law for their
own Good. But they need the state to maintain peace
and order provide them with essential services.
Maintain natural rights; surrender their rights to
govern them. Democracy. According to Locke, all
humans have natural rights to life, liberty and
property. These rights predate the formation of
governments, so governments must uphold them if
they wish to remain legitimate in the eyes of their
subjects. Subjects, in turn, consent to government
power only when their rights are being protected.
Subjects withdraw consent when their rights are
violated. Government, according to Locke’s theory,
is based on a social contract between rulers and their
subjects. If kings, generals, prime ministers fail to
uphold their side of the social contract by violating
the natural rights of their subjects, those subjects are
immediately freed from their duty to obey
government decisions. This means that subjects have
the right and duty to rebel against rulers when the
latter fail to uphold their responsibilities.
c. Social Contract by Jean Jacques Rousseau: He
believed that the only free government was a direct
democracy in which the citizens actually participated
in a town meeting to perform functions of the
government. All citizens, have equal right to
participate in the making of laws and in the decision-
making process. Under the theory of general will,
Rousseau belittled the importance of government
because it did not exercise sovereignty which
rightfully belongs to the people as a corporate body.
Government is merely agent with delegated powers
which could be withdrawn or altered as the general
will of the people dictates.
State versus Nation
A state is a political concept, legal fiction. It is perpetual
existence as long as its four essential elements (People,
Territory, Government, and Sovereignty) are intact. Compare
to Nation it is an ethnic concept, a sociological collectively of
individuals who possess in common certain non-political
characteristics such as common racial origins, common
language, common religion, common historical experience, a
common cultural and social tradition or common beliefs or
creed.
Even if some of the essential elements of a nation may not be
present, like absence of common racial origins, religion,
common culture or those of a state, like absence of
sovereignty or lack of territory, provided the spirit of
nationalism is strong among the people they still constitute as
a nation although they do not form a state.
CHAPTER III
According to Plato government by one, few or the many may
be good or bad, each form of government has its counterpart
in the bad. Mobocracy
Government by one Person
1. Monarchy: A form of government where the ruler is
a monarch who comes from a royal family. His royal
title may be king, queen, emperor, empress, tzar or
tsarina, or any royal title of a monarch ruling the
state.
a. Absolute Monarchy: The monarch exercises the
absolute powers and wields executive, legislative
and judicial powers.
b. Limited Monarchy: Also known as Enlightened
Monarchy, the monarch is willing to part with
some of his powers and delegates them to some
government agencies. Example Legislative
power is exercise by the Legislative body, the
judicial power by the court and the executive
power by the king himself. He rules in
 accordance with the law, especially the
constitution.
2. Dictatorship: A form of government came from the
military or civilian class. During the time of stress or
emergency in the past, the people sometimes vested
tremendous emergency powers in military
commander, to be withdrawn after the emergency
vanished. But the ambition of the dictator with many
pretensions would insist that emergency still exist.
Usually the dictator proclaims himself as the
champion and protector of the poor people.
a. Totalitarianism: it is when the dictator controls
everything – all the means of communication, homes,
schools and churches, the nation’s economy and even
the people’s lives, their minds and souls. The leader
dictator favors ultra-nationalism.
Totalitarianism Characteristic:
a. Built on Ideological Function: The government
utilizes ideology to captivate the people’s belief in
and Loyalty to the leader dictator.
b. Totalitarian Leader wields absolute power: In the
totalitarian regime there is a hierarchy of the elites
led by the leader dictator who is closely identified
with his followers. He cultivates the loyalty and
obedience of the people to maintain the power.
c. Totalitarian Dictatorship uses Terrorism: To
control people they use terrorism, coercion or
intimidation I usually accompanied by brutality and
violence
d. Totalitarian control the nation’s economy: Every
business enterprise is regulated coordinated and
directly by the existing regime. Decision pertaining
to economic policies are made or a group of elite
persons in the dictatorship or more probably the
dictator himself, usually for political end.
e.Totalitarian dictatorship is against non-
conformists: this are those people who are or do not
merge themselves to the system in addition no one
can question the policy of the dictatorship. Hitler
eliminated the intellectual those are lawyers, doctors,
even generals who goes against him.
Government by the Few
3. Aristocracy: is defined from the Greek etymology, aristo
which means best and kratia or Kratos, rule. “rule of the best"
Aristocracy is a government of the “best” member of the
community. They belong to the elite in the society and their
social status, wealth and political power are inherited.
4. Oligarchy: also a government of wealthy few but do not
come from nobility like the aristocrats. The wealthy few in the
government believes that the most important requisites to
claim power are Wealth, Good Social Position and Education.
Oligarchs are the enemy of the poor. That is why the poor
have reason to rebel against an oligarch government that tries
to entrench itself to power. They are in the government to
control it for their own personal benefits as they use the
government to build economic empires for themselves and
their family.
Oligarchy and aristocracy are also authoritarian (enforcing
strict obedience to authority especially in the government at
the expense of personal freedom), just as monarchy and
dictatorship are. Since there are no elections in which the
citizen participates. In fact majority of the people does not
participate in policy making and have no chosen
representatives. This is more plutocracies (Rule by the rich)
these authoritarian government does not allow people to
organize political parties and interest groups.
Government by the Many
4. Democracy: from the Greek word Demos means people,
and Kratia or kratos, Rule
In other words, democracy means “People Rule”
A democratic government must be a living and working
instrumentality to institutionalized democracy ideals in order
to make them more effective and more meaningful wherein a
government composed of public officers so chosen or selected
by the people must act responsively in accordance with the
will of the people wherefore a responsive society prevails in
which people follow government as it does its best for them. A
democratic government is identified by two essential features:
a. Majority Rule: the citizen has mandated to choose
the men and women who have the authority to govern
and make public policies.
b. Minority Rights: minority citizens openly attempt to
in majority support for leaders and policies without
loss of individual rights just as these rights are
enjoyed by the majority.
“Follow the interest of the majority; protect the interest of the
minority”
Means in making democracy work:
1. The Citizens: the citizen plays a vital part in making
democracy work. A militant and responsible citizenry
is needed to prevent government from committing
abuses short of tyranny. Moreover, such citizenry can
effectively act as a lever to maintain the balance
between power and authority of the government
leaders.
Citizen should exercise their liberty and freedoms
within the bounds of the constitution and law, just as
the government should exercise its authority within
its limits.
2. Suffrage and Electoral Process: suffrage is a right
conferred by the law upon a qualified group of
citizens to choose their public officials and to
participate in the determination of proposed policies
whenever these policies are submitted to them for
approval. The citizens therefore must use this right to
elect into public office able and qualified officials
who govern responsibly.
 The relationship between elected leaders and the
citizenry is called Polyarchy (the control of the
political leaders by their followers through the
electoral process). The fear that their supporters will
vote for their rivals in the next election enables these
leaders to perceive the will and aspiration of the
people and thus try their best to fulfil them.
3. Political Parties: they are the driving forces of
democracy. Without political parties the government
can be despotic or Tyrannical in rule as there will be
no opposition to counter the action of administration.
(i.e. Liberal Party, PDP-Laban) do not be confused
with Political Parties as their main goal is to represent
the marginalized sector of the society (i.e. ACT-CIS,
Construction worker Solidarity CWS, ACT Teachers
Party-list).
4. Interest and Pressured Group: Interest and
pressured group are effective means of mobilizing the
government to function in accordance with the
principle that the government exist for the greatest
happiness for the greatest number of people in the
society. (i.e. ANAKBAYAN, GABRIELA,
ANAKPAWIS, KMU)
Weaknesses of democracy: we can classify the
weakness of democracy through oligarchies because
political authority is exercise by few elite groups whose
wealth and influence are their insurance to power.
Defence of Democracy: it allows the citizen to
participate in electoral process in which they choose the
candidate that will uplift their general interest for a better
government as the power of democracy resides in the
peoples vote.
The Institutional types of Government
1. Unitary Government: Concentrates its governmental
power in one organ, the central or national government to
which the constituent or local government owe their existence
and from which they derive their power and functions. The
unitary system has been found to have a strong foundation and
a more effective political authority of the sovereign ruler over
the people, to attain with faster facility the desirable goals and
objectives of the state.
Advantage:
1. Simple structure
2. No duplication of public or government office
3. Unified law, public policy, and administration of
government
4. There is no conflict of jurisdiction between the
national and local government units
5. Easy to pinpoint responsibility for any misdeed or
anomaly committed by government officials.
Disadvantages:
1. Over Centralized administrative control over local
affairs overburden the central government with
numerous local problems. Local government
initiative in public affairs will have very limited
authority and cannot take an immediate action on
important matter of local concern.
2. National officials are responsible for determining
policies to regulate the conduct of local affairs. They
may not be able to formulate effective policies that
are suitable to a certain locality because they lack
adequate knowledge of the local condition prevailing
in a particular area.
3. Restrains local initiative and interest in managing the
affairs of the local government. Local officials shall
administer local affairs only within the limits of
certain powers delegated to them by the national
government. Even they want to undertake a project
for the urgent needs of their community they cannot
do so unless approved by the central government.
4. Hastens the creation of a large centralized
bureaucracy (Complex with multi-layered system and
process). Thus, in a centralized bureaucracy there is
much red tape in the solution of people’s problem.
5. Not suitable for large country why? Local problems
require appropriate measures for the solution of these
problems.
2. Federal Government: Government powers are divided
between the central government and its local Government unit
as specified in the constitution of the state.
Advantage
1. Each government is independent in its sphere of
jurisdiction within scope of authority.
2. Provides uniformity when it is needed in terms of
federal laws, policies and administration, and allows
wide diversity of local policies to be determined and
promulgate by local officers or respective localities.
3. Enhance people’s interest in the local government;
they are more cooperative in maintaining peace and
order, promotion of health and sanitation.
4. Relieves the national government time consuming
effort in solving local problems.
5. Provides great opportunity for local government to
experiment on new legislative and administrative
method of solving peoples problem
Disadvantage
1. The structure and organization of the political
machinery is complex
2. Duplication of office and personnel, and maintaining
the operation of the government system would cause
heavy financial burden to the government.
3. Overlapping of function may occur in many areas of
government activity, whenever governmental
problems arise on the boundary line of authority as
prescribe by the constitution. Both federal and local
governments may be hesitant to act on these problem
may cause delay in solving problem
4. Lack of uniform legislation on many matters makes
the problems of administration more difficult.
Presidential and Parliamentary Governments

Presidential System: The presidential power is exercised by a
single president elected by popular vote. Hold office for a
specific period of time as mandated under the constitution.
Appoints member of his cabinet.
Essential element of presidential system is the separation of
power of the executive, legislative and judiciary branch which
is made more effective by check and balances of the three
branches.
Parliamentary System: under this form or government the
power of executive belongs to the prime minister and his
cabinets. They are the leaders of the majority party in the
parliament and they can remain in the office as long as they
have confidence and support of the parliamentary majority.
Prime minister and his cabinet can be removed by means of
parliamentary censure on the minister.
Sources:
1. Fundamentals of Political Science. F.G. Ayson, D.
Aligada-Reyes
2. Introduction to Political Science: a simplified
textbook in Political Science. J. Donato
3. Philippine Government. R. Holmes
File name: Fundamentals 1.2
Chapter II: The Meaning and Nature of the State
( AYSON )
Theories of state origin
1. The Divine right theory
- it may be considered as the oldest of the seven theories
- presents the view that the state was created by god
- the authority was ordained by god
2. The social contract theory (contract between people & state)
- Became popular during 17th & 18th centuries
- Explained that the state was formed by means of a social
contract of men who lived together without any super-body to
establish peace and order and settle conflicts
Several versions of the Social Contract Theory:
* Thomas Hobbes
- question of survival
- we became nasty and brutish
- barbaric idea
* John Locke
- believed that men were rational beings and could make use
of natural law for their own good
- we can never be equal
- it depends on the government who will get the rights
* Thomas Hobbes
- question of survival
- we became nasty and brutish
- barbaric idea
* John Locke
- believed that men were rational beings and could make use
of natural law for their own good
- we can never be equal
- it depends on the government who will get the rights
* Jean Jacques Rousseau
- published in 1762 emphasized his theory about the general
will
- you want survival in an organized matter
- all citizens have equal right to participate in the making of
laws and in the decision-making process
THEORIES OF STATE ORIGIN
3. THE FORCE THEORY
- The state came into existence out of conquest, force or
coercion
- Otherwise called the “might makes right” doctrine
4. THE NATURAL THEORY
- Held that the state was a natural institution and not an
abstract or artificial being
- Under this theory, the state is just like a living organism
which is natural because it has the capacity to grow, develop
and attain a fully civilized life
- Also called the organic theory
5. THE PATRIARCHAL THEORY
- State arose through a process of evolution
- The state evolved from the smallest unit of society – the
family. Gradually the family headed by a parent enlarged into
a clan and later on, the clan expanded into a tribe, the tribe
into a nation, and the nation into a state.
6. THE INSTINCTIVE THEORY
- The state was created because of the natural inclination of
men towards political association.
- Man associated himself with other men for self-preservation
and security.
7. THE ECONOMIC THEORY
- The state developed out of man’s economic wants
- He had to associate with other men in order to provide
themselves with their various needs through exchange of
goods and services
THE MEANING OF THE STATE
James Gamer
- state is a community of people more or less numerous
occupying a definite portion of a territory completely free of
external control and possessing an organized government to
which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience
Benn and Peters
- refers state as a human society composed of individuals
bound together by an order of normative rules “which defend
the rights and duties which they have toward one another, the
ends which they may pursue, and the ways in which it is
legitimate to pursue them.”
Rodee et. al.
- The state consists partly of government institutions, but
“state” is not synonymous to “government”

Burke
- State is “an idea that extends through time, and so its
characteristics are drawn from a long history of
governments marked by a series of crises and
accomplishments.”
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
 PEOPLE
- refers to the inhabitants or population of a state
 TERRITORY
- consist of the land within the boundaries of the
state, the air space above the land, the inland waters
like the rivers, the springs, lakes, bays, mineral and
natural resources, and the 12 miles of the sea beyond
the state’s coastlines.
- is an indispensable element of a state
 GOVERNMENT
- is the essential instrument or machinery of the state
that carries out its will, purposes and objectives
- composed of institutions, agencies and personnel
that carry out proliferated functions such as law and
order, defense, justice, and other modern functions
related with education, social services, economic
planning, public works services, and world-wide
foreign relations
 SOVEREIGNTY
- defined as the supreme and final legal authority of
the state to enforce its will on its members by
coercive sanctions, if necessary, which must not be
subject to any like power
- Jean Bodin, father of modern theory of sovereignty,
defined sovereignty as the supreme power over
subjects and their possessions unrestrained by law
TWO ASPECTS OF SOVERIGNTY
 INTERNAL
- supreme or absolute power of a state to enforce its
will on the people within its territory
 EXTERNAL
- independence of a state from control by any other
state
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVEREIGNTY
1.ABSOLUTE
- the state is not subject to restrictions by any other
power
2. COMPREHENSIVE
- its supreme legal authority extends to all – citizens,
aliens, associations or organizations within its
boundaries
3. PERMANENT
- as long as the state exists, sovereignty also exists
4. INDIVISIBLE
- Bodin, sovereignty should reside in an absolute
monarch unrestrained by law because the sovereignty
is the source of law
TYPES OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY
1.LEGAL
- supreme authority of the state is expressed by the
law and the constitution
2. POLITICAL
- supreme will of the state expressed by the electorate
(electorate is a body of people entitled to vote)
3. POPULAR
- supreme authority of the state which resides in the
people
4. . DE FACTO
- is vested on a person or group of persons who have
succeeded in displacing the legitimate sovereign
5. 5. DE JURE
- supreme legal authority of the state is based on the
supremacy of law
STATE VERSUS NATION
STATE
 Is a political concept, a legal fiction
 It has perpetual existence as long as its four elements
are intact
NATION
 Is an ethnic concept, a sociological collectivity of
individuals who possess in common certain non-
political characteristics, such as common racial
origin, common language, common religion,
common historical experience, a common cultural
and social tradition, or common beliefs and creeds.
 Nationalism is a very strong force that cements
together a people into a nation, which in turn, is sine
qua non (without which it could not be) to the
emergence and continued existence of the modern
state.
 Nationalism is probably the most important
ingredient in making a nation.
CONCEPTS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT
( HECTOR )
 State is a community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion
of a territory, having a government of their own to
which the great body of inhabitants render obedience,
and enjoying freedom from external control.
ELEMENTS OF STATE
1.People
- refers to the inhabitants living within the state
2. Territory
- it includes not only the fixed portion of land over
which the jurisdiction of the state extends, but also
the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of the sea
which abuts upon its coast and the air space above
the land and the waters.
3. Government
- refers to the agency through which the will of the
state is formulated, expressed and carried out.
4. Sovereignty
- supreme power of the state to command and
enforced obedience to its will from people within its
jurisdiction
ORIGIN OF STATES
  Is the organization
 Divine right theory  Immaterial and nonphysical social objects
- holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler GOVERNMENT
is ordained by God  Is the particular group of people
 Necessity or force theory  Are groups of people with certain coercive power
- maintains that the states must have been created QUALITIES OF STATE
through force  Territory
 Paternalistic theory - states operate within fixed and populated territories
- attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of marked out by legal boundaries
the family which remained under the authority of the  Sovereignty
father or mother - the institutions of the state have a monopoly over
 Social contract theory the expressi0n of legal and political power within its
- asserts that the early states must have been formed boundaries
by deliberate and voluntary compact among the  Independence
people - states do not come under the jurisdiction or control
STATE VERSUS NATION of other states or any other international
STATE organizations
 Legitimacy
 Not subject to external control - the authority of a state is being recognized by the
 May consist of one or more nations or people inhabitants of the territory
conversely NATION AND NATIONALISM
NATION
 Ernst Renan define nation as “a soul, a spiritual
 May or may not be independent of external control principle
 May be made up of several states  Benedict Anderson define nation as “imagined
LECTURE 2 (PDF) communities”
Nationalism – belief in the value of preserving the identifying
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF POLITICS qualities of a nation and in promoting and protecting its
interests
Preferences + Institutions = Outcomes
• Preferences are the personal wants and need of INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
political actors - is a body that functions in two or more states or that
• Institutions are the formal and informal rules thata is set up to promote cooperation among states
determine how collective decisions are made - organization established by a treaty or other
• Outcomes are the result instrument governed by international law
COMMON ASSUMPTIONS Underlying motives are:
- Promoting peace
Political actors are: - Encouraging trade
• Rational – actors have clear set of preferences - Sharing ideas and resources
• Not in isolation – they must take account of each - Reducing duplication
other’s interests - Addressing shared problems such as illegal
• Political outcomes – seen as the result of strategic immigration, environmental decline, cross-border
interaction between actors crime and financial regulation
* Optimal – interaction results in the best outcomes QUALITIES OF THE IOs
* Suboptimal – actors pursue strategies that do not
lead to the best outcome 1. Voluntary cooperation
• Institutions are the main constraint on actor’s - rely on consent & voluntary cooperation
behavior 2. Communal management
* Formal – constitution and rules procedure - IOs organized themselves & make decisions on the
* Informal – behavioral norms, shared beliefs and basis of the shared views of their members
ideologies 3. Shared interests
* Institutions are not fixed - IOs provide forum within which members identify
2 BASIC RULES OF POLITICS & work on shared interests
4. Minimal autonomy
 If preferences change, outcome change, even if - typically do only what the member states allow
institutions remain constant IOs FALL INTO 2 MAJOR CATEGORIES
 If institutions change, outcome will change, even if
preferences remain constant  International nongovernmental organization (INGOs)
STATE VERSUS GOVERNMENT - members are the individuals or the representatives
of private association
STATE
  Intergovernmental organization (IGOs)
- members are state and goal is to promote
cooperation among state governments
MAJOR THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
Intellectual Background
 Realism
-argues that we live in an anarchic global system
 Functionalism
- if the states cooperate, regional integration will
develop its own internal dynamic
 Federalism
- distribution of power in an organization between a
central authority and the constituent units
 Neofunctionalism
- theory that integration in one area of activity will
lead to pressure and political support
 Intergovernmentalism
- political dynamics which key decisions are made as
a result of negotiations among representatives of the
member states of an IGO
File name: Fundamentals 1.3
WHAT IS POLITICS?
POLITICS
– IS A PROCESS BY WHICH INDIVIDUAL INTEREST IS
RECONCILED WITH COLLECTIVE ACTION AND THE
PROVISION OF A PUBLIC GOOD
Aristotle
 Aristotle argues against those who say that “ all kinds
of authority are identical” and seeks to distinguish the
authority of a political leader , in a political
association from other forms of authority.
 Aristotle defines political association as the most
sovereign and inclusive association. Constitution in
respect of its offices generally but especially in
respect of a particular office which is sovereign in all
issues.
 For Aristotle, the only way by which men could
maximize their capabilities and attain the highest
development of their social life was through political
interaction in an institutionalized setting- the state.
POLITICAL RELATIONSHIP INVOLVES AUTHORITY,
RULE OR POWER.
Max Weber
 An association can be called political if in so far as
the enforcement of its order is carried out continually
within a given territorial area by the application and
threat of use of force on the part of the administrative
staff.
 Like Aristotle he specified that a relationship of
authority or rule was an essential characteristics of a
political relations
POLITICAL SCIENCE AS EMPIRICAL
WHICH IS THE STUDY OF SHAPING AND SHARING OF
POWER AND POLITICAL ACT AS ONE PERFORMED IN
POWER PERSPECTIVES.
Self sufficiency
-Aristotle
Relationship involving territoriality
-Weber
Relationship of rules authority and power
POLITICAL SYSTEM IS ANY PERSISTENT PATTERN
OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS THAT INVOLVES TO
SIGNIFICANT EXTENT , POWER, RULE OR
AUTHORITY
Ubiquity of Politics:
 In many associations we do not ordinary regard as “ political
“ possesses political systems; three considerations might be
help clarify the unfamiliar  notion that almost every human
association has a political aspect.
 In common parlance we speak of government of a
club, a firm and so on. In fact, we may describe such
a government as dictatorial , democratic,
representative or authoritarian and we often hear
about politics and politicking.
 A political system is only one aspect of an
association. When we say that a person is doctor, or a
teacher, or a farmer, we do not assume that he is only
a doctor, only a teacher or a farmer. NO human
association is exclusively political in all aspects.
People may experience many other relationships such
as love, hate , respect jealousy, purpose, dedication,
shared beliefs and so on.
 Our definition says nothing at all about human
Motives.
ROBERT DAHL
POLITICS ARISES THEN, WHENEVER THERE ARE
PEOPLE LIVING TOGETHER IN ASSOCIATION,
WHENEVER THEY ARE INVOLVED IN CONFLICTS,
WHENEVER THEY ARE SUBJECT TO SOME KIND OF
POWER, RULERSHIP OR AUTHORITY.
BUT NOT ALL ASSOCATIONS HAVE EQUAL POWER. 
Lecture 2
Fundamentals of Political Science
 Powerfuls
 Power seekers
 Political strata
 Apolitical strata
Four dimension of involvement in decision making:
 1.Interest-  How curious is one to know?
 2. Concern-  How important one feels the decision
is?
 3. Information- How much knowledge one has about
the decisions?
 4. Activity- How much one overtly participates in the
decisions.
Why is A powerful than B?
1. Genetic Differences
2. Differences in the opportunities to learn
3. Difference in the incentives to learn
The different fields of Political Science
Humans are social and that they also develop the political
system
 Political theory- Branch of Political science with the
study of state, a systematic body of principles relating
to the origins form, behaviors, purposes of the states
and upon its political system operates.  wields absolute powers.
 Political ideology -may also refer to a belief system
that explains and justifies a preferred political order
for society, either existing , or proposed or offers a
strategy. Ex. Liberalism, democracy.
1. Facts and descriptions
2. Generalization based on empirical data
3. Moral component or value judgements
 Humans are social and that they also develop the
political system
 Public Law refers to the constitutions, states,
governments individuals and its relationship with one
another. Jean Bodin coned the term “ Political
Science” , he started with the idea of sovereignty and
that the state must be ruled by a supreme power who
rules over citizen and subject, and was unrestrained
by law. Not legally accountable to subject but to God
and natural law
 International relations , International Law,
International organizations-may also refer nation-
state power arrangements.
 Government- dealing with the set up of state on both
on national and local levels.
 Comparative Government- important with the
emergence of a newly independent states. Uses
social;. Descriptive, analytical method in seeking
similarities and differences between states.
 Public Administration –Government has become an
important machinery with expanding activities and
functions
 Political Dynamics –Refers to the study of in the
study of political science which are concerned with
the interplay of different social forces that influences
political actions and decisions
 Government and Business
 Legislations and Legislatures
 Executive Process
File name: Apolitical Strata
THE CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT BY ONE PERSON
1. MONARCHY
Is a form of government where the ruler is a monarch who
comes from a royal family.
• Absolute Monarchy
• Limited Monarchy
2. DICTATORSHIP
Form of government of ruled by a person who comes from
military or civilian class.
⮚ Totalitarianism- most extreme type of dictatorship
Characteristics of totalitarianism
1. Built on an ideological foundation.
 Ideology is an official doctrine which the
people believe in or adhere to, and which
covers all aspect of human life.
2. Characterized by the totalitarian leader who
3. Uses terrorism to control the people.
4. Centralized control by the government of the
nation’s economy.
5. Against non-conformists, those who do not
merge themselves with the system
ARISTOCRACY
• Is defined from the Greek etymology aristo means
best and kraita or kratos, rule. In essence therefore,
aristocracy is a government by the members of the
community.
OLIGARCHY
• Is also a government by the wealthy few but they do
not come from nobility like aristocrats.
GOVERNMENT BY THE MANY
DEMOCRACY
• Is derived from the greek term demos, which means
people, and kratia or kratos, rule.
• A government by the people, of the people and for
the people.
Two Essential Features Of Democratic Government
1. Majority rule,
Means that a majority of the citizens has the mandate to
choose the men and women who have the authority to govern
and make public policies.
2. Minority rule,
Which exist so long as the minority of citizens openly attempt
to win majority support for leaders and policies without loss of
individual rights just these rights are enjoyed by the majority.
Which democracy is made to work?
1. The Citizens
2. Suffrage And The Electoral Process
3. Political Parties
4. Interest And Pressure Groups
• WEAKNESS OF THE DEMOCRACY
• DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACY
THE INSTITUTIONAL TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
In terms of their structures:
1. A Unitary Government - concentrates governmental
powers in one organ , the central or national
government to which the constituent or local
government units owe their existence and from which
their powers and functions.
2. A Federal Government – is one which government
powers are divided between the central government
 and its local government units as specified in the • The executive power is exercised by a single
constitution of the state. president elected by a popular vote.
The Parliament System.
PRESIDENTIAL AND PARLIAMENTARY • The executive power belongs to the Prime Minister
GOVERNMENTS and his Cabinet.
The Presidential System.
File name: Apolitical Strata

Apolitical strata- “A” means absence therefore it is known the

“absence of political knowledge”
they do not care about the political issues and to politicians
those people didn’t recognize even a little curious about
politics
Perhaps, there are: youngsters, or ordinary people that we
know

Political strata- They are “have an interest” about what

politics is.
 They are curious about what happenings involving the
political system
 They participates through their decisions for political
activities either they are “pro or against” the governance
system
 Perhaps, they are registered voters, elders, activist. WHY IS ‘A” POWERFUL THAN “B”?
1) GENETIC DIFFERENCES
Power seekers- they are concern about the politics 2) DIFFERENCES IN THE OPPORTUNITIES TO
 They aiming to root on the trust of people and the LEARN
government 3) DIFFERENCES IN THE INCENTIVES TO LEARN
 They are always active on political issues
Mostly of them are political practitioners or maybe a bunch RESOURCES:
of political parties that promoting their propaganda by means PHYSICAL FORCE
of their platforms. HEALTH
IDEA
The Powerful –involving the honorable authorities and SOCIAL NORMS
respected leaders MONEY
 elected politicians STATE ACTION
most influential NUMBER
the superiors and ordained to rule a country
DIFFERENT FIELDS OF POLITICAL SYSTEM
4 dimensions of involvement in decision making: Humans are social and that they also develop the political
system.
1.) INTEREST – on how curious is one to know?
2.) CONCERNs – on how important one feels the *POLITICAL THEORY
decisions?
3.) INFORMATION – on how much acknowledge one branch of political science with the study of state
has about the decisions? a systematic body of principles relating to the origins form,
4.) ACTIVITY – on how much one overtly participates behaviors purposed of the states upon its political system
in decisions? operates

*POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

A belief system that explains and justifies a preferred

political order for society either existing or proposed or offers
a strategy
Example: liberalism/ democracy

3 components
1.) facts and descriptions
2.) generalization based on empirical data
3.) moral components or value judgements

*PUBLIC LAW
  Refers to the constitutions, states, governments individuals
and its relationship with one another.
JEAN BODIN coned the term “POLITICAL SCIENCE”
he started with the idea of sovereignity and that the state must
be ruled by a supreme power who rules over citizen and
subject and was restrained by law.
Not legally accountable to subject but to God and natural
Law.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,
INTERNATIONAL LAW and;
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
 May also refer nation-state power and foreign connection
arrangements

*GOVERNMENT
 dealing with the set up of state on both on national and local
levels
they must protect and serve willingly the people
5types of government:
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLICAN
CONSTITUTIONAL
UNITARY
FEDERAL

*COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT

 Important with the emergence of a newly independent states

Uses social, descriptive, analytical method in seeking
similarities and differences between states

*PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Government has become an important machinery with

expanding activities and functions.
Responsible for determining policies and programs of
government
the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling
of the government operations

*POLITICAL DYNAMICS

Refer to the study of political science which are concerned with

the interplay of different social forces that influences political
actions and decisions.

*GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS

“Modern Political Economy”

*LEGISLATURE AND LEGISLATION

legislature plays the role of law
legislation intricate the process of law

*EXECUTIVE PROCESS modulating operation of other process

it shoulders or handles big and major problems

EUGENE ARELLANO
LECTURE #2
–POLITICAL STRATA