@ ( ul prystoer * : 273 Chapter-18 Basic and Cell Physiology ic aND CELL PHYSIOLOGY Contain nucleases for Contain oxi s ee earicea end functions of degradation of DNA and foum 1202 oniving if oo se (MBBS Annual agent) to cell which in oe association with catalase cause oxidation Contain lipases for Of poisons a degrading lipids Sir isons and toxins in Contain glycosidases for degrading glycoprotein, proteoglycan and glycolipids - Peers eros ‘These organelles are formed by budding off smooth endoplasmic reticulum sea organelles selby 2O1Bt us and contain golytic: ‘enzymes for, scllardigestion- Finerior of LYSOSOMES. ore acidic than. rest of aplsm actions: vwidean intracellular stve system Contain proteases and peptidases for degrading proteins Contain bactericidial agents e.g. lysozyme and lysoferrin : Functions: Provide a detoxifying and oxidizing mechanism to cell. Enumerate its functions. (MBBS Annual 2004) cell membrane. \Draw structure of the Protein channel Extracellular Fluid (ranspot poten) : S Globular protein Glycoprotein sa RAN cut ‘ Pui AN : f i ‘phospholipid bilayer Phospholipid molecule Png rote ‘bare peril prosein as vateleton / Alpha Helix pr : la Heli protein”. Hydeophoble als Cutantactna =e ie aU ‘Met eyeion LEgaur gM wie mae 1. ete + ate ditt Sto uysosomes «aos Ms ee ren ot a iy tao Terige covey em ne Seite Pen we oo Seoptui eewom?(BDS Supple 200) oe a oe —— ees ieee eet casa gue iorsmseraie's Bs oo soemr ER pci print ‘sco soa ne we (QU. Ho the procs of pass ecu ia Tec (ODS Spe 260) Iau ing np ld at we oie of ‘The ee ilo si of la Cle torte Bate pops iar il ig In Ye ‘Sl dest evince id Many russ pc of ees mote 0 Favs see ll manta ap Sun & Eopand ah rahe ‘The oluls nse th ey ceed vee bent dyseder boreal no he se! Eaamplet Aa anos uy fr the Yessy Totes ei cy mero he ‘Bow tren) comand chins of ie ‘2S cs wih a Those pps one ae ‘hero hey outa be more ‘Qi har ae te per of ane rp sng ee, ‘beanole oreo inea Su ten See ae tee 8 a ices hea ca conan ative eanaport by saab seco Bs at Sanne ae Herren tony ett fp neon of a, Ne aly Serif ee een v ct phe 13, What ihe intraarea (ips neal 2008) "htt owe on fom so ‘Shon alors Prod oe ofc ct ie [ead mec roid Inet igen eset Herpes ina = 1 atop nec din i reaibe mt 4d maton voage trea aca & fi acrae cha ‘a vibe sores Se ee a ci tA roar, PO ace RA st sa FS ae cl mente eat Sorte os sere ns Seo te mate mi a Net eons ces SS "9 nie oF mena psive Tne ce ocd ig SRO ee Sales aye Ay te bh eh nd oi {4 What oyu scan by he a of cells? (BDS Annual 2010), Bs i ‘Sen eae eaten oe ‘hou elon of ent ees +H my ar he daton oan Ash dio wean a Wig ou sem snd aly cas ‘ned els eying awe : Alissa ty te cel somes ‘le lg nyt) oa tithe ein + Resa ete oda ht ‘ass final cl eee cok telesene the ree a ‘ou atl biter se ean 17. Which transport thnoaeh the eet ‘membrane show V-max? Compare properties of {is transport with those of the simple iasion. ‘Oru Aaa 2010).18. 0) Which cel orpeeter com ‘rings ATU Annan 20) w We Ge atars and tuntns of shoe hoe mnt ob apa at eatin itis cums tr monte Sigeion the terse Btooes se aie inant ofp roid ws irl digest {tan woes fr degaon wf DNA an Contin penises for dean gh opin, Pesca an esi Cot pts an pls fr eae ti rsa sons bse and (6) What stay sacs disease? Iiy-Sae done (ao Anan ag G2 ingoiers r beanie § wes Se nal cove pms deer sami we AE Aas efi teva, oot aa ra Sat ea ag 2, Yt eam SNP Goat rn a el acer Sea reece ‘Sherpas SHON tld es 220 Compare an coat ty {eanapor nd sean) eee (GAM Supe 200 en ie ae on Be er as St as sr oe ie TS FE ot e oe come Tat cit aaah Eee ‘grief enact ts : Seana “etl orto imo te | Scour rear eee eae reas Spel atereettncan: | Unters the eytsue fice of themes Poe: . oy pee, oie Teenage Sompen romps STS tte omy al teins sean ne Sor, Pucenmetiiy | mca dentin Soke sees Sema emt eg Gaaginesye | Nami wlan Sra Usher, Gangrene | postmen Sei repo |Site QE Compare enares and functions of Woiomes and proeames? Thoonaeete we feat eeStites Sean Sein tts emia (Sines ed = Pein | ee Taanpmaas | ori rman | tanttenet EEhmnmensbsstern | sy Terai eere ioe Sa aes i TerTc eye nr meme a ee cs meee Sar eens Eee late The femtion ofthe elecrochemial pet ‘chante te consort mde by Be rine gasp of Na, Nev ates ‘cram nt an ete ‘Sry ying to afiae Yo te ei Tt of asa membrane echt pov he ene Sane ge of tials Wi 25. () Whi tasigore Ahecel membrane shows coi iio 7 ane pein cals Jes com a jo Eos he ae gente of 3 peer, anne aise rose oF cha Positive Feedback ‘tran pee, ee eating sete kw 3 A Omen ne forma of sleet er ero ‘econ Oe ceri of Tee a mie sae tan 6 ener i id scomges he leer reps 2 voor aad ‘Te Colg compen va ee pie ete Festrenoe! prceing erat Pi ermele tt paca a resaen ee ogee tal paiepaes in Fonssipdonang asin fee abel computrnt oe ses Proeiaforacing oe neces niet etek of ened (puke suena tees 1 te mer of 2 ‘Gprotencoupldrepats cists on ath ere moos i lu ‘roc ta soleS pelim ORVE AND MuscLE He negeMactory petted and tts 7 ‘po Period and its types. What its mechanisin? Give the normal value of the ventrloutne nual 2008) leh second Presence canaat occur in called rethictory’ period action potential OF Hest action potential is ne refractory period: Period during Which a Second action potential gannet be elicited even with a very strong stimulus “ jgealled absolute rettuctory period ‘When stimulus is given during depolarization swaly after Nat channels are opened to cause “gepolarization, they become inactivated ang cannot teropened to cause another depolarization by any amount of excitato: uli puive refractory period: Period during which stronger than n san cause a second action potential i: ifactory period aan ‘ormal stimulus is called relative ‘When stimulus is given during replorization Most of the Na+ channels Ser sate of inactivation value of absolut “tricular muscle: ‘oes ffom the beginning’ of the depolarization sil the end of plateau phase (about 250 -300 matt hundred times longer-that of the skeletal Steltactory period What j “sea? 6 £4 plate potential? How is it | which disens i ‘ fe end plate potential Meee? (MBBS Annual 2008) have been reversed from ite refractory period in End ptnte potentian: {the de Polatizations OF sKei caused Metal musets, tees by Westrotraneenitters binding to the Posteynaptic membrane in the Reeurortescntae Junetion, cod: When ACH-gated channely ope tes sarin Herve actioy tmusele fibers causes membran 50-7 mV in the po plate potential that Potential Disense tn which itis of vottage: Myasthenia gravis rane potential tey + tive direetion, inte and gr Q3. Write a short note on; (BDS Annual 2064) (a) Lateh bridge mechanism: When smooth muscle has it continues to be contea excitation has been great! Importance: developed ful cted despite t ly reduced, Maintain prolonged tonic contraction muscles for hours with little use of Mechanis: ene Muscle (organ) > muscle fiber (cell (intracellular element) —> thick & th (cytoskeltal clement) 5 actin. a (contractile proteins) (b) Troponin myosin complex: Two strands of tropomyosin are coiled in that is attached to F-actin strands made by polymerization troponin complex. attaci tropomyosin strands actu: globular proteins i-¢ Troponin f: attaches with actin Troponin T: attaches with tropomyosin ‘Troponin C: binds with calcium ions stand is Of tropomyosin moles: hes F-actin strands wit! ally itis a complex of thre Q4. What is salutatory conduction? What are its advantages? Which nerve fibres have maximum velocity of conduction? (MBBS Annual 2004)Emerge ee coins Sees ieee ee Ee ree ee 7 cen a a et ee ac ca eed Be (iirc wae ™A: SOT gr, Defiee sarcomere. Enver 2 Bie Fo mere prt Sieg nome Sl Peet pamemmaaenles seit nc eR Lotcer at pone haan 208) same ane | beiraasiaeie etree ee ota ete ee weet (40 ‘aia oe ae eee aS oe ponsaaess mn We a te ane ae 8 al Sonor "Aeon sets nse SPE Stee een zee an wrt Toccoa we em ce “ie tire tas ye tos eS Pa sos Soon i wn wet wy Sap a ror SE ene (910. Draw aad abel x neormesela onctin. or ning pases sinior hn nan esi tree ope an rt in re die mee sede “SS a pace on. ‘Stmtrane potent? (DS Supp eta Generation of RIF er il ond to iin x ba ous nee Saeeapa Seance EXeieroe Pr i ase pt Mine savy of te mp tet (a Dene sing membaet a8 canoes ATP atc St IP eerted fn eeat 06 286) ang membre pt igre are epee poe i es nee ro pe oT Rp (ADP P) senans toc toe Now Se penn at ns ah ene 5 teaty to Bao oe ee2, ow a8 ao pt poet Godage of ts ope of propegatea? OS Sipvie 00 Satstory Condscton ele amin sxclaon conan comping? ‘tr SepleS007 iy mae eset eee, qn, Compare and cain fein Takercad ip mane Poeciey. uhunlt types of the Sou Soe irate at ees Ith ar Eeiiigctcmeeesces (Semmar [Eire | Stamens Sie acters se |e a coun noes Cheeta dead, | aya var rome Cine fnr, canes at Freie -smeaalne | Beamer as omer Gh fons cmnes Coney ot Tetacion? (DS Anson 20 sane « ") Stn i (QU Draw and ibe setion 7 fer ‘What is saatory_condecton?” (HDS Serie 2007) camer nem oie feces ae a SEO |e eae [moron Eereerset, | ee ets rusk og lost mle =G25. Gre te iferntntig ftv been Star aod man type smooth, {i008 deat S00) . Conran pd vigour + "tilly pee epee Alpe push "uc og a car tnt 2 over lengn ye 26.4 30 years old ay compli of lin. Severe mul wesknes snd tg she hat ‘jel and an elargedthadow of on aharund 3003) the possible agnosis of is ier? Wt hh. pydioge bs of le thology? ee a mi en ne ny wing i no es The aac ry Gone wie ae Spee pai 0) edie ean ates? 27. Gie the re oN : tile 2h ons want Bi Bo eee "ie GER | Meton hy teay "pring mpsthena pve ‘she Hess ‘ae Sty a a {oe mover: peel Gedy ‘Spro maan Pi ogee) Desa) fe waking nn at of Scponum eon ese ewes ib ramet of Pte ge: | ane gta ere Fe fea i ee a ‘hens Pp evel a elt epee eee 1 Fert sou an Pave 2 i sae mer omt 3-5 Cae Screen i in co PSs aes Soe SSeS castes Sass wruueten cane Crs ‘aoval of ts Bh Ber Gone aoiem ca, ae ng ‘vege sine ining te ce eee e Cente snes ane fetdpeatoeeteanee ese few abe ee sess ip nl Srna Sw Oe meinen slyPotent me eas Ee QB AU re, when one miroectrode i» Newel Son Dg : Ema Sg Uieted nto’ mere eran othe Cua oy 2. What Ib the fenton lt of shear ton? Ge 2 ‘urinal one bendy ong i Ec le hen Seta we coming oe QS. Dele sinbawe snd coon Se (het ina sreags craton ear hey SNe, the sortatchronase wae pbs 0 2 Sn eermanbctebciar * He ae Ting bed any seta sory coco: i Ft ya tt og ate fn et of ee Goceccemmeme cro ee tay he What daepes ectt in oe Sern ry rwanmion izes Se aman ran le wig Sopp ot ei Basta Phe het a ster?igen sree (057 Erplan and caluate the generation of. ‘ting membrane potest (DS Ansel 2011) ete "Re rig mamaran tet (RIP i a 2 tere 8 tea ey pe ‘Bonn plored wscrer aveage HES, Be diocnee of pots Een i ad * sist citeenent me tte te ola deen of ule 1 drumset y te ae finn + mic pnt om act pin Eval Ste semis pes ie issn ef er an 8. Ent esters ‘eka muscle phacogy ee Aan tes tint Sas sone arn, et mes = =~ ees Yee ym pn hen e eo ay ey ess ODS Samet aa Fy t oe pelo etic ns ia to on sidan ro sta se naa sowand sain Tsay = nen ee ike motion that re 5 a en er amagennt of ein ad Sencinen int 2 ecm ie ive te one basso abslate refractory oo ieareation and Peerztn.(BDS Annual 2013) “he dole cr pe cmb xd by REGRINE efcpates ot mcm ‘eos west Fins Te fe pos nes 2 sotageaepent Bette Seeman shh Be | Sinetepoctrermeanse rennenere JESEaris Ep nerenes ‘ny ae i es pe ealiee ‘Fe tes of mde seed Tetie im oe WP ae GSS ony ne “es tie ae en eaten Dag an pia A cre Sil tree ny tne eo meine ee Emacapocul Ayr arpa ‘Steere tee dese can on eine 5 eects Perper SE oe tenes of ee on Se Os The “tometer(Q1,( Dram wed Iba acon poten ote server Cent 58) (© etme ecb and creat Whee finertahetorenicoroteie? iis eagtotge net oie 8 reste aie "Toe sly ee sec Steet ramet i nes mt ae ae Le QE (2) Give mechanism of contraction of ‘ewok most (Ansan 3015) J Smooth Muscle Contraction and is Control] 7 i + Sn peer Ecce sonics wo fe nse et te ‘stn abn pease Mere Sci ln#e Soo ae treater tid pats eras = ths prema Soppe 2815) cana tee 8 ts pes ie ted KN ak oe pammaioke hs spout wih eubs ‘ie ore Ne ee Moe pape ot mt Sy se Na She ston mena, | a et | ee ram a sarcomere Wi yang meal cori? apd name orsol nh propepton(annon ae) eke ote Sein cher cred rt Bae om iso atin nv oo ropa “omit iy tein Erm ton soe verve wanssen) See (© What rebrctry ped? Ge is ‘eset rag wh 2 ae Bie fi ea rt ae parece Siac ena EES Sa See eS Saar aimee ‘Period ducing which sronger than coral ese So6G) Ge mechan of conacion oF ‘oot muscle (Ansa 2076) ‘Seth Matcle Contraction aad fs Control] t Pea cons pew eetnc cs Fron in © wnat i end {0 MAL ead plte patent Give as caer alee ara fie cel bogig tk complaints ot buna ‘reas inher ghee, a a ree ain teas ; eae poareiea a Sore Improved ber ong Mga! ine opened gan tl the Socket tai OB Bae Mons ere™, 2 er pp te . the mein of LATE at ce MBS Fro sens dene ern Auoentet yg Mere a orate ee at ‘tn ce oa cep ek copie in Port i rong sie contraction in sath as — aoe EB a)» me (ote i tec) ma 0 et sine eros: Siren ami etalon aad myon oe ech Ges re pet anc dnt The ‘urcoplasmic veticulum (SR) of skeletal aes ‘Testa pn eso Beas ease eee ‘de be menue "Sinan tf Seo Sess ste te Fasc aye ass = MOQ: AND NCQ FORTS heme rc Snagit can ‘mol. Whats venga” 5 Fem © Hm The ectogei Na KATP ps ea ‘iin elapse 4 lege a AT ete aie eae ATP nse ‘tthe cel exam ing oe ‘rote cat © age mtr tee ‘nih ofthe lowing sateen swt gla 7A Mega i tom man nie ‘hosel sd eto sie 1B. Gino setter pte tendencies and Senn ci One: polge ance secs ens rapes Macogin te cena ee ht re {euling be mabe a orebetes re Sqr ct 2 ome cents Sp ot mieepet Ke ean Teen Bes ies conte Pinte Pong Senne oe Feces ington Sheers re eae meter Aorta mre sgt te ype ® Rpaee ae er cant eer ew ee ke mara Sogo t cea ao penteges fad ten pace mere Serpe reee een pend poi a et A i ice 2B meneeyr teen © eke tig menemh denervation developed. ee the left eye also had nerve daa was not responding 8 PEE as le was admit fing that she had been 302 sensitivity - had . A at-year-old fem: eh attr report ee ome ng nausea au voiding fOF OW 88 days and then developed severe rauscle ea I and neurological symptoms including Pret dysphagia, She indicated she find eaten it restaurant the evening before the sniptoms began. Lab tests were positive for Clostr botulinum, Neurotoxins block the reuptake ‘Av of neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals, B. such as tetanus toxin bind reversibly to the presynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular Junetion. : h the cell body of the motor neuron by jon into the spinal cord. D. exert all of their adverse effects by acting centrally rather than peripherally. E, such as botulinum toxin prevent the release of acetylcholine. from motor neurons due to cleavage. of either » syanaptosome associated proteins or vesicle associated membrane protein MCQ NUGGETS: * Smooth muscle Voltage gated channels in smooth muscles both Na+ Ca+2 (UHS 2015) Cardiac muscle act as syncitium due to presence of gay junctions (UHS 2015) Influx of which ion causes acetylcholine discharge Ca+2 influx (UHS 2015) Axon reflex in:flare Contraction in running: contraction (UHS 2015) Decrease in which ion’ concentrati n wh entratior causes negativity in RMP k+ (UBS 2013), isotonic relaxation occur: myosin phosphatases (UHS 2015), mel Duration needed to stimul late a net sae theobase:chronaxie (UHS 20 a isorder due to decreased ed Potential:myasthenia pravis (URS 30 oe Actlve protein. { ‘ muscles is actin (Uns 2018) and. striated * Ouabian inhibits sodium potas: Nat channels open rapialy (4ygg >< Common between facilitatey 4 and co transport—both haven m protein + move along cone, Braden ie 2014) “Ugg Vagal stimulation + K+ 2014) ox (uy In fast twitch fibers — increase a sarcoplasmic reticulum (UHS 2014 of Anesthesia causes increase 4y petiod of nerve fiber (UHS 2914) Ca influx release ACTH (UHS 2914) In smiooth muscle calmodul with calcium (UHS 2014) Troponin ¢ combine caleium (UES 219 Graded potential — decremental 2014) te Resting membrane potential is maintained i contig * by leaky channel (UHS 2014) What causes smooth muse contraction—lack of CO2 (UHS 2014) What initiates contractile response ia skeletal mus¢le— troponin+ Ca Skeletal muscle contraction is regulated by concentration of calcium in te sarcoplasm. Solution of sodium chloride wid osmolality of 280mos is iso-osmotic tot intracellular osmolarity Calmodulin protein permits the. in of calcium complex, with myosin "= chain Solution that has higher relative, to the other solutiot hyperosmotic solution ype a soul dso Myasthenia gravis is neuromu: cepts due to blockade of acetylcholine 1 antibodies “ inhibit ‘Neostigmine is acetylcholinesterss¢ ! ost Botulinum toxin inhibits yee contraction presynaptically bY acetylcholine release as re igssil! sit d 2 pot osmolatty is call transports:3 sodium out an -the cellChapter-20 Perr Cera CARPIOVascuLAR sySTEM gi.A middle agea vy a speed ears pat Tiding on a bieycle was n radial pulse was rapid as pal werial blood Pressure ue? Cold | clammy. (pBS Annual 2008) was 70/50mmHg. Diagnosis Hypovolumic shock Pathogenesis, Decrease blood velume due tortny cause decreases mean systemic filling . pressure and asa ansequence decreases Venous return Asa result. cardiac output falls below normal and + hock ensues ycompensation to prevent shock: ‘The factors that. cause a person to: recover from shock are all negative feed back mechanisms, These include: _ aroreceptor reflex Central nervous system reflex Reverse stress relaxation of circulatory system’ Formation of angiotensin Formation of vasopressin (ADH) Compensatory increase in reabsorption. of fluids from GIT tility of body to prevent shock: This due to: Cardine depression: When the arterial pressure falls low enough to the myocardial ‘supply itself this ‘further sthe cardiac output, TW 4 positive feedback eyele is developed and : ‘comes more and more severe. Yurdotor failure: rea Kf shock’ vasomotor center helps to he Comes a point at which diminished ow 0 the vasomotor center itself so depresses the center that it becomes more and more severe. Q2. Draw normal ECG, show its waves and intervals. Give two changes in the ECG in the ECG in a patient of acute myocardial infarction, (MBBS Annual 2008) 0,20 sec. Qt ECG changes in acute MI ST Elevation : T wave inversion (myocardial ischaemia) Deep Q wave Q3. Define cardiac index list factors which regulate cardiac out put. Give mechanism of any one of them. (BDS Annual 2004) Cardiac index: Cardiac output per mifute per square meter of body surface is known as cardiac index. Factors regulate cardinc out put: Vemtze oe Serr Santon Santanalecmcten |, Rroadtedawey te — ‘dda Yop (@¥) EDV = ESV.$60) Bow and be! somal ECG (a0 om feces oe, moe Siete : Sram Posen metas ea pte ios ts Lene a foes sosineasn Son, EES tay SrA cn Tr pee Decent in (G6, What is sginene of rene | ‘mechani? (MBBS Asn +The ennai (BAAS) tr peg | fering octal tere mp tug meatier ‘Ths wens ween | Cy ee Beslan tik we ET ee ele ar re in ies eussome fetes ee a ae eee Sa Sener Stit cee, Eo ices Eigen tees = ep ee Sees pene ae a ‘Cecilie ERLE Tala. ‘Stove die ge 29 ‘ee ie i teed ors ne a Seiinerne be adee age St, wre ee heey set 1 Deepest sete Spree ere ce enh ~ ume 2, Spates ig oes ae ay op ince peat rin damage: ‘case wsonncpns ‘in eonceion er eonaon of ts ion ofBi cvman. tna ia sing oie voi eg fhe yatta an ae Fane Sie oni : Tissue Fluid casera ty au at babes Pe call a show ras ‘steal on S005 eos Ao on ence scerard oan etn oe Ne 0.20 1 Se eo et png to ALS oe eh —.. “ut degree block is defined asdeay of conection Noms twos thermal vate of haf 2 incase: FESR aS Negeoas b nt ee nage codes pace? OOS Scpesyag"™™ "af Gerace ri Sec Se pp a te fy ae {coum oem i in ot race mon ‘renee ra Lie einen pled > Sia if nu is 035.015 cy sete Be ee tia bun HR atl ness 038.04 ns hts cnt rug Seve Semin echt Be cs pau we it aors sim, ener et ee tania eames ‘aioe pel one tines i mong Be : panes Co Shae ‘nae ns Anant) Entice Toes | Antey fC OET a oprah ck oc held ue Tare vlbe ara avers QRS we tg) es | focr Drgpedteas enon Econ 9 "ape eke Sees ek) gh neon pre dat usar Sn ingSe Sete Sees ef ape 2 we team Scat fom RST SORE ee Pome a 3. 4 2 Yea old Sater gradeaydesops oat tron snd dant as ane Seren (ay Whats ir condon aes? (9) ats ne ac vee im auc satus’ sree ce ino a te Sr heme ee ase oie peared at 2 Derrmat ‘ptnee Semin, Te ce gon vesus fe em pana at ‘abt ati pear wo eae ea Wea howe aS eres Soeae hetecease (85 Dec oad pretreat tne Sat and water to rot 2 dose Bed ‘preset (BDS Anal 3 Soot veneis ant penal) woe inal) (© How Go ‘aspiration a + Durer tina nae af | + AS fa a pee ay ty Ite epee pa Sferesecon hints Avent 010)Se se A etl: ———— a Tata epita edna Kes Jct Hl ‘tery th eed hu 4 i ten onc 16 emcee eM 0 genta Tee | Instinct et ay pe; See | saris — Daze Donia 0 racal, owes = 0 2a QA women 50 yea apex of ace S* inwconly eee ERUINE pu ergo econ ra HEFCE owas ecole tune, Meant of refatn Sule che te ewe a venice cane, From 9 ‘Retin the weno Tacos Sletag ‘ie thal tan i ‘vl Oia Seiten rome QRS compen yh et COMER, te ge (Geter cot, ee ce meeps mona ponte hang he vets droge cardial What jet ator? Indicates compliance of AV valves. (c) Exptatn th ya are volume changes In he one nmeteemectnion ot contig freer! aoe OHNE Supe 01) aur amb hea et Cute ee ‘Shea on ey eau Seen a a ‘ene " ‘Geveanceyotaetca "eno etr le es Pee oad acide. He had rfc et as one ‘ean When ew bapa ben Skoartnet atte weary hoa come Wisp ce dma es ions sweet ee Very pene ey cade oe (yy an ecos B.A mite sete ea 0 Monee mc i en ha rain Na om ml re daring tt. What are the presse chgoges in aria rig he carne eh? How are tee ati Pressure changes raed to he jublar venous ute? (BBS Annual 2011) ae "ng a a we mayne ecco cons Pee Wty th acl of loo en Tacos A ua wa te ee of Berane! peur siscaamnss sc a ee nerous mechani cul lp ri his tod presare? “Tepalvmocontatn Satie & cng nan ars i tn a er EE (2. mite aged ma mast by a pyc lc mee eid te Separtnent of te bone man sao is tond peesre wat CUsbmari is ra Pale was rpid ad threat hsm weve ‘ld eammy (MBBS Sople 211), (@) Wich onion he man was an (©) Wy ere is ipl cold aby?SGrearmis eet ss etd edn a seein Aon inne a BE cic uae i th on Sa Yee ee re steve at et mine exc Os tigi te font error? (DS Annual 2013) ee ete: a at gome ts o LAS Hos dost toman be eae ‘toma in etn Ds An 34) Senay “ele tea ae ae i "road nage Coe ae ay lay act epic pase ror ts i Sea ‘lun ew he "SRM tan Tn oe Sete | ane ba Sat Gace er snon es pee Sons EEE easter The pacemaker cells are connected 10 neighboring, Sirs ‘soneractle cells vie “which eaable i Sere Rami ESS ou bee rege tant] Eimear Sy Seseplien ccna iwagece (Bad diene ‘epi om elisa re see a Eon torr = ‘These sil lye ces tse on ies Mietay sour MSP et nd no ‘dpa a ih ce erat mde dew i we thenopoitrea pc, ater fon arr ese ebay pens pee (ed eal aa oe erect al es pofanyduing rnd tei aide is ed presets 958 sechun whh wi el tae his bond pesos: asl 1)er and care alee Chonan agit ina ee tees en ing gn et a oni eee” CS. Uh ne, Bing eee copa am co 4, ©) What are soa eect me ae ea Pane ore, lng venues irises Bey Ses Sa Ste ech vente we ao 2 rela hae Seu ef lod eed yh venice ste iene Spates ot 20. ip one, ltt ee a eee nutes of test i015) Dan rolrgd on died as. ra it ete ope ones Proce eto the clo AV aes Fas iW ar cE songs of coast Sees eaten of Costa At sees woos ad pre es ~ oe, da de vote, yan A re se a cara be ee eto ure 2019). MipeTmOL OF CEREBRAL BLOgD Flow nis oman cay Se ve So ser ny a OL nea go, nee Cramer tay PTE en Sees ace oe nt er een se attain mene PS ine Bich mmciosie iors aey Tine SS et ne a pode oe Dest eikonal crcl ted, |x entail cer tng Arata Se cst feet a fe pee ii elugerenevan tur ad is ae [Tei te fsa ho ees 8) Wostieheromesetc tow nt | Eecrengene tow rar meee Ini nt on tent Ina enptaraeen e (2) Mat re thease er np Sein hear tet of Symptic Sinton Cannery + tert tin) = pine dar Set 2 yo rb pe =. * Saylor [Starr a rst tess eee a Jo Siete A Led) ESSA STs Mien ns) “ols ie. Papa Faia Nae ssanieaisiy (©) Give ratasen by breve nie rae He mee te (5. Wi tg. ea le Ge fares aed Eehanins af tee ae sae Chace mo lan peed LD ‘Ors ethe tani ere ae see ‘ates 07 ee 4 ean eng nse cecaaie tas are ‘hos othe wt vente Te aeeo SS SSP ws ty eanted DUD 2d of vetiarele puto ctessee Gone of mtn aes ad evi Miron of thos and se wats of eS sign oe Se emer eniteaacee cle Indies end of pate ant ns Indies comptane of sont fe ide G52 Define cardiac oatpat and care i= Give normal values? (SIBBS supple 2010) 1s deine asthe quay f Hand pases! ES Sons cach min by wees Normal emi. Cnrdiac index: (Guise ope per square er of tty sev is known asda dae pate ‘Average cari inde fr ss 163 ‘yar of body surfs aes Hw ie cardiac output is meaere ty sist ‘byeen Tek principle. secre by (i oll pak offer release oh bie fhe peripheral sues equal rade phera nel oe re ele fon oth perigee scaes ‘ilo comcenuration difference (graders) f tht See ty Sew a You eacmpica efognen may SSreron perborate {asad 02 pe se etn, etree en acece me eres She eas TEI SSO om, coma cabs nbsp oe MSS Ma = GSD” So, In normal peo58 vagy ‘Wha esis eatin? of dnd ead Oar wih « wee] (CO= 2501 Qotmt 1880) 350/50 ‘Aad here ou ka. Tes te ries fa] Daw mecca hon aU ancenkd We Eiremeatarocnie une”an BLOOD : Us Mr. All goes to » hilly area at an altitude o! 10, 000 feet. What wai be the effect on uyErepolsis? Explain the mechanism of this fect. (MBBS Annual 2008) At very high altitude where the quantitiy of 02 in the is greatly decreased insufficient 02 * is transported to the tissues & RBC : Production (ertyropoiesis) is greatly x increased In this case it is not the concentration of RBC’s in the blood that controls RBC Production but amount of 02 transported to the tissues in relation to tissue demand for 02 At high altitude the principle stimulus for RBC production in low 02 -states is a circulating hormone called erthyropoetin, At Opcarrying ability of blood im Erythropaleiin iS stimulates red - amallar ented) rea pe oe high altitude hypoxia causes a marked increase in erythropoietin production and erythropoietin in tum enhances RBC production until the hypoxia is resolves Erythropoietin begins to be formed within the miinutes to hours & it reaches p production within 24 hours but almost no new RBC’s appear in the circulating blood until about 5 days later Important effect of erythropoietin is to stimulate the production of proerythroblasts from* hematopoietic stem cels in th: marrow Once proerythroblasts are formed the erythropoietin causes these cells to pass more rapidly through the different erythroblastic stages than they normally do. Reduces 0, In bloodSem ee ee ee +E peep te pace ogee ee ea gn, tn, . =ieiosson conics inch nay repens ne fe cara net ane vrs od sot Deb the Shea fe 8 en) Suraast ty aggliawion ted mols of Se ras So ieoeeamress Se Seo ea Baden lee bwin lp le sinaeon snd oltenion of ane ee le ima a + pitiadineseQ7. Enumerate types of hypoxia, Explain histotoxe hypoxiag (MBBS Supple 2004) ‘Types: Hypoxic hypoxia ‘Anemic hypoxia Circulatory hypoxia Histotoxie hypoxia Histotoxie hypoxia: Histotoxic hypoxia (also called histoxle hypoxia) is the inability of cells to take up or utilize oxygen from the bloodstream, despite physiologically normal delivery of oxygen to such cells and tissues Histotoxic hypoxia results from tissue poisoning, such as that caused by alcohol narcotics, cyanide (which acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase), and certain other poisons like hydrogen sulfide (byproduct of sewage and used in leather tanning). Histotoxic hypoxia refers to a reduction in ATP production by the mitochondria due to a defect in the cellular usage of oxygen. ‘An example of histotoxic hypoxia is cyanide poisoning There is a profound drop in tissue oxygen consumption since the reaction of oxygen with cytochrome c oxidase is blocked by the presence of cyanide. ‘There are other chemicals that interrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain (¢.8., rotenone, antimycin A) and produce effects fon tissue oxygenation similar to that of cyanide. Oxygen extraction decreases in parallel with the lower: oxygen consumption, with a resulting increase in venous oxygen content and PvO2, Although cyanide stimulates the peripheral respiratory increasing the inspired oxygen fraction is not helpful, since there is already’ an adequate amount of oxygen which the poisoned cells cannot use Q8. Name the: clotting factors. Explain ‘the ‘intrinsic. pathway of blood clotting. (BDS Annual 2005) 1, Fibrinogen (factor 1) 2. Prothrombin (factor 11) +3, Tissue factor (factor III thromboplastin) 4, Calcium (factor IV) 5, Factor V (ac glabulin) chemoreceptors, ,- Purpur Tendency of spontaneous hemoorhas ‘and mucous membrane’and internal ore® purpura. 7 ‘Types: ‘Thrombocytopenic purpura: Due to decrease platlets count. Non-thrmbocytopenic purpura: Platelet count is normal, it niay be ‘ation - blood trauma or collagen contact Factor x —> Factor Xa Factor x1 —> Factor Xia Q9. Explain the functions of platelets. Whi purpura. (BDS Supple 2005) ‘Functions of platelets: Ithelps in the mdintaince of hemostasis It helps to prevent bleeding by forming pl plugs Platelets also ‘keep the body from weaker structures including the nose and mou Factor VII (pro cotivertin, stay Factor VIIE (antihemophitiae a 0%) or Factor IX 4 dl fat Factor X: (staurt factor) Factor XI (antihemophiliae factor ¢ Factor XII (Hageman factor) Factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor) Prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) HMW kininogen (ftzgerald factor, yy Platelets : (antihernophi istmis factor eit ovine Patway | Faclr ik > Fact tka \ Factor Vil > Factor Vii —t-, Factor = Facets bleed ge bent! sis Purpura due to infection ¢8» septic Purpura due to vitamin C defi causes damage of blood vessels Purpura due t0,; functionally platelets.