@ Z F M I    󰀡      
 2 :  A F @ @ O I H F P  T B Z B  B _ V M B Z  B  A I P  K Ð S F H F P  B  T Z I C V H M O [ B Z      

F H  A I P  C V H M B G F H ] I P  M F  H V F P ] Z B  C F      

f 3 : 6  󰀧 
 : 4 2 <      

M b a a b s   󰀡     ] f x b s    

f 3 : 6  © 
: 4 2 <  p i r  P b g u f a  T b n â h  y  B a f x  P b g p f m r i      

 󰀬  󰀯  󰀨
] i m b s  a b s  ` o t b s  J ç j a o ` b s  s i h  m f  a b  H u f v b  ] r b m u ` ` o ð h  S o v o f h t f  H ]  S  b  g f h i s  q u f  s f  o h m o q u f  a i  ` i h t r b r o i      

󰀻 
F m o t b m i  p i r   󰁓   󰁯 󰁺 󰁮 󰁯 󰁨 󰁯 󰁢  󰁂 󰁡 󰁽 󰁢 󰁺 󰁦      

 󰀻
M o s f ò i  o h t f r o i r  y  p i r t b m b      󰁋 󰁶   󰁢 󰁨 󰁐 󰁬 󰁯 󰁧 󰁢 󰁪 󰁶 󰁥 󰁶 󰁺 󰁩 󰁍 󰁦 󰁰 󰁯 󰁮  󰁨

 󰀨
Z F P F Z S B M I P  ] I M I P  A I P  M F Z F @ L I P      

󰀻  󰀧  2  󰀧  ? = 3 > 4 > 󰀧         󰀧  0
O P J H      ?   >   <       2 : 
 

@IH]FHOMI
OH]ZIMV@@OÐH

¹@ÐGI PF FP]ZV@]VZB
VPBZAI9"@ZFMI"_ @ÐGI
FA @ZFMI
@ZFMI MF AIP BTÐP]IAFP
BTÐP]IAFP
2. KFPÛP, FA @ZOP]I; LVGBHOMBM _ MOSOHOMBM
:. MOIP TBMZF
0. FPTÇZO]V PBH]I. AB ]ZOHOMBM
]ZOHOMBM
=. ONAFPOB; @IGVHOMBM _ GOPOÐH
6. OHPTOZB@OÐH _ ZFSFAB@OÐH JÇJAO@B
3. PBASB@OÐH _ AOJFZB@OÐH
AOJFZB@OÐH
>. PBAVM CÇPO@B,
CÇPO@B, GFH]BA
GFH]BA _ FPTOZO]VBA
<. KVP]O@OB _ TB[; ZFOHI MF MOIP

?.24.
JBV]OPGI _ @FHBOGBNI
PFZ LVGBHI. MFA PFÒIZ
PFÒI
MFO Z
22. ZFPVZZF@@OÐH
2:. COH MFA GVHMI _ F]FZHOMBM
 

OH]ZIMV@@O H
V h  ` r f m i  h i  f s  g f r b g f h t f  u h b  a o s t b  m f  a i  q u f  b  r g b g i s  m f s m f  a b      

p f r s p f ` t o v b  m f  a b  c f .  P o  f g p f 󰁻 â r b g i s  b  l b ` f r  u h b  a o s t b  m f  a i  q u f  ` r f f g i s ,    

g u 󰁿  p i s o j a f g f h t f  a a f n b r ç b g i s  b  s f r  ` i g i  a i s  c b r o s f i s  i  a i s  s b m u ` f i s  m f  a b      

J o j a o b .  F a  @ r f m i  f s ,  f h  f c f ` t i ,  a b  f s f h ` o b  m f  a i  q u f  v o v o g i s  󰁿  f a  ` i r b 󰁻 ð h  m f      

a i  q u f  b  r g b g i s  c u h m b g f h t b m i s  f h  a b  c f .    

B  t r b v ï s  m f  a i s  s o n a i s  l b  l b j o m i  u h  s o h c ç h  m f  ` i h t r i v f r s o b s  t f i a ð n o ` b s  q u f      

` u a g o h b r i h  f h  m o v o s o i h f s  f h  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i .  G u ` l b s  m f  f s b s  ` i h t r i v f r s o b s    

s f  c u h m b g f h t b h  f h  a b  h b t u r b a f 󰁻 b  m f  a b s  ` i h v o ` ` o i h f s  t f i a ð n o ` b s  󰁿  a b s    

` r f f h ` o b s  m f  a i s  ` r f 󰁿 f h t f s  󰁿  a b s  o n a f s o b s .  L b s t b  m f a  m ç b  m f  l i 󰁿 ,  f h ` i h t r b g i s    

g û a t o p a f s  r b g b s  i  t f h m f h ` o b s  f h  f a  p f h s b g o f h t i  t f i a ð n o ` i  f h  a b s  o n a f s o b s ,    

a i s  ` r f 󰁿 f h t f s  󰁿  a b s  m f h i g o h b ` o i h f s .    

F a  @ r f m i  s o r v f  b a  p r i p ð s o t i  m f  u h o r h i s  f h  b q u f a a i  q u f  p i m f g i s  ` r f f r  p b r b      

f s t b j a f ` f r  h u f s t r b  󰂥 u h o m b m  f h  a b  c f 󰂵 .  A b s  b  r g b ` o i h f s  t f i a ð n o ` b s  q u f  s f      

o h ` a u 󰁿 f h  p i h f h  ` a b r b g f h t f  m f  g b h o  f s t i  f a  c u h m b g f h t i  j â s o ` i  m f  a b  c f ,  a b s    

j b s f s  g o s g b s  m f  h u f s t r b s  ` r f f h ` o b s ,  󰁿  a b  h b t u r b a f 󰁻 b  m f  a b s  ` i h v o ` ` o i h f s    

q u f  p b s b g i s  m f  n f h f r b ` o ð h  f h  n f h f r b ` o ð h .    

F a  M o i s  b a  q u f  s f r v o g i s  f s  u h  s i a i  M o i s .  F a  k u m b ç s g i  󰁿  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i ,    

t b h t i  ` i g i  f a  o s a b g ,  s i h  r f a o n o i h f s  g i h i t f ç s t b s ,  f h  ` i h t r b s t f  ` i h  f a    

l o h m u o s g i  󰁿  g u ` l b s  i t r b s  r f a o n o i h f s  󰁿  p r â ` t o ` b s  b h o g o s t b s  q u f  o h ` i r p i r b h      

g u ` l b s  m o v o h o m b m f s  f h  s u s  ` r f f h ` o b s .  T f r i  s i a i  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i ,  f h t r f  t i m b s    

f s t b s  t r b m o ` o i h f s  r f a o n o i s b s ,  t o f h f  a b  a a b g b m b  m i ` t r o h b  m f  a b  ] r o h o m b m .    

F h  f a  ` i h t f 󰁼 t i  u h o v f r s o t b r o i  h f ` f s o t b g i s  p r f s f h t b r  u h b  c f  r b 󰁻 i h b j a f  󰁿      

r b 󰁻 i h b m b ,  󰁿  u h  b h ` a b   r g f  f h  a b  q u f  p i m b g i s  ` i h  b r  f h  g f m o i  m f  f s t b s    

b n u b s  t u r j u a f h t b s  f h  a b s  q u f  s f  g u f v f  a b  u h o v f r s o m b m ,  f a  g i m f r h o s g i  󰁿  f a    

p i s t g i m f r h o s g i .  F s p f r b g i s  q u f  f s t b s  a f ` ` o i h f s  g i t o v f h  b  a i s  k ð v f h f s  b      

o h m b n b r  f h  a b  c f  󰁿  f h  s u s  ` r f f h ` o b s ,  󰁿  b  f s t b r  󰂥 . . .  󰁰 󰁯 󰁦 󰁧 󰁴 󰁺 󰁦  󰁡 󰁯 󰁰 󰁽 󰁩 󰁰  󰁴 󰁢 󰁺 󰁢      

󰁺 󰁦 󰁰 󰁴 󰁩 󰁨 󰁭 󰁦 󰁺  󰁢  󰁽 󰁩 󰁭 󰁩  󰁦 󰁡  󰁲 󰁶 󰁦  󰁡 󰁦 󰁰  󰁴 󰁯 󰁭 󰁢  󰁦 󰁼 󰁴 󰁡 󰁯 󰁠 󰁢 󰁠 󰁯 󰁩 󰁨 󰁦 󰁰  󰁰 󰁩 󰁪 󰁺 󰁦  󰁡 󰁢  󰁦 󰁰 󰁴 󰁦 󰁺 󰁢 󰁨 󰁻 󰁢  󰁲 󰁶 󰁦      

󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 󰁦 󰁭 󰁦 󰁰  󰁽 󰁯 󰁦 󰁨 󰁦 󰁨 󰂵 .    ( 2  T  0 ; 2 6 ) .    

R u f r f g i s  q u f  u s f s  f s t f  g b t f r o b a  p b r b  q u f ,  ` i g i  ` i g u h o m b m  ` r o s t o b h b  f h      

g f m o i  m f  a b  u h o v f r s o m b m  󰁿  f a  g u h m i  b ` b m ï g o ` i ,  p i m b g i s  s f h t b r h i s    

b a r f m f m i r  m f  a b  T b a b j r b  p b r b  g b m u r b r  f h  a b  c f ,  b   h  m f  f s t b r  f h t f r b g f h t f      
 

p r f p b r b m i s  p b r b  t i m b  j u f h b  i j r b .  K u h t i  b a  @ r f m i ,  r f  f 󰁼 o i h b r f g i s  f h  v b r o i s    

t f g b s  c u h m b g f h t b a f s  m f  a b  t f i a i n ç b .  T i r q u f  s o  q u f r f g i s  t f h f r  u h b  j u f h b      

p r b 󰁼 o s  ` r o s t o b h b ,  f s  o g p i s o j a f  ` i h s f n u o r a b  s o h  u h b  j u f h b  t f i r ç b  󰁿  t f i a i n ç b .    

A i  o m f b a  s f r ç b  r f u h o r s f  u h b  v f 󰁻  p i r  s f g b h b .  R u f  v o v b g i s  a i  b p r f h m o m i ,  ( a b      

c f  s o h  i j r b s  f s t â  g u f r t b ) ,  󰁿  q u f  h i  s f b g i s  i o m i r f s  i a v o m b m o 󰁻 i s  m f  t f g b s    

t f i a ð n o ` i s  m f s ` i h f ` t b m i s  m f  a b  r f b a o m b m ,  s o h i  q u f  s f b g i s  l b ` f m i r f s  m f  a b      

T b a b j r b .  @ b m b  u h b  m f  a b s  s f ` ` o i h f s  q u f  t r b j b k b r f g i s  m f a  @ r f m i ,  t o f h f      

b p a o ` b ` o i h f s  f  o g p a o ` b ` o i h f s  q u f  h i s  b 󰁿 u m b r â h  b  s f n u o r  b  K f s û s  m f  g b h f r b      

p r â ` t o ` b  f h  f a  ` i h t f 󰁼 t i  k i v f h .    

B 󰁡 󰁦 󰁼  󰁐 󰁢 󰁧 󰁴 󰁦 󰁭 󰁺 󰁩  /  M 󰁺 .  󰁐 󰁢 󰁧 󰁶 󰁦 󰁡  󰁔 󰁢 󰁮 â 󰁨      
 

¹@ GI PF FP]ZV@]VZB
"@ZFMI" _ @ÐGI VPBZAI9
A b s  m i ` f  a f ` ` o i h f s  q u f  s f  o h ` a u 󰁿 f h  f h  f s t f  a o j r i ,  f s t â h  f s t r u ` t u r b m b s  f h      

m o c f r f h t f s  s f ` ` o i h f s .  @ b m b  u h b  m f  f a a b s  t o f h f  u h  i j k f t o v i  ` i h ` r f t i ,  󰁿  t f      

o h v o t b g i s  b  q u f  t f  b ` f r q u f s  b  f a a b s  󰁿  a b s  t r b j b k f s  ` i g i  o h m o ` b g i s ;    

FA @ZFMI
F a  @ r f m i  m f  a i s  B p ð s t i a f s  f s  u h  g b h o  f s t i  o g p i r t b h t ç s o g i  m f  a b  o n a f s o b  q u f      

f 󰁼 p r f s b  a b  j b s f  m f  a b s  m i ` t r o h b s  ` f h t r b a f s  m f  a i  q u f  ` r f f g i s .  B a  p r o h ` o p o i      

m f  ` b m b  a f ` ` o ð h  s o f g p r f  b p b r f ` f r â  a b  p b r t f  q u f  t o f h f  q u f  v f r  ` i h  a b      

a f ` ` o ð h .    

OH]ZIMV@@OÐH
V h  j r f v f  t f 󰁼 t i  q u f  h i s  b 󰁿 u m b r â  b  b ` t u b a o 󰁻 b r  f h  f a  t f g b  󰁿  b h o g b r â  b a  n r u p i      

b  f 󰁼 p a i r b r  a b  a f ` ` o ð h .    

AF@@OÐH ]FIAÐNO@B
F s  f a  m f s b r r i a a i  f h  p r i c u h m o m b m  m f a  t f g b .  ] f  o h v o t b g i s  b  q u f  a f b s  f s t b      

s f ` ` o ð h ,  󰁿  a b  s u j r b 󰁿 f s  g o f h t r b s  t f  p r f p b r b s  󰁿  r f  f 󰁼 o i h b s .  F 󰁼 t r b f  a b s  o m f b s  󰁿      

a i s  p â r r b c i s  g â s  o g p i r t b h t f s .  C ç k b t f  f h  a b s  p r f n u h t b s  s u n f r o m b s  q u f  p u f m f s    

l b ` f r .  M f p f h m o f h m i  m f a  n r u p i ,  m f ` o m f  q u ï  b s p f ` t i s  m f j f s  f 󰁼 p i h f r  󰁿  ` u â a f s    

h i .  L f g i s  q u f r o m i  q u f  t f h n b s  u h b  p f r s p f ` t o v b  b g p a o b ,  j ç j a o ` b ,  t f i a ð n o ` b  f      

l o s t ð r o ` b ,  p f r i  h i  h f ` f s b r o b g f h t f  f 󰁼 p a o ` b r a i  t i m i  f h  u h b  s f s o ð h .  T f h s b g i s    

q u f  p u f m f  f h r o q u f ` f r t f  m f  g b h f r b  p f r s i h b a  󰁿  s o  l b 󰁿  k ð v f h f s  ` i h      

o h q u o f t u m f s  p u f m f s  ` i g p b r t o r a i  c u f r b  m f  a b  s f s o ð h .  ] f  r f ` i g f h m b g i s  q u f      

a b s  s f s o i h f s  h i  m u r f h  g â s  m f  u h b  l i r b  u  l i r b  󰁿  g f m o b .  󰂢 F s  g f k i r  m f k b r  ` i h      

n b h b s  m f  g â s  q u f  r f s u a t b r  t f m o i s i !    

¹TIZ RVÏ FP OGTIZ]BH]F FP]F @IH@FT]I ]FIAÐNO@I9

F h  f s t f  b p b r t b m i  r f s b a t b g i s  a b  o g p i r t b h ` o b  m f a  t f g b ,  p i r q u ï  m f j f g i s    

t r b t b r a i ,  ` ð g i  h i s  p u f m f  b c f ` t b r  u h b  g b a b  ` i g p r f h s o ð h  m f  ï a ,  󰁿  q u f      

j f h f  ` o i s  i j t f h f g i s  m f  ` i h i ` f r a i  󰁿  f s t u m o b r a i .  T u f m f s  l b ` f r  f s t b      
 

p r f n u h t b  b a  n r u p i  b h t f s  m f  ` i g f h t b r  a i  q u f  l f g i s  f s ` r o t i  p b r b  f s ` u ` l b r  b      

q u ï  ` i h ` a u s o i h f s  f s t â h  a a f n b h m i .    

FA FP@ÏT]O@I
T a b h t f b g i s  b a n u h b s  p r f n u h t b s  q u f  p i m r ç b h  s f r v o r  p b r b  l b j a b r  ` i h  b q u f a a i s    

q u f  t i m b v ç b  h i  ` i h i ` f h  b  K f s û s ,  i  f s t â h  f h  f a  p r i ` f s i  m f  ` i h i ` f r a f .  F a    

` i h t f 󰁼 t i  u h o v f r s o t b r o i  f s  f 󰁼 t r b i r m o h b r o i  p b r b  ` i g p b r t o r  a b s  j u f h b s  h u f v b s ,    

p f r i  f h t f h m f g i s  q u f  m f j f g i s  l b ` f r a i  m f  c i r g b  ` i g p r f h s o j a f ,  m o b a i n b m b  󰁿      

r f s p f t u i s b .  F s t i s  f k f g p a i s  m f  p r f n u h t b s  󰁿  r f s p u f s t b s  h i s  b 󰁿 u m b r â h  b      

f 󰁼 p i h f r  g f k i r  u h b  c f  r b 󰁻 i h b m b .    

ZFPVGFH
V h b  s f ` ` o ð h  g â s  q u f  f s t â  f s q u f g b t o 󰁻 b m b  ` i h  a b s  o m f b s  ` f h t r b a f s    

p a b h t f b m b s  f h  a b  a f ` ` o ð h .  P f  p u f m f h  p r f s f h t b r  ` i g i  󰁽 󰁶 󰁯 󰁽 󰁰 ,    o   m f b s  ` a b v f  q u f      

h i s  b 󰁿 u m f h  b  b h ` a b r  f a  t f g b .    

MOÂAINIP
T r f n u h t b s  b j o f r t b s  p b r b  f a  n r u p i .  Z f ` u f r m b  q u f  f a  v b a i r  b ò b m o m i  m f  a i s    

n r u p i s  f s  a b  p b r t o ` o p b ` o ð h .  F s ,  p r i j b j a f g f h t f ,  u h i  m f  a i s  i j k f t o v i s  g â s    

o g p i r t b h t f s ,  󰁿  q u f  n f h f r b r â  g â s  r f  f 󰁼 o ð h .  F s t b  s f ` ` o ð h  f s  o g p r f s ` o h m o j a f      

p b r b  a b  j u f h b  ` i h s f ` u ` o ð h  m f  a b  a f ` ` o ð h .  F s t r u ` t û r b a b  p b r b  a a f n b r  b  f a a b  s o h      

p r o s b s .    

TZICVHMO[B FH ]V @ZFMI
V h b  ` i r t b  j o j a o i n r b c ç b  p b r b  q u f  p u f m b s  ` i g p b r t o r  ` i h  b q u f a a i s  q u f  s o n u f h      

` i h  o h q u o f t u m f s  s i j r f  f a  t f g b .  R u f r f g i s  q u f  f s t b s  m i ` f  a f ` ` o i h f s  g i t o v f h      

b  a i s  f s t u m o b h t f s  b  s f n u o r  ` i h i ` o f h m i  s u  c f ,  f h c r f h t â h m i s f  b  s u s  p r f n u h t b s    

󰁿  b h ` a b h m i  s u  v o m b  f h  u h  s f n u o g o f h t i   f a  b  K f s û s .    

PÇGJIAIP FH ABP AF@@OIHFP

F s t f  s ç g j i a i  o h m o ` b r â  p r f n u h t b s  p b r b  r f b a o 󰁻 b r  f h  f a  n r u p i  󰁿  f s t b r â h      

f g p b p b h m i  t i m b  a b  a f ` ` o ð h .  T u f m f s  p a b h t f b r a b s  s o  a i  ` i h s o m f r b s  i p i r t u h i .    

 H i t b s  󰁿  ` i h s f k i s  f 󰁼 ` a u s o v b g f h t f  p b r b  t o .  T b r b  m o h b g o 󰁻 b r  a b s  s f s o i h f s .    
 

R u f  k u h t i  b  a i s  k ð v f h f s  p u f m b s  m f s ` u j r o r  a b  v f r m b m f s  f t f r h b s  m f  M o i s  q u f      

l b h  j f h m f ` o m i  b  a b  o n a f s o b  󰁿  b a  g u h m i  b  t r b v ï s  m f  a b  l o s t i r o b  p b r b  q u f      

b c f ` t f h  b  h u f s t r i  p r f s f h t f  󰁿  b  h u f s t r i  f h t i r h i .    
 

FA @ZF
@ZFMMI MF
MF AI
AIP BT
BT P]IAFP
«@rffgis fh uh siai Mois, Tbmrf timipimfrisi, `rfbmir mfa
`ofai y mf ab tofrrb, mf timi ai vosojaf y ai ohvosojaf5 y fh uh
siai Pfòir, Kfsu`rosti, fa uhonïhoti mf Mois, hb`omi mfa
Tbmrf bhtfs mf timis ais sonais, auz mf auz, Mois vfrmbmfri mf
Mois vfrmbmfri5 fhnfhmrbmi, hi `rfbmi, `ihsustbh`oba `ih fa
Tbmrf, pir quofh timi cuf lf`li5 quf pir hisitris ais
ligjrfs y pir hufstrb sbavb`oðh jbkð mfa `ofai y sf fh`brhð
pir ijrb mfa Fspçrotu Pbhti y mf Gbrçb ab vornfh y sf lozi
ligjrf5 pir hufstrb `busb cuf `ru`oco`bmi fh tofgpi mf
Tih`oi Toabti y pbmf`oð y cuf sfpuatbmi, y rfsu`otð ba tfr`fr
mçb sfnûh abs Fs`roturbs y sujoð ba `ofai5 y fstâ sfhtbmi b ab 
mfrf`lb mfa Tbmrf5 y mf hufvi vfhmrâ `ih nairob, pbrb kuznbr
b vovis y gufrtis, y su rfohi hi tfhmrâ coh.
@rffgis fh fa Fspçrotu Pbhti, Pfòir y mbmir mf vomb, quf
pri`fmf mfa Tbmrf5 quf `ih fa Tbmrf y fa Loki rf`ojf uhb 
gosgb bmirb`oðh y nairob, quf lbjað pir ais pricftbs5 y fh
uhb Onafsob sbhtb, uhovfrsba y bpistðao`b. @ihcfsbgis uh siai

jbutosgi pbrbmfabais
rfsurrf``oðh rfgosoðh
gufrtismfy ais pf`bmis.
ab vomb Fspfrbgis
mfa guhmi ab 
cuturi.
 Bgïhµ.
 

2. KFP P, FA @ZOP]I;
LVGBHOMBM _ MOSOHOMBM
󰂥  󲀣        󰁿 󰁦 󰁨 󰁶 󰁨 󰁰 󰁩 󰁡 󰁩 󰁐 󰁦 ò 󰁩 󰁺 , K 󰁦 󰁰 󰁶 󰁠 󰁺 󰁯 󰁰 󰁽 󰁩 , 󰁦 󰁡 󰁶 󰁨 󰁯 󰁮 ï 󰁨 󰁯 󰁽 󰁩 󰁭 󰁦 M 󰁯 󰁩 󰁰 , 󰁨 󰁢 󰁠 󰁯 󰁭 󰁩 󰁭 󰁦 󰁡 󰁔 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺  󰁦    

󰁢 󰁨 󰁽 󰁦 󰁰  󰁭 󰁦  󰁽 󰁩 󰁭 󰁩 󰁰  󰁡 󰁩 󰁰  󰁰 󰁯 󰁮 󰁡 󰁩 󰁰 ,  󰁡 󰁶 󰁻  󰁭 󰁦  󰁡 󰁶 󰁻 ,  M 󰁯 󰁩 󰁰  󰁳 󰁦 󰁺 󰁭 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁺 󰁩  󰁭 󰁦  M 󰁯 󰁩 󰁰  󰁳 󰁦 󰁺 󰁭 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁺 󰁩 5    

󰁦 󰁨 󰁮 󰁦 󰁨 󰁭 󰁺 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 ,  󰁨 󰁩  󰁠 󰁺 󰁦 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 ,  󰁠 󰁩 󰁨 󰁰 󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 󰁢 󰁨 󰁠 󰁯 󰁢 󰁡  󰁠 󰁩 󰁨  󰁦 󰁡  󰁔 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺 󰁦    ,    󰁴   󰁩 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 󰁯 󰁦 󰁨 󰁽 󰁩 󰁭 󰁩 󰁣 󰁶  󰁦    

󰁬 󰁦 󰁠 󰁬 󰁩 5  󰁲 󰁶 󰁦  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁨 󰁩 󰁰 󰁩 󰁽 󰁺 󰁩 󰁰  󰁡 󰁩 󰁰  󰁬 󰁩 󰁧 󰁪 󰁺 󰁦 󰁰  󰁿  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁨 󰁶 󰁦 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 󰁢  󰁰 󰁢 󰁡 󰁳 󰁢 󰁠 󰁯 ð 󰁨  󰁪 󰁢 󰁫 ð  󰁭 󰁦 󰁡    

󰁠 󰁯 󰁦 󰁡 󰁩  󰁿  󰁰 󰁦  󰁦 󰁨 󰁠 󰁢 󰁺 󰁨 ð      󰁴   󰁩 󰁺 󰁩 󰁪 󰁺 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁡 F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 󰁯 󰁽 󰁶 󰁐 󰁢 󰁨 󰁽 󰁩 󰁿 󰁭 󰁦 G 󰁢 󰁺 ç 󰁢 󰁡 󰁢 󰁓 󰁯 󰁺 󰁮 󰁦 󰁨 󰁿 󰁰  󰁦    

󰁬 󰁯 󰁻 󰁩  󰁬 󰁩 󰁧 󰁪 󰁺 󰁦 5  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁨 󰁶 󰁦 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 󰁢  󰁠 󰁢 󰁶 󰁰 󰁢  󰁣 󰁶 󰁦  󰁠 󰁺 󰁶 󰁠 󰁯  󰁠 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩  󰁦 󰁨  󰁽 󰁯 󰁦 󰁧 󰁴 󰁩  󰁭 󰁦  󰁔 󰁩 󰁨 󰁠 󰁯 󰁩      

󰁔 󰁯 󰁡 󰁢 󰁽 󰁩  󰁿  󰁴 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁠 󰁯 ð  󰁿  󰁣 󰁶 󰁦  󰁰 󰁦 󰁴 󰁶 󰁡 󰁽 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 ,  󰁿  󰁺 󰁦 󰁰 󰁶 󰁠 󰁯 󰁽 ð  󰁢 󰁡  󰁽 󰁦 󰁺 󰁠 󰁦 󰁺  󰁭 ç 󰁢   󲀣     󰂵   

OH]ZIMV@@OÐH
F h  f a  ` f h t r i  m f  a b  c f  ` r o s t o b h b  h i  s f  f h ` u f h t r b  u h b  s f r o f  m f  m i n g b s ,  h o  

a f 󰁿 f s ,  h o  s o q u o f r b  u h b  g i r b a o m b m  o g p u f s t b ,  i  u h  a o j r i  s b n r b m i  ` b ç m i  m f a    

` o f a i .  ] b g p i ` i  u h b  ` b u s b  q u f  s f n u o r  p i r  f h ` o g b  m f  t i m i ,  h o  u h b    

` i g u h o m b m  ` i h t r b ` u a t u r b a  i  u h  h û ` a f i  m f  n f h t f  j u f h b .  G u ` l i  g f h i s  u h b    

o h s t o t u ` o ð h .  ] i m i  f s i  f s t â  j o f h ,  p f r i  h i  f s  a b  f s f h ` o b  m f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i .  

P u  r b 󰁻 ð h  m f  s f r ,  s u  r b ç 󰁻 ,  s u  f s f h ` o b ,  a i  q u f  s f  f h ` u f h t r b  f h  f a  ` f h t r i  m f    

t i m i  󰁿  m b  s f h t o m i  b  t i m i  f s  K f s û s ,  f a  @ r o s t i .  Ï a  ` b g j o ð  a b  l o s t i r o b  p b r b    

s o f g p r f .  _  a i  s o n u f  l b ` o f h m i .  P u  󰁳 o m b ,  s u  g u f r t f  󰁿  s u  r f s u r r f ` ` o ð h  s i h  a b s    

` b r t b s  q u f  p r f s f h t b g i s  b a  g u h m i .  P f r  ` r o s t o b h i  f s  s f n u o r a f .  P u  p f r s i h b    

s o n u f  n f h f r b h m i  o h t f r r i n b h t f s ,  p u f s  s o n u f  󰁳 o n f h t f ,  b ` t u b a ,  󰁿  ` b m b  b ò i  s f    

f s ` r o j f h  ` o f h t i s  m f  a o j r i s  s i j r f  Ï a .  H i  m f k b  o h m o c f r f h t f  b  h b m o f .  @ r f f g i s    

q u f  a i  q u f  p o f h s f s  b ` f r ` b  m f  Ï a ,  m f t f r g o h b  q u o ï h  f r f s  󰁿  q u o ï h  s f r â s .  P o  f s    

󰁳 f r m b m  a i  q u f  b  r g ð  󰁿  a i  q u f  l o 󰁻 i ,  K f s û s  f s  f a  t f g b  m f  ` i h 󰁳 f r s b ` o ð h  g â s    

o g p i r t b h t f  q u f  p i m f g i s  t f h f r .  H i  l b 󰁿  g b h f r b  m f  f 󰁳 b m o r a i ,  s o  Ï a  h i  f s    

q u o f h  m o k i  s f r ,  s o  Ï a  h i  r f s u ` o t ð ,  󰁳 b h b  f s  h u f s t r b  c f .  

L b j a f g i s  f h  p r o g f r  a u n b r  f h t i h ` f s ,  m f  K f s û s  m f  H b 󰁻 b r f t ,  f a  @ r o s t i  m f    

M o i s .  

󰂥 P o h  K f s û s  󰁿 i  s f r ç b  b t f i 󰂵 ,  m o k i  K i l h  P t i t t .  

󰂹  R u ï  p o f h s b h  m f  f s t b  c r b s f    󰀹    󰂹   R u ï  q u o f r f  m f ` o r 󰀹       
 

@ZO
ZOPP]I @BG
@BGJO
JO AB LOP
LOP]I
]IZO
ZOBB TBZ
TBZBB
POFGTZF)
AF@@OÐH ]FIAÐNO@B
V h  p r i c f s i r  u h o 󰁳 f r s o t b r o i  s i a ç b  m f ` o r  q u f  a b s  p r f n u h t b s  f h  s ç  p u f m f h  s f r    

g â s  o g p i r t b h t f s  q u f  a b s  r f s p u f s t b s .  F h  f s f  g o s g i  r u g j i ,  f a  g b f s t r i  g â s    

r f ` i h i ` o m i  m f  a b  l o s t i r o b ,  K f s û s  m f  H b 󰁻 b r f t ,  s f  ` b r b ` t f r o 󰁻 b j b  p i r  a b s    

p r f n u h t b s  q u f  l b ` ç b .  H i  t i m i  t o f h f  u h b  r f s p u f s t b  c â ` o a ,  󰁿 ,  p i r  ` o f r t i ,  a b s    

` i s b s  f s p o r o t u b a f s  s i a b g f h t f  s f  p u f m f h  f h t f h m f r  f s p o r o t u b a g f h t f .  

] b a  󰁳 f 󰁻  a b  p r f n u h t b  g â s  o g p i r t b h t f  m f  K f s û s  b  s u s  s f n u o m i r f s ,  i  s f b ,  s u s    

m o s ` ç p u a i s ,  c u f ;  󰂥 󰂹 _  󰁲 󰁶 o ï h  ` 󰁺 f f h  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 i 󰁿 9 󰂵 .  ( G t  2 3 ; 2 6 ) .  A b    

r f s p u f s t b  m f  T f m r i  b  f s b  p r f n u h t b  f h  a i s  s o n u o f h t f s  t r f s  󰁳 f r s ç ` u a i s ,  a a f n ð  b    

s f r  a b  j b s f  m f  a b  h b ` o f h t f  o n a f s o b  ` r o s t o b h b ;  

󰂥 󰂢 ] û  f 󰁺 f 󰁰  f a  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i ,  f a  G f 󰁰 ç b 󰁰 ,  f a  L o k i  m f a  M o i 󰁰  󰁳 o 󰁳 o f h 󰁽 f !  󲀝 󰁺 f 󰁰 p i h m o ð    

P o g ð h  T f m 󰁺 i .  

󲀝 M o i 󰁰  󰁽 f  l b  j f h m f ` o m i ,  P o g ð h ,  l o k i  m f  K i h â 󰁰  󲀝 a f  m o k i  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰 󲀝 ,  p i 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f    

f 󰁰 󰁽 i  h i  a i  b p 󰁺 f h m o 󰁰 󰁽 f  m f  a b j o i 󰁰  l 󰁶 g b h i 󰁰 .  󰂢 G o  T b m 󰁺 f  ` f a f 󰁰 󰁽 o b a  󰁽 f  a i  󰁺 f 󰁳 f a ð    

 p f 󰁺 󰁰 i h b a g f h 󰁽 f ! ] û f 󰁺 f 󰁰 T f m 󰁺 i , 󰁿 󰁰 i j 󰁺 f f 󰁰 󰁽 b 󰁺 i ` b f m o  ` b 󰁺 ï g o o n a f 󰁰 o b , 󰁿   

a i 󰁰  p i m f 󰁺 f 󰁰  m f a  o h  f 󰁺 h i  h i  p 󰁺 f 󰁳 b a f ` f 󰁺 â h  ` i h 󰁽 󰁺 b  f a a b 󰂵 .    ( G b t f i  2 3 ; 2 3 - 2 > ) .  

󰂹  ] o f h f h  J o j a o b    󰀹    P   o  f s  b s ç  󰀡     o h v ç t b a f s  b  q u f  a b  u s f h   󰀨     ]   b g j o ï h  p u f m f h  u s b r      

b a n u h b  b p a o ` b ` o ð h  m f a  ` f a u a b r  󰀨    󰂢   B   u h q u f  p u f m f  ` i h a a f v b r  p f a o n r i s 󰀡      `   i g i  f a    

^ l b t s B p p !       

F h  ` i h t r b s t f  ` i h  a i s  g b f s t r i s  k u m ç i s  m f  a b  A f 󰁿  m f  G i o s ï s  󲀝 a i s    

s b ` f r m i t f s  q u f  i c r f ` ç b h  s b ` r o  ` o i s  f h  f a  ] f g p a i  󰁿  q u f  h i  p u m o f r i h    

r f ` i h i ` f r  b a  G f s ç b s  t b h  p r i c f t o 󰁻 b m i 󲀝  g u ` l i s  l i g j r f s  󰁿  g u k f r f s    

l u g o a m f s ,  t r b j b k b m i r f s  m f a  p u f j a i ,  b  r g b r i h  a b  h b t u r b a f 󰁻 b  g f s o â h o ` b  󰁿    

f s p f ` o b a  m f  K f s û s .  T f r i  f s t i  h i  c u f  p i r  c b a t b  m f  o h c i r g b ` o ð h  p i r  p b r t f  m f    

a i s  p r o g f r i s ,  󰁿 b  q u f  M o i s  s f  a i s  l b j ç b  r f 󰁳 f a b m i  b  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  a i s  s o n a i s  p i r    

g f m o i  m f  s u s  s b ` f r m i t f s ,  p r i c f t b s  󰁿  r f 󰁿 f s .  

@ZOP]I FH FA BH]ONVI ]FP

]FP]BGFH]
]BGFH]II
A b  󰁳 f h o m b  m f a  L o k i  m f  M o i s  b a  g u h m i  h i  m f j f r ç b  l b j f r  s o m i  h o h n u h b    

s i r p r f s b .  M f  b ` u f r m i  ` i h  a i s  f s t u m o i s i s  m f a  t f g b ,  s f  p u f m f h  o m f h t o  ` b r    
 

s f s f h t b  󰁿  ` o h ` i  p r f m o ` ` o i h f s  m o r f ` t b s  f h  f a  B h t o n u i  ] f s t b g f h t i  r f c f r f h t f  b    

a b  󰁳 f h o m b  m f  K f s û s 5  󰁿  s f  p u f m f  p r f s f h t b r ,  o h ` a u s o 󰁳 f ,  a b  a o s t b  m f  u h i s    

q u o h o f h t i s  s f t f h t b  󰁿  ` u b t r i  󰁳 f r s ç ` u a i s  m f a  B h t o n u i  ] f s t b g f h t i  ` i h    

r f c f r f h ` o b s  g f s o â h o ` b s .  

B  p f s b r  m f  q u f  󰂥   󰁳   o h i  b  a i  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁺 b  󰁰 󰁶 󰁿 i  󲀣 󰂵    (   K h  2 ; 2 2  H S O ) ,  a b  o h t f h ` o ð h  m f    

K f s û s  f r b  b j r o r  a b  p u f r t b  b  t i m b  a b  l u g b h o m b m .  T i r  g â s  q u f  s f b  o g p i r t b h t f    

q u f  r f ` i h i ` o f r b h  q u o ï h  f r b  Ï a  m f  󰁳 f r m b m ,  p b r b  h i s i t r i s  l i 󰁿  f s  g â s    

o g p i r t b h t f  f s ` u ` l b r  a i  q u f  Ï a  m o k i  b ` f r ` b  m f  s ç  g o s g i ,  󰁿  h i  a i  q u f  i t r i s    

p f h s b r b h .  F h  a b  o h t r o n b h t f  l o s t i r o b  m f  s u  f h ` u f h t r i  ` i h  m i s  m f  s u s    

s f n u o m i r f s  f h  f a  ` b g o h i  b  F g b û s ,  K f s û s  a f s  f h s f ò ð  p i r  g f m o i  m f  a b s    

g o s g b s  F s ` r o t u r b s  q u f  f a a i s  ` i h i ` ç b h ;  󰂥 󲀣 a f 󰁰  f 󰁼 p a o ` ð  󰁽 i m i  a i  󰁲 󰁶 f  a b 󰁰    

F 󰁰 ` 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 󰁺 b 󰁰  m f ` ç b h  b ` f 󰁺 ` b  m f  ï a ,  ` i g f h 󰁻 b h m i  p i 󰁺  G i o 󰁰 ï 󰁰  󰁿  󰁰 o n 󰁶 o f h m i  p i 󰁺  󰁽 i m i 󰁰    

a i 󰁰  p 󰁺 i c f 󰁽 b 󰁰 󰂵 .    ( A `  : = ; : > ) .  

F a  b p ð s t i a  K u b h ,  f h  p b r t o ` u a b r ,  b ` a b r b  q u f  K f s û s ,  f a  @ r o s t i ,  f r b  m f s m f  f a    

p r o h ` o p o i .  

󰂥 B h 󰁽 f 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  h b m b  f 󰁼 o 󰁰 󰁽 o f 󰁺 b ,  󰁿 b  f 󰁼 o 󰁰 󰁽 ç b  a b  T b a b j 󰁺 b ,  󰁿  a b  T b a b j 󰁺 b  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b  ` i h    

M o i 󰁰  p i 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f  b 󰁲 󰁶 f a  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰  a b  T b a b j 󰁺 b  f 󰁺 b  M o i 󰁰 .  Ï a  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b  ` i h  M o i 󰁰  f h  f a    

 p 󰁺 o h ` o p o i  .

T i 󰁺  g f m o i  m f  ï a  󰁽 i m b 󰁰  a b 󰁰  ` i 󰁰 b 󰁰  c 󰁶 f 󰁺 i h  ` 󰁺 f b m b 󰁰 ,  󰁿  h i  f 󰁼 o 󰁰 󰁽 f  h b m b  󰁲 󰁶 f  ï a    

h i  l b 󰁿 b  ` 󰁺 f b m i .  F h  ï a  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b  a b  󰁳 o m b ,  󰁿  a b  󰁳 o m b  f 󰁺 b  󰁽 b g j o ï h  a b  a 󰁶 󰁻  m f  a b    

l 󰁶 g b h o m b m .  

F 󰁰 󰁽 b  a 󰁶 󰁻  j 󰁺 o a a b  f h  a b  i 󰁰 ` 󰁶 󰁺 o m b m ,  󰁿  a b  i 󰁰 ` 󰁶 󰁺 o m b m  h i  p 󰁶 f m f  b p b n b 󰁺 a b 󰂵 .    ( K h    

2 ; 2 - 6 ) .  

F h  f a  p r ð a i n i  m f  s u  p r o g f r b  f p ç s t i a b  b  a b  o n a f s o b ,  u h b  󰁳 f 󰁻  g â s  K u b h    

f h c b t o 󰁻 b  a b  f t f r h o m b m  m f  K f s û s  ( 2  K h  2 ; 2 - : ) ;  

󰂥 A f 󰁰  b h 󰁶 h ` o b g i 󰁰  b  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰  a b  T b a b j 󰁺 b  m f  󰁳 o m b  󰁲 󰁶 f  m f 󰁰 m f  f a  p 󰁺 o h ` o p o i  󰁿 b    

f 󰁼 o 󰁰 󰁽 ç b .  󰂢 H i 󰁰 i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰  g o 󰁰 g i 󰁰  a b  i ç g i 󰁰 ,  a b  󰁳 o g i 󰁰  ` i h  h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰  p 󰁺 i p o i 󰁰  i k i 󰁰  󰁿    

a b  p b a p b g i 󰁰  ` i h  h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁰  g b h i 󰁰 !  F 󰁰 b  󰁳 o m b ,  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b  ` i h  f a  T b m 󰁺 f ,  󰁰 f    

l b  m b m i  b  ` i h i ` f 󰁺 5  󰁿  h i 󰁰 i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰 ,  󰁲 󰁶 f  a b  f 󰁼 p f 󰁺 o g f h 󰁽 b g i 󰁰 ,  l f g i 󰁰    

󰁽 f 󰁰 󰁽 o  ` b m i  m f  f a a b 󰂵 .  

F h  a i s  F 󰁳 b h n f a o i s  󰁳 f g i s  a b  l u g b h o m b m  m f a  L o k i  m f  M o i s  f h  a b  p f r s i h b  m f    

K f s û s ,  p f r i  f h  f a  B h t o n u i  ] f s t b g f h t i  s f  r f 󰁳 f a b  s u  m o 󰁳 o h o m b m  m f  @ r o s t i .  
 

M f s m f  f a  p r o g f r  a o j r i  m f  a b  J o j a o b  s f  p r f s f h t b  f a  ` b r â ` t f r  m f  M o i s  f h  󰂥 t r f s    

p f r s i h b s 󰂵 ;  

󰂥 U M o i s W  m o k i ;  “ L b n b g i 󰁰  b  a i 󰁰  󰁰 f 󰁺 f 󰁰  l 󰁶 g b h i 󰁰  b  h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b  o g b n f h ,  b    

h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b  󰁰 f g f k b h 󰁻 b ,  p b 󰁺 b  󰁲 󰁶 f  f k f 󰁺 󰁻 b h  p i m f 󰁺  󰁰 i j 󰁺 f  a i 󰁰  p f ` f 󰁰 ,  a b 󰁰  b 󰁳 f 󰁰 ,  a i 󰁰    

b h o g b a f 󰁰  m i g ï 󰁰 󰁽 o ` i 󰁰  󰁿  󰁰 b a 󰁳 b k f 󰁰 ,  󰁿  󰁰 i j 󰁺 f  a i 󰁰  󰁺 f p 󰁽 o a f 󰁰 ‟ 󰂵 .    ( N h  2 ; : 3 ) .  

B  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  a b s  F s ` r o t u r b s  m f  a i s  k u m ç i s ,  a i s  ` r f 󰁿 f h t f s  ` r o s t o b h i s  l b h  󰁳 o s t i    

h u g f r i s b s  r f c f r f h ` o b s  m o r f ` t b s  i  o h m o r f ` t b s  b  K f s û s  ` i g i  f a  p r i g f t o m i    

G f s ç b s .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  s f  a a f n b  b  ` r f f r  f h  K f s û s  ` i g i  f a  L o k i  m f  M o i s  󰁿  f a    

G f s ç b s  r f m f h t i r  h i  t b h t i  p i r  a b s  p r u f j b s  󲀝 󰁿 b  s f b h  l o s t ð r o ` b s ,  ` o f h t ç  ` b s  i    

 a i s ð  ` b s 󲀝  s o h i  p i r  a b  c f .  F a  b p ð s t i a  K u b h  r f a b t b  f a  f h ` u f h t r i  q u f  t u 󰁳 i    

K f s û s  m f s p u ï s  m f  s u  r f s u r r f ` ` o ð h  ` i h  f a  m o s ` ç p u a i  ] i g â s  ( K h  : 4 ; : = - : ? ) ;  

󰂥 ] i g â 󰁰 ,  󰁶 h i  m f  a i 󰁰  m i ` f ,  b a  󰁲 󰁶 f  a f  m f ` ç b h  f a  N f g f a i ,  h i  l b j ç b  f 󰁰 󰁽 b m i    

` i h  a i 󰁰  m o 󰁰 ` ç p 󰁶 a i 󰁰  ` 󰁶 b h m i  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰  a a f n ð .  B 󰁰 ç  󰁲 󰁶 f  a i 󰁰  i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰  m o 󰁰 ` ç p 󰁶 a i 󰁰  a f    

m o k f 󰁺 i h ;    

󲀝 󰂢 L f g i 󰁰  󰁳 o 󰁰 󰁽 i  b a  P f ò i 󰁺 !    

] i g â 󰁰  a f 󰁰  󰁺 f 󰁰 p i h m o ð ;    

󲀝 P o  h i  󰁳 f i  a b 󰁰  l f 󰁺 o m b 󰁰  m f  a i 󰁰  ` a b 󰁳 i 󰁰  f h  󰁰 󰁶 󰁰  g b h i 󰁰  󰁿  g f 󰁽 i  f h  f a a b 󰁰  g o    

m f m i ,  󰁿  g o  g b h i  f h  󰁰 󰁶  ` i 󰁰 󰁽 b m i ,  h i  a i  ` 󰁺 f f 󰁺 ï .  

I ` l i  m ç b 󰁰  m f 󰁰 p 󰁶 ï 󰁰 ,  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b h  a i 󰁰  m o 󰁰 ` ç p 󰁶 a i 󰁰  󰁺 f 󰁶 h o m i 󰁰  i 󰁽 󰁺 b  󰁳 f 󰁻  f h  a b  ` b 󰁰 b ,  󰁿    

] i g â 󰁰  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b  ` i h  f a a i 󰁰 .  A b 󰁰  p 󰁶 f 󰁺 󰁽 b 󰁰  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b h  ` f 󰁺 󰁺 b m b 󰁰 ,  p f 󰁺 i  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰  f h 󰁽 󰁺 ð ,  

 󰁰 f p 󰁶 󰁰 i f h g f m o i m f f a a i 󰁰 󰁿 a i 󰁰 󰁰 b a 󰁶 m ð m o ` o f h m i ;   

󲀝 󰂢 A b  p b 󰁻  󰁰 f b  ` i h  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰 !    

A 󰁶 f n i  a f  m o k i  b  ] i g â 󰁰 ;    

󲀝 T i h  b 󰁲 󰁶 ç  󰁽 󰁶  m f m i  󰁿  g o 󰁺 b  g o 󰁰  g b h i 󰁰 .  ] 󰁺 b f  󰁽 󰁶  g b h i  󰁿  g ï 󰁽 f a b  f h  g o    

` i 󰁰 󰁽 b m i ,  󰁿  h i  󰁰 f b 󰁰  o h ` 󰁺 ï m 󰁶 a i ,  󰁰 o h i  󰁲 󰁶 f  m f j f 󰁰  ` 󰁺 f f 󰁺 .  

] i g â 󰁰  m o k i ;    

󲀝 󰂢 P f ò i 󰁺  g ç i  󰁿  M o i 󰁰  g ç i !    

 K f 󰁰 û 󰁰 a f m o k i  ;  

󲀝 ] û  l b 󰁰  ` 󰁺 f ç m i  p i 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f  g f  l b 󰁰  󰁳 o 󰁰 󰁽 i 5  m o ` l i 󰁰 i 󰁰  a i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  h i  l b h  󰁳 o 󰁰 󰁽 i  󰁿    

b 󰁶 h  b 󰁰 ç  ` 󰁺 f f h 󰂵 .  
 

F a  P f ò i r  r f ` i h i ` f  q u f ,  p b r b  a b  g b 󰁿 i r ç b  m f  a b  n f h t f ,  a b  c f  h i  f s  b a n i    

h b t u r b a .  ] f h f g i s  m u m b s ,  󰁿  s i j r f  t i m i  ` u b h m i  a b s  p f r s i h b s  q u f    

r f ` i h i ` f g i s  ` i g i  b u t i r o m b m f s  ` i h s t r u 󰁿 f h  s i j r f  f s b s  m u m b s .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  

f h  h u f s t r b  c b a t b  m f  c f ,  Ï a  h i s  g u f s t r b  s f ò b a f s  m f  q u o ï h  f s ;  f a  r f s u ` o t b m i    

l o k i  m f  M o i s .  P i a i  t f h f g i s  q u f  ` r f f r  f h  a b  f 󰁳 o m f h ` o b .  T i r  i t r b  p b r t f ,  󰂢 a b    

n r b h  j f h m o ` o ð h  f s  p i m f r  ` r f f r  b u h  ` u b h m i  h i  l b 󰁿  f 󰁳 o m f h ` o b !  

󰂹 
@ r f f s  q u f  a b  c f  f h  K f s û s  f s  u h b  ` u f s t o ð h  o h t f a f ` t u b a  i  f s  h f ` f s b r o i  u h b      

 󰀹  󰂹  󰀹
f x p f r o f h ` o b       T i r  q u ï      

(FH HVFP]ZB CBA]B MF CF, MOIP HIP MB

PFÒBAFP MF RVOÏH FP ÏA)
KFPÛP FH FA HVFSI ]FP]BGFH]I
F h  a b  ` u a t u r b a  l f j r f b  u h  k u o ` o i  a f n b a  r f q u f r ç b  p i r  a i  g f h i s  t r f s  t f s t o n i s    

 f a f s  p b r b  m f t f r g o h b r  ` u a p b j o a o m b m ,  i  p b r b  󰁳 f r o  ` b r  a b  a f n b a o m b m  m f  b a n u h b    

t r b h s b ` ` o ð h  a f n b a .  H u f s t r b  J o j a o b  ` r o s t o b h b  k u s t b g f h t f  i c r f ` f  f s f  t f s t o g i h o i    

` i h  a i s  t r f s  f 󰁳 b h n f a o i s  s o h ð p t o ` i s  ( G b t f i ,  G b r ` i s  󰁿  A u ` b s ) ,  󰁿  p b r b  m b r    

g b 󰁿 i r  c u f r 󰁻 b ,  p r f s f h t b  u h  ` u b r t i  t f s t o g i h o i ,  f a  F 󰁳 b h n f a o i  m f  K u b h .  

@ u r o i s b g f h t f ,  f a  k u o ` o i  ` i h t r b  K f s û s  c u f  o a f n b a  p i r  󰁳 b r o b s  r b 󰁻 i h f s ,  p f r i    

f h t r f  f a a b s ,  p i r  a b  c b a t b  m f a  g ç h o g i  m f  t f s t o n i s  ` i r r f s p i h m o f h t f s .  

F s  g u 󰁿  ` a b r i  q u f  t i m i  f a  H u f 󰁳 i  ] f s t b g f h t i  s f  f h c i ` b  p r o h ` o p b a g f h t f  f h    

a b  󰁳 o m b  󰁿  a b s  f h s f ò b h 󰁻 b s  m f  K f s û s ,  p f r i  Ï a  g o s g i  p b r f ` f  f h c i ` b r s f  f h  s u    

r f a b ` o ð h  ` i h  f a  T b m r f  ` f a f s t o b a .  F h  s u  i r b ` o ð h  s b ` f r m i t b a  b a  T b m r f  ( K h  2 > ) ,  

K f s û s  h i  s i a b g f h t f  b ` a b r b  q u f  f s  u h i  ` i h  M o i s  f a  T b m r f ,  s o h i  q u f  t b g j o ï h    

f 󰁼 p r f s b  f a  o m f b a  p b r b  󰂥 a i s  q u f  f h  Ï a  ` r f f h 󰂵 ,  󰁿  m f s t b ` b  m f  f s b  c i r g b ,  f h  f a    

o g p i r t b h t f  󰁿  h f ` f s b r o i  t f g b  m f  a b  u h o m b m .  

󰀡 
 A i s  f v b h n f a o i s  s i h  ` i g i  ` u b t r i  m i ` u g f h t b a f s  m f  a b  v o m b  m f  K f s û s      

t i g b m i s  m f s m f  m o s t o h t i s  â h n u a i s  󰀨     T   b r b  ` i h i ` f r a f  f s  h f ` f s b r o i  b ` f r ` b r h i s      

b  f a a i s   󰀨    󰂹    @ u â a f s  l b s  a f ç m i    󰀹    󰂹   R u ï  o g p r f s o ð h  t f  a a f v b s  m f  K f s û s   󰀹     

KFPÛP FH AB LOP]IZOB MF AB ONAFPOB

F a  @ r f m i  m f  a i s  B p ð s t i a f s  f h  ` o f r t b  c i r g b  f s  u h  r f s u g f h  s u ` o h t i  m f  a b    

l o s t i r o b  ` r o s t o b h b  m f  a i s  p r o g f r i s  s o n a i s  m f s p u ï s  m f  @ r o s t i ,  ` u b h m i  a b  J o j a o b    
 

h i  f 󰁼 o s t ç b  f h  a b  c i r g b  f h  q u f  a b  t f h f g i s  󰁿  ` i h i ` f g i s  l i 󰁿  f h  m ç b .  F s t f    

o h t f h t i  m f  r f s u g o r  a b s  f h s f ò b h 󰁻 b s  b ` f r ` b  m f  M o i s  f h  s u  g b h o c f s t b ` o ð h    

` i g i  T b m r f ,  L o k i  󰁿  F s p ç r o t u  P b h t i  h i  t o f h f  b u t i r  h o  c f ` l b  f 󰁼 b ` t b  m f    

` i h s i a o m b ` o ð h .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  ` u b a q u o f r  f s t u m o i  s i j r f  q u o ï h  f s  r f b a g f h t f    

K f s û s  p u f m f  j f h f  ` o b r s f  m f  a i  q u f  f a  @ r f m i  m o ` f  b ` f r ` b  m f  󰂥 q u o ï h 󰂵  f s  Ï a .  

] b a  󰁳 f 󰁻  a b  ` i h t r i 󰁳 f r s o b  g â s  o g p i r t b h t f  m f h t r i  m f  a b  o n a f s o b  ` r o s t o b h b  f h    

a i s  p r o g f r i s  s o n a i s  c u f  s i j r f  a b  o m f b  m f  a b  ] r o h o m b m  󰁿 ,  s i j r f  t i m i ,  r f c f r f h t f    

b  a b  m f o m b m  m f  K f s û s .  B  p f s b r  m f  h i  t f h f r  ` f r t o m u g j r f  p a f h b  s i j r f  g u ` l i s    

m f t b a a f s  m f a  i r o n f h  m f a  @ r f m i  m f  a i s  B p ð s t i a f s ,  a i  q u f  s ç  s b j f g i s  f s  q u f    

t o f h f  s u  j b s f  f h  a b s  P b n r b m b s  F s ` r o t u r b s .  G u 󰁿  ` a b r b g f h t f  󰁳 f g i s  f h  f a  @ r f m i    

f a  t f g b  ` f h t r b a  m f  a b  ] r o h o m b m ,  b a n i  q u f  h i  f s  g f h ` o i h b m i  ` i g i  t b a  f h  a b    

J o j a o b ,  p f r i  s ç  f s  o g p a ç ` o t i  b  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  s u s  p â n o h b s .  F a  @ r f m i  B p i s t ð a o ` i  f s ,  

f h  t ï r g o h i s  n f h f r b a f s ,  u h  t r o j u t i  b  a b  o m f b  m f  a b  ] r o h o m b m  m f  M o i s .  P o h    

f g j b r n i ,  m f  g b h f r b  f s p f ` ç  ` b ,  s f  p u f m f  f s t b j a f ` f r  ` i g i  u h    

r f ` i h i ` o g o f h t i   r g f  m f  a b  m f o m b m  m f  a b  p f r s i h b  m f  K f s û s ,  f a  @ r o s t i .  M f  a b s    

m i s ` o f h t b s  t r f s  p b a b j r b s  m f a  @ r f m i ,  ` o f h t i  󰁳 f o h t f  l b j a b h  m f  K f s u ` r o s t i .  

󰂹  T i r  q u ï  ` r f f g i s  q u f  K f s û s  f s  t b h  ` f h t r b a  f h  f a  @ r f m i   󰀹     

@ i h  ` f r t f 󰁻 b ,  l b 󰁿  u h  i r m f h  f h  f a  q u f  b p b r f ` f  p r o g f r i  f a  M o i s  T b m r f ,  

t i m i p i m f r i s i ,  m f s p u ï s  f a  L o k i ,  󰁿   h b a g f h t f ,  f a  F s p ç r o t u  P b h t i .  F s t i  m f    

h o h n u h b  g b h f r b  r f p r f s f h t b  u h b  m o 󰁳 o s o ð h  m f  c i r g b  k f r â r q u o ` b ,  󰁿 b  q u f  a i s    

t r f s  s i h  u h i .  B  p f s b r  m f  q u f  u h  b h â a o s o s  a ð n o ` i  m f a  @ r f m i  s f n u o r ç b  f a  g o s g i    

i r m f h  f h  q u f  c u f  f s ` r o t i ,  ` i g f h 󰁻 b r  f s t f  f s t u m o i  ` i h  K f s u ` r o s t i  t o f h f  s u    

p r i p o i  󰁳 b a i r .  

A b  󰁳 f h o m b  m f  @ r o s t i  b a  g u h m i  ` i g i  s f r  l u g b h i  m f  h o ð  p b r b  s o f g p r f  f a    

r f t r b t i  p f r c f ` t i  m f  M o i s .  P b j f g i s  q u f  f 󰁼 o s t o ð  f h  t o f g p i  f t f r h i  k u h t i  ` i h    

f a  T b m r f  󰁿  f a  F s p ç r o t u  P b h t i ,  p f r i  a b  o m f h t o  ` b ` o ð h  p f r s i h b a  ` i h  s u  ` r f b ` o ð h    

` b g j o ð  t i m i .  M f s m f  s u s  ` i g o f h 󰁻 i s ,  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i  c u f  f a  ` u g p a o g o f h t i  m f    

a i s  p a b h f s  m f  M o i s  q u f  s f  l b j ç b h  q u f j r b h t b m i  ` i h  a b  o h t r i m u ` ` o ð h  m f a    

p f ` b m i  f h  f a  l u f r t i  m f  F m ï h .  

(AB SFHOMB MF @ZOP]I BA GVHMI @IGI PFZ

LVGBHI MFCOHOÐ TBZB POFGTZF FA
 

ZF]ZB]I TFZCF@]I MF MOIP.

A i  q u f  f r b  f h t r f  M o i s  󰁿  a i s  p b t r o b r ` b s  󰁿  g b t r o b r ` b s  k u m ç i s ,  u h  p b ` t i  ` i h    

s u  p u f j a i  f s ` i n o m i ,  a a f n ð  b  s f r  f a  H u f 󰁳 i  T b ` t i 5  󰁿  f a  H u f 󰁳 i  ] f s t b g f h t i  m f    

h u f s t r b s  J o j a o b s  ` r o s t o b h b s ,  f s  f a  m i ` u g f h t i  m f m o ` b m i  b  p r f s f h t b r  f s t b    

󰂥 s f n u h m b 󰂵  p f r s i h b  m f  a b  ] r o h o m b m .  V h i  m f  s u s  b u t i r f s ,  f a  b p ð s t i a  T b j a i ,  s f    

f h c i ` b  p r o h ` o p b a g f h t f  f h  a b  p r f s f h t b ` o ð h  m f  q u o ï h  f s  K f s û s ,  a b  g b h f r b  f h    

q u f  Ï a  i j r ð  󰁿  s o n u f  i j r b h m i  f h  a b  󰁳 o m b  m f  a b  o n a f s o b  f h  n f h f r b a ,  󰁿  f h  s u s    

s f n u o m i r f s  f h  p b r t o ` u a b r .  

U@ZFFGIPW FH VH PIAI PFÒIZ

A b  p r o g f r b  b ` a b r b ` o ð h  󰁿  b  r g b ` o ð h  s i j r f  s u  p f r s i h b  f h  f a  @ r f m i  B p i s t ð a o ` i ,  

f s  󰂥 u h  s i a i  P f ò i r 󰂵 .  K f s û s  g o s g i  m f k ð  j o f h  ` a b r i  q u f  h i  s f  p u f m f  s f r 󰁳 o r  b    

m i s  s f ò i r f s .  F a  p u f j a i  m f  M o i s  l b j ç b  m f g i s t r b m i  󰁳 f 󰁻  t r b s  󰁳 f 󰁻  f a  o g p u a s i  m f    

s f r 󰁳 o r  b  i t r i s  m o i s f s .  F h  ` o f r t i  s f h t o m i ,  a b  l o s t i r o b  m f  O s r b f a  f r b  u h  ` o ` a i    

` i h t o h u i  m f  b ` ` o i h f s  q u f  o h ` a u ç b h  f a  b p b r t b r s f  m f  M o i s  p b r b  s f r 󰁳 o r  b  i t r i s    

m o i s f s ,  b r r f p f h t o r s f  󰁿  󰁳 i a 󰁳 f r  b  M o i s ,  p b r b  a u f n i  o r  m f t r â s  m f  i t r i s  m o i s f s    

h u f 󰁳 b g f h t f ,  󰁿  r f ` i g f h 󰁻 b r  f a  ` o ` a i .  

󰂹   󰂥  󰂵 󰀹  󰂹  󰀹 
R u ï  i t r i s  s f ò i r f s      s   o n u f  f a  g u h m i  l i y       T i r  q u ï      

 F s  o g p i r t b h t f  b  r g b r  q u f  h i  s i a i  f a  m o i s  m f a  m o h f r i  b t r b f  b  a b  l u g b h o m b m   󰀡     

t b g j o ï h  a b  ` b r r f r b  p r i c f s o i h b a  󰀡    a   b  ` i g i m o m b m   󰀡     f   a  p a b ` f r 󲀣         P o f g p r f      

 󰂥  󰂵 󰀡 
t f h f g i s  b a n û h  s f ò i r      q   u f  ` i h t r i a b  h u f s t r b  v o m b      y    s i a i  K f s û s  h i s  l b ` f      

a o j r f s   󰀨     

F h  a b  p f r s i h b  m f  K f s û s  t f h f g i s  f a  g i m f a i  p f r c f ` t i  p b r b  s f n u o r .  ] f h f g i s    

s u  l o s t i r o b  b q u ç  f h  a b  t o f r r b ,  r f a b t b m b  f h  a i s  ` u b t r i  F 󰁳 b h n f a o i s ,  a i  q u f  p b r b    

f a  p u f j a i  k u m ç i  m f j f r ç b  l b j f r  s o m i  u h b  ` i h  r g b ` o ð h   b j a f  c r f h t f  b    

` u b a q u o f r  r f ` a b g i  k u m o ` o b a .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  s u  r f ` l b 󰁻 i  f h  n f h f r b a  ` i g i    

p u f j a i ,  m f g i s t r ð  q u f  s u  b m i r b ` o ð h  b a  M o i s  q u f  p r i ` a b g b j b h  s f r 󰁳 o r ,  f r b    

h b m b  g â s  q u f  r o t u b a f s  g u f r t i s  󰁿  t r b m o ` o i h f s  s o h  󰁳 o r t u m  t r b h s c i r g b m i r b .  

@ i g i  j o f h  m o k i  f a  P f ò i r ;  󰂥 ] b g p i ` i  h b m o f  f ` l b  󰁳 o h i  h 󰁶 f 󰁳 i  f h  i m 󰁺 f 󰁰  󰁳 o f k i 󰁰 .  

P o  a i  l b ` f ,  f a  󰁳 o h i  h 󰁶 f 󰁳 i  l b 󰁺 â  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁺 f 󰁳 o f h 󰁽 f h  a i 󰁰  i m 󰁺 f 󰁰 ,  f a  󰁳 o h i  󰁰 f  m f 󰁺 󰁺 b g b 󰁺 â  󰁿    

a i 󰁰  i m 󰁺 f 󰁰  󰁰 f  f ` l b 󰁺 â h  b  p f 󰁺 m f 󰁺 󰂵 .   ( A `  6 ; 0 > ) .  

P f r 󰁳 o r  b  M o i s  p i r  g f m o i  m f  K f s u ` r o s t i  h i  f s  s f r 󰁳 o r  b  b a n i ,  s o h i  b  b a n u o f h .  

F a  g u h m i  󰁿  t i m i  a i  q u f  f 󰁼 o s t f  f h  ï a ,  f s  p b s b k f r i .  󰂢 P i a i  M o i s  f s  f t f r h i !  _      
 

s i a i  l b 󰁿  u h  P f ò i r ,  K f s u ` r o s t i .  

KFPV@ZOP]I
F 󰁼 o s t f  u h b  p f ` u a o b r o m b m  f h  f a  o m o i g b  f s p b ò i a ;  f a  h i g j r f  m f  K f s û s  󰁿  s u    

t ç t u a i ,  @ r o s t i ,  s f  p r f s f h t b h  f h  u h b  p b a b j r b  ` i g p u f s t b ,  K f s u ` r o s t i .  B  p f s b r    

m f  q u f  f h  i t r i s  o m o i g b s  h i  s f  f g p a f b  f h  u h b  s i a b  p b a b j r b  ` i g i  f h  f a    

f s p b ò i a ,  t o f h f  ` o f r t i  s f h t o m i  r f ` i h i ` f r  q u f  h i  p u m i  l b j f r  l b j o m i  K f s û s    

s o h  s f r  @ r o s t i .  F h  s u  f s f h ` o b ,  ï a  f s  u h i  s i a i ,  t b h t i  f h  s u  l u g b h o m b m  ` i g i    

f h  s u  m o 󰁳 o h o m b m .  

@ u b h m i  u h  p r f m o ` b m i r  i  p r f m o ` b m i r b  p r f n u h t b ;  󰂥 󰂹 @ u â h t i s  q u o f r f h  b ` f p t b r    

b  @ r o s t i  ` i g i  P f ò i r  󰁿  P b a 󰁳 b m i r 9 󰂵 ,  f s t â  o h m o ` b h m i  h i  s i a b g f h t f  a b  i j r b    

r f m f h t i r b  m f a  P f ò i r  f h  a b  ` r u 󰁻 ,  s o h i  t b g j o ï h  a b  p b r t f  h u f s t r b  m f  s f n u o r a f  󰁿    

s f r 󰁳 o r a f .  

FA VHONÏHO]I
F a  b p ð s t i a  K u b h  f h  s u  F 󰁳 b h n f a o i  a i  p r f s f h t b  m f  g b h f r b  ` a b r b  󰁿  m o r f ` t b   ;     

󰂥 M o i 󰁰  b g ð  󰁽 b h 󰁽 i  b a  g 󰁶 h m i ,  󰁲 󰁶 f  m o i  b  󰁰 󰁶  û h o ` i  L o k i ,  p b 󰁺 b  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁽 i m i  f a  󰁲 󰁶 f    

` 󰁺 f f  f h  ï a  h i  󰁰 f  p o f 󰁺 m b ,  󰁰 o h i  󰁽 f h n b  󰁳 o m b  f 󰁽 f 󰁺 h b 󰂵 .  ( K h  0 ; 2 3 ) .  

H i  l b 󰁿  g b 󰁿 i r  s b ` r o  ` o i  q u f  m b r  t i m i  a i  q u f  u h i  t o f h f .  P f  l b  m o ` l i  q u f  f a    

󰁳 b a i r  m f  a b  i c r f h m b  q u f  a b s  p f r s i h b s  m b h ,  h i  f s  󰂥 ` u â h t i 󰂵  t r b f h  b a  b a t b r  m f    

M o i s ,  s o h i  ` u â h t i  t o f h f h  m f s p u ï s  m f  l b j f r  m b m i .  M o i s  f a  T b m r f  h i  s i a i  m o i    

b  s u  û h o ` i  l o k i ,  s o h i  t b g j o ï h  s u  û h o ` i  l o k i  m o i  s u  û h o ` b  󰁳 o m b 5  f s  m f ` o r ,  M o i s    

f h  K f s û s  a i  m o i  t i m i .  

F h  ` o f r t b  c i r g b ,  f s t i  h i  m f j f r ç b  l b j f r  s o m i  u h  g o s t f r o i  p b r b  a i s  k u m ç i s ,  

q u f  ` i h i ` ç b h  a b  l o s t i r o b  m f  B j r b l b g  󰁿  s u  m f ` o s o ð h  m f  i c r f ` f r  b h t f  M o i s  b    

s u  û h o ` i  l o k i  ( f h  f a  s f h t o m i  󰂥 a f n b a 󰂵 )  ` i g i  s b ` r o  ` o i .  A b  r f a b ` o ð h  f h t r f  M o i s    

T b m r f  󰁿  M o i s  L o k i ,  f s  f 󰁳 o m f h t f  f h  a b  J o j a o b ,  ` i g f h 󰁻 b h m i  ` i h  G b t f i  : ; 2 6 ,  

m i h m f  s f  g f h ` o i h b  f a  ` u g p a o g o f h t i  m f  u h b  g u 󰁿  o g p i r t b h t f  p r i c f ` ç b  m f    

I s f b s ,  ` u b h m i  m o k i ;  󰂥 M f  F n o p t i  a a b g ï  b  g o  l o k i 󰂵 .  

HB@OMI MFA TBMZF

F a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i  f h  ` o f r t b  c i r g b  h b ` o ð  m f a  k u m b ç s g i ,  q u f  s f  j b s b j b  f h  u h b    

f s t r u ` t u r b   a i s ð  ` b  p b t r o b r ` b a ,  ` i g f h 󰁻 b h m i  ` i h  B j r b g .  F a  l f ` l i  m f  q u f    

K f s û s  ` i g i  L o k i  s o f g p r f  f 󰁼 o s t ç b  󰂥 b h t f s  m f  t i m i s  a i s  s o n a i s 󰂵 ,  h i  f s  u h b    
 

` i h t r b m o ` ` o ð h .  G â s  j o f h ,  h b ` o m i  m f a  T b m r f  M o i s ,  s f  r f  f r f  b  s u  h b ` o g o f h t i    

l o s t ð r o ` i  m f  G b r ç b ,  󰁿  g u f s t r b  s u  m f o m b m  k u h t i  ` i h  s u  l u g b h o m b m .  @ i g i    

ï h c b s o s ,  f a  p r o g f r  󰁳 f r s ç ` u a i  m f a  H u f 󰁳 i  ] f s t b g f h t i  m f ` a b r b ;  󰂥 F 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰁰  󰁰 i h  a i 󰁰    

b h 󰁽 f p b 󰁰 b m i 󰁰  m f  K f 󰁰 󰁶 ` 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i ,  m f 󰁰 ` f h m o f h 󰁽 f  m f  M b 󰁳 o m  󰁿  m f  B j 󰁺 b l b g 󰂵 .  ( G b t f i    

2 ; 2 ) .  

B a  a f f r  s i j r f  a b s  t f h t b ` o i h f s  m f  K f s û s  p i r  p b r t f  m f  P b t â h  f h  f a  m f s o f r t i ,  

p i r  a i  n f h f r b a  s f  m f s t b ` b h  k u s t b g f h t f  ï s t b s ,  a b s  t f h t b ` o i h f s .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  

a b  ` a b 󰁳 f  p b r b  f h t f h m f r  a i  q u f  f s t b j b  p b s b h m i  h i  r f s o m f  f h  a b s  t f h t b ` o i h f s    

f h  s ç ,  s o h i  f h  a b s  p b a b j r b s  󰂥 󰁰 o  f 󰁺 f 󰁰  f a  L o k i  m f  M o i 󰁰 󲀣 󰂵 .    ( G b t f i  = ; 0 ) .  󰂥   P   o   

f 󰁺 f 󰁰   󲀣   󰂵  f r b  a b  p r u f j b  ` i h ` r f t b  m f  q u o ï h  f r b  Ï a ,  󰁿 ,  s i j r f  t i m i ,  a b  j b s f  p b r b    

s u  c u t u r i  g o h o s t f r o i  f h  g f m o i  m f  a b  l u g b h o m b m .  

F h  f a  a o j r i  m f  G b t f i ,  l b 󰁿  u h b s  ` u b r f h t b  󰁿  t r f s  r f c f r f h ` o b s  b  K f s û s  ` i g i    

f a  󰂥 L o k i  m f  M o i s 󰂵  i  f a  󰂥 L o k i  m f a  l i g j r f 󰂵 .  T f r i  f h  f a  ` b p ç t u a i  : 3 ,  󰁳 f g i s  a i    

q u f  p i m r ç b  l b j f r  s o m i  f a  p u h t i  ` u a g o h b h t f  f h  a b  󰁳 o m b  󰁿  g o h o s t f r o i  m f    

K f s u ` r o s t i ;  

󰂥 B a  󰁽 f 󰁺 g o h b 󰁺  m f  m f ` o 󰁺  f 󰁰 󰁽 b 󰁰  ` i 󰁰 b 󰁰 ,  m o k i  b  󰁰 󰁶 󰁰  m o 󰁰 ` ç p 󰁶 a i 󰁰 ;    

“ @ i g i  󰁿 b  󰁰 b j f h ,  m f h 󰁽 󰁺 i  m f  m i 󰁰  m ç b 󰁰  󰁰 f  ` f a f j 󰁺 b  a b  T b 󰁰 ` 󰁶 b ,  󰁿  g f  󰁳 b h  b    

󰁽 󰁺 b o ` o i h b 󰁺  󰁿  b  ` 󰁺 󰁶 ` o  ` b 󰁺 ‟ .  

F h  b 󰁲 󰁶 f a  g o 󰁰 g i  o h 󰁰 󰁽 b h 󰁽 f ,  a i 󰁰  p 󰁺 o h ` o p b a f 󰁰  󰁰 b ` f 󰁺 m i 󰁽 f 󰁰  󰁿  a i 󰁰  c 󰁶 h ` o i h b 󰁺 o i 󰁰    

 k 󰁶 m ç i 󰁰 󰁰 f 󰁺 f 󰁶 h ç b h f h a b 󰁺 f 󰁰 o m f h ` o b m f @ b o c â 󰁰 , f a 󰁰 󰁶 g i 󰁰 b ` f 󰁺 m i 󰁽 f , 󰁿   

m o 󰁰 ` 󰁶 󰁽 ç b h  󰁰 i j 󰁺 f  a b  g b h f 󰁺 b  m f  ` b p 󰁽 󰁶 󰁺 b 󰁺  b  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰  b  f 󰁰 p b a m b 󰁰  m f a  p 󰁶 f j a i  󰁿    

g b 󰁽 b 󰁺 a i 󰂵 .    ( G t  : 3 ; 2 - = ) .  

A b  g â s  n r b h m f  ` i h t r i 󰁳 f r s o b  f h t r f  K f s û s  󰁿  a i s  k u m ç i s  m f  s u  t o f g p i ,  f r b    

f 󰁼 b ` t b g f h t f  f s t f  t f g b  m f  K f s û s  q u f  s f  p r i ` a b g b  f a  󰂥 L o k i  m f  M o i s 󰂵 .  T i m ç b h    

b ` f p t b r  q u f  f r b  u h  n r b h  g b f s t r i 5  t f h ç b h  q u f  r f ` i h i ` f r  a i s  g o a b n r i s i s    

l f ` l i s ,  󰁿  q u f  a b  n f h t f  a i  b ` a b g b j b ,  p f r i  m f  h o h n u h b  g b h f r b  a i  p i m ç b h    

b ` f p t b r  ` i g i  f a  G f s ç b s  p r i c f t o 󰁻 b m i .  

AV[ MF AV[
A b  p r o g f r b  i j r b  m f  M o i s  f h  a b  ` r f b ` o ð h  c u f  f s t b j a f ` f r  a b  a u 󰁻 ,  󰁿  K f s u ` r o s t i    

c u f  a b  a u 󰁻  q u f  󰁳 o h i  b a  g u h m i .  A b  c b g o a o b  m f  M o i s ,  a i s  k u m ç i s ,  l b j ç b h    

f s ` i h m o m i  a b  a u 󰁻 ,  a b  l b j ç b h  n u b r m b m i  p b r b  s ç  g o s g i s .  B a  p r o h ` o p o i  m f  s u    

g o h o s t f r o i ,  s f  r f n o s t r b  f h  G b t f i  = ; 2 3  a b  p r i c f ` ç b  m f  O s b ç b s ;  󰂥   F   a  p 󰁶 f j a i  󰁲 󰁶 f    
 

f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b  f h  󰁽 o h o f j a b 󰁰  󰁳 o i  󰁶 h b  n 󰁺 b h  a 󰁶 󰁻  󰁿  b a  p 󰁶 f j a i  󰁲 󰁶 f  b h m b j b  f h  󰁺 f n o i h f 󰁰  m f    

 󰁰 i g j 󰁺 b m f g 󰁶 f 󰁺 󰁽 f a f 󰁺 f 󰁰 p a b h m f ` o ð a b a 󰁶 󰁻 󰂵 . T f r i  f s b  a u 󰁻  h i  f r b  s i a i  p b r b  a i s    

 k u m ç i s , f a p u f j a i m f M o i s ; f r b t b g j o ï h 󰂥    a 󰁶 󰁻  p b 󰁺 b  󰁺 f 󰁳 f a b ` o ð h  b  a i 󰁰    

 n f h 󰁽 o a f  󰁰   󲀣 󰂵 .  ( A `  : ; 0 :  Z S Z 3 4 ) .  

F h  f a  P f r g ð h  m f a  G i h t f ,  K f s û s  p r f s f h t b  u h b  f h s f ò b h 󰁻 b  o h t f r f s b h t f  b a    

m f ` o r ;  󰂥 󲀣     _      󰁰 o  󰁽 󰁶  a 󰁶 󰁻  h i  f 󰁰  g â 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  i 󰁰 ` 󰁶 󰁺 o m b m ,  󰁽 󰁶  i 󰁰 ` 󰁶 󰁺 o m b m  󰂢 󰁲 󰁶 ï  h f n 󰁺 b  m f j f    

 󰁰 f 󰁺 ! 󰂵 . ( G b t f i  3 ; : 0 ) .   H i  l b 󰁿  p f i r  t o h o f j a b  q u f  p f h s b r  q u f  u h i  f s t â  f h  a b    

a u 󰁻 .  @ u b h m i  u h i  t o f h f  a b  g f h t f  ` f r r b m b  󰁿  f s t â  ` i h 󰁳 f h ` o m i  m f  q u f  a i  q u f    

` r f f  f s  a b  󰁳 f r m b m ,  m o c ç ` o a g f h t f  p u f m f  b ` f p t b r  a b  a u 󰁻  m f  @ r o s t i .  F h  f c f ` t i ,  f a    

b p ð s t i a  T b j a i  c u f  ` b g j o b m i ,  s i a b g f h t f  ` u b h m i  󰂥 󲀣 󰁶 h b  a 󰁶 󰁻  ` f a f 󰁰 󰁽 o b a    

m f 󰁰 a 󰁶 g j 󰁺 b h 󰁽 f  a i  󰁺 i m f ð  m f  p 󰁺 i h 󰁽 i 󰂵 .  ( L ` l  ? ; 0 ) .  

Z f ` o j o r  a b  󰂥 a u 󰁻  m f  @ r o s t i 󰂵  f s  u h  p r o h ` o p o i  p b r b  a b  󰁳 o m b  ` r o s t o b h b ,  p f r i  f s    

s i a b g f h t f  u h  ` i g o f h 󰁻 i .  F a  g o s g i  T b j a i  f s ` r o j o ð ;  󰂥   M   f  a b  g o 󰁰 g b  g b h f 󰁺 b ,  

h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰  ` i h i ` o g o f h 󰁽 i 󰁰  󰁰 i h  b l i 󰁺 b  g 󰁶 󰁿  a o g o 󰁽 b m i 󰁰 ,  ` i g i  󰁰 o  f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁶 󰁳 o ï 󰁺 b g i 󰁰    

󰁳 o f h m i  󰁶 h b   n 󰁶 󰁺 b  f h  󰁶 h  f 󰁰 p f k i  m f c f ` 󰁽 󰁶 i 󰁰 i 5  p f 󰁺 i  󰁶 h  m ç b  󰁳 f 󰁺 f g i 󰁰  a b 󰁰  ` i 󰁰 b 󰁰    

` i g i  󰁰 i h ,  ` b 󰁺 b  b  ` b 󰁺 b .  G o 󰁰  ` i h i ` o g o f h 󰁽 i 󰁰  󰁰 i h  b l i 󰁺 b  o g p f 󰁺 c f ` 󰁽 i 󰁰 ,  p f 󰁺 i  f h    

b 󰁲 󰁶 f a  m ç b  p i m 󰁺 ï  ` i h i ` f 󰁺  󰁽 b a  󰁿  ` i g i  ï a  g f  ` i h i ` f  b  g ç 󰂵 .  ( 2  @ i  2 0 ; 2 : ) .  B      

g f m o m b  q u f  g â s  h i s  b ` f r q u f g i s  b  f s b  a u 󰁻 ,  󰁿  󰁳 o 󰁳 b g i s  f h  f s b  a u 󰁻 ,  g â s    

` i h i ` f r f g i s  ` ð g i  f s  Ï a .  @ u b h m i  f a  b p ð s t i a  T b j a i  f s ` r o j f  b ` f r ` b  m f a    

󰂥 g o s t f r o i  q u f  l b j ç b  s o m i  r f 󰁳 f a b m i    󰂵     ,  h i  s f  f s t â  r f  r o f h m i  b  󰁳 f r m b m f s    

f s i t ï r o ` b s .  G â s  j o f h ,  f s t b j a f ` f  ` a b r b g f h t f  q u f  f a  g o s t f r o i  s f  r f c f r ç b  b a    

l f ` l i  m f  q u f  a b  s b a 󰁳 b ` o ð h  m f  M o i s  f s  p b r b  t i m i s ,  h i  p b r b  b a n u h i s  q u f  s f    

` i h s o m f r f h  s f a f ` t i s ,  i  󰂥 f a f ` t i s 󰂵 .  

MOIP SFZMBMFZI MF MOIP SFZMBMFZI

A b  p r f n u h t b  m f  T i h ` o i  T o a b t i ;    󰂥 󲀣  󰂹 󰁿  󰁲 󰁶 ï  f 󰁰  a b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m 9 󰂵 ,    f h  G b t f i  2 < ; 0 < ,  

f s  s o h  m u m b  a b  g o s g b  p r f n u h t b   a i s ð  ` b  q u f  m i g o h b  a i s  f s t u m o i s    

u h o 󰁳 f r s o t b r o i s .  L i 󰁿  f h  m ç b  t i m i  a i  q u f  s f  a f f  󰁿  f s ` u ` l b  t o f h f  q u f  s f r    

b h b a o 󰁻 b m i  b  a b  a u 󰁻  m f  s u  󰁳 f r b ` o m b m .  F a  s o g p a f  l f ` l i  m f  q u f  u h b  p f r s i h b  ` i h    

t ç t u a i  i  p i s o ` o ð h  m f  b u t i r o m b m  a i  p r f s f h t f ,  h i  a i  ` i h 󰁳 o f r t f  h f ` f s b r o b g f h t f    

f h  a b  󰁳 f r m b m .  F s  s o f g p r f  o g p i r t b h t f  f 󰁳 b a u b r  p f r s i h b a g f h t f  a i  q u f  s f    

b  r g b .  G u ` l i  g â s  f h  f a  â g j o t i  f s p o r o t u b a ,  f a  m i h  m f  m o s ` f r h o g o f h t i  f s    

p i s o j a f g f h t f  u h i  m f  a i s  g â s  o g p i r t b h t f s  󰁿  h f ` f s b r o i s  f h  h u f s t r i s    

t o f g p i s .  
 

󰂹  @ ð g i  s f  m f  h f  f h  f a  ` i h t f x t i  u h o v f r s o t b r o i  y  b ` b m ï g o ` i  f a  ` i h ` f p t i  m f      

󰂥 
 v f r m b m  󰂵 󰀹 

K f s û s  m o k i ;  󰂥 󲀣 ` i h i ` f 󰁺 â h  a b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m  󰁿  a b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m  a i 󰁰  l b 󰁺 â  a o j 󰁺 f 󰁰 󰂵 .    ( K h  < ; 0 : ) .  

F s t b  h i  f s  u h b  s o g p a f  c r b s f  p b r b  r f p f t o r  ` i g i  u h  g b h t r b ,  s o h i  u h b  r f b a o m b m    

p b r b  p r b ` t o ` b r  f h  a b  󰁳 o m b  ` b m b  m ç b .  B h b a o ` f g i s  s o  a i  q u f  f s ` u ` l b g i s  f s  a b    

󰁳 f r m b m .  A i s  ` r o s t o b h i s  m f  J f r f b  c u f r i h  f a i n o b m i s  p i r  s u  o h t f r ï s  p i r  a b    

󰁳 f r m b m .  

 󰂥   _  ï 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰁰  f 󰁺 b h  m f  󰁰 f h 󰁽 o g o f h 󰁽 i 󰁰  g â 󰁰  h i j a f 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  a i 󰁰  m f  ] f 󰁰 b a ð h o ` b ,  m f    

g i m i  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁺 f ` o j o f 󰁺 i h  f a  g f h 󰁰 b k f  ` i h  󰁽 i m b  b 󰁳 o m f 󰁻  󰁿  󰁽 i m i 󰁰  a i 󰁰  m ç b 󰁰    

f 󰁼 b g o h b j b h  a b 󰁰  F 󰁰 ` 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 󰁺 b 󰁰  p b 󰁺 b  󰁳 f 󰁺  󰁰 o  f 󰁺 b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m  a i  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 f  a f 󰁰    

b h 󰁶 h ` o b j b   󰂵    .

( L ` l  2 > ; 2 2 H S O ) .  

F 󰁨 󰁮 󰁦 󰁨 󰁭 󰁺 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 ,  󰁨 󰁩  󰁠 󰁺 󰁦 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 ,  󰁠 󰁩 󰁨 󰁰 󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 󰁢 󰁨 󰁠 󰁯 󰁢 󰁡  󰁠 󰁩 󰁨  󰁦 󰁡  T 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺 󰁦 ,  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁲 󰁶 󰁯 󰁦 󰁨  󰁽 󰁩 󰁭 󰁩      

󰁣 󰁶 󰁦  󰁬 󰁦 󰁠 󰁬 󰁩      

F h  ` i h t r b s t f  ` i h  f a  l f ` l i  m f  q u f  t i m i  c u f  ` r f b m i  p i r  M o i s ,  f 󰁼 o s t f  a b    

p r f n u h t b  m f  a i s  s o n a i s ;  󰂹 m f  m ð h m f  󰁳 o f h f  M o i s 9  I j 󰁳 o b g f h t f ,  f s  a b  p r f n u h t b    

q u f  m f s m f  a b  p f r s p f ` t o 󰁳 b  m f  a b  c f  h i  t o f h f  r f s p u f s t b .  M f s m f  u h  t i r j f a a o h i ,  

M o i s  a f  p r f n u h t b  b  K i j ;  󰂥 M ð h m f  f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b 󰁰  󰁽 û  ` 󰁶 b h m i  󰁿 i  f ` l ï  a b 󰁰  j b 󰁰 f 󰁰  m f  a b    

󰁽 o f 󰁺 󰁺 b 9  M ç g f a i ,  󰁰 o  󰁽 b h 󰁽 i  󰁰 b j f 󰁰 󰂵   .   ( K i j  0 < ; = ) .  @ i g i  󰁿 b  󰁳 o g i s ,  f a  b p ð s t i a  K u b h    

b  r g b  a b  f t f r h o m b m  m f a  L o k i  f h  s u  f 󰁳 b h n f a o i  󰁿  f h  s u  p r o g f r b  f p ç s t i a b .  

F s  i j 󰁳 o i  q u f  f a  @ r f m i  m f  a i s  B p ð s t i a f s  t o f h f  u h b  j b s f  ` f h t r b m b  f h  a b s    

g o s g b s  p b a b j r b s  󰁿  g f h s b k f  m f  a b  J o j a o b .  F a  @ r f m i  s o n u f  ` i h  u h b  t r b h s o ` o ð h    

m f 󰁲 󰁶 o ï h  f 󰁰  K f s û s ,  b  󰁲 󰁶  ï    l o 󰁻 i  Ï a  p i r  h i s i t r i s ;  

R 󰁶 󰁦  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁨 󰁩 󰁰 󰁩 󰁽 󰁺 󰁩 󰁰  󰁡 󰁩 󰁰  󰁬 󰁩 󰁧 󰁪 󰁺 󰁦 󰁰  󰁿  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁨 󰁶 󰁦 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 󰁢  󰁰 󰁢 󰁡 󰁳 󰁢 󰁠 󰁯 ð 󰁨  󰁪 󰁢 󰁫 ð  󰁭 󰁦 󰁡  󰁠 󰁯 󰁦 󰁡 󰁩  󰁿      

󰁰 󰁦  󰁦 󰁨 󰁠 󰁢 󰁺 󰁨 ð  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁩 󰁪 󰁺 󰁢  󰁭 󰁦 󰁡  F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 󰁯 󰁽 󰁶  󰁐 󰁢 󰁨 󰁽 󰁩  󰁿  󰁭 󰁦  G 󰁢 󰁺 ç 󰁢  󰁡 󰁢  󰁓 󰁯 󰁺 󰁮 󰁦 󰁨  󰁿  󰁰 󰁦  󰁬 󰁯 󰁻 󰁩      

󰁬 󰁩 󰁧 󰁪 󰁺 󰁦 5  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁨 󰁶 󰁦 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 󰁢  󰁠 󰁢 󰁶 󰁰 󰁢  󰁣 󰁶 󰁦  󰁠 󰁺 󰁶 󰁠 󰁯  󰁠 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩  󰁦 󰁨  󰁽 󰁯 󰁦 󰁧 󰁴 󰁩  󰁭 󰁦  T 󰁩 󰁨 󰁠 󰁯 󰁩  T 󰁯 󰁡 󰁢 󰁽 󰁩      

󰁿  󰁴 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁠 󰁯 ð  󰁿  󰁣 󰁶 󰁦  󰁰 󰁦 󰁴 󰁶 󰁡 󰁽 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 ,  󰁿  󰁺 󰁦 󰁰 󰁶 󰁠 󰁯 󰁽 ð  󰁢 󰁡  󰁽 󰁦 󰁺 󰁠 󰁦 󰁺  󰁭 ç 󰁢  󰁰 󰁦 󰁮 û 󰁨  󰁡 󰁢 󰁰  F 󰁰 󰁠 󰁺 󰁯 󰁽 󰁶 󰁺 󰁢 󰁰    

󰁿  󰁰 󰁶 󰁪 󰁯 ð  󰁢 󰁡  󰁠 󰁯 󰁦 󰁡 󰁩 .    

A b  r b 󰁻 ð h  s u p r f g b  m f  M o i s  b  f h 󰁳 o b r  b  s u  l o k i  f h  a b  c i r g b  m f  s f r  l u g b h i    

c u f  s u  b g i r  f t f r h i .  B  a b  󰁳 f 󰁻 ,  h i  l b 󰁿  g b 󰁿 i r  b g i r  q u f  m b r  s u  󰁳 o m b  p i r  i t r i s .  

L b 󰁿  a i s  q u f  p i h f h  f h  t f a b  m f  k u o ` o i  b a  K f s û s  l o s t ð r o ` i ,  ` i g i  t b g j o ï h  l b 󰁿    

a i s  q u f  h o f n b h  f a  l i a i ` b 󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 i    m   f  a i s  k u m ç i s  f h  B a f g b h o b  j b k i  f a  g b h m b t i  m f    
 

L o t a f r .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  f a  l f ` l i  m f  ` i a i ` b r  a b  c r b s f  󰂥 f h  t o f g p i  m f  T i h ` o i    

T o a b t i 󰂵 ,  g u f s t r b  f a  o h t f h t i  m f  m f k b r  u h  r f n o s t r i  p b r b  f a o g o h b r  ` u b a q u o f r    

m u m b  l o s t ð r o ` b  f h  f a  c u t u r i .  T f r i  h i  s i a i  c u f  b q u f a  p f r s i h b k f  r i g b h i  q u f    

s o r 󰁳 o ð  m f  t f s t o n i ,  s o h i  t b g j o ï h  a b s  F s ` r o t u r b s  m f k b m b s  p i r  t f s t o n i s  i ` u a b r f s    

󰁿  i t r i s  s f n u o m i r f s  m f a  g o s g i  P f ò i r  m f a  p r o g f r  s o n a i  m . @ .  

F h  f s t b  s f ` ` o ð h  m f a  @ r f m i  q u f  l b j a b  m f  K f s u ` r o s t i ,  󰁳 f g i s  f h c b t o 󰁻 b m b  a b    

r f b a o m b m  m f  s u  h b t u r b a f 󰁻 b ,  t b h t i  m o 󰁳 o h b  ` i g i  l u g b h b .  ( I t r i s  ` i g p i h f h t f s    

m f a  m f j b t f  s i j r f  a b  ] r o h o m b m  s f  p r f s f h t b r â h  f h  f a  s o n u o f h t f  ` b p ç t u a i  s i j r f    

M o i s  f a  T b m r f . )  F a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i  m f  a i s  p r o g f r i s  s o n a i s  t u 󰁳 i  q u f  f h c r f h t b r    

m o c f r f h t f s  󰁿  󰁳 b r o b m b s  p i s o ` o i h f s  s i j r f  f s t b  m i j a f  h b t u r b a f 󰁻 b ,  󰁿  l u j i    

m o 󰁳 o s o i h f s  f h t r f  s u s  a ç m f r f s .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  a b s  g o s g b s  F s ` r o t u r b s  m b h    

f 󰁳 o m f h ` o b  p b r b  b p i 󰁿 b r  a b  ` i h ` a u s o ð h  m f  q u f  K f s û s  f h ` b r h b m i  f r b  t b h t i    

p a f h b g f h t f  M o i s  ` i g i  p a f h b g f h t f  l u g b h i .  

󰂹  R u ï  p o f h s b h  b ` f r ` b  m f  q u f  K f s û s  f s  ` o f h  p i r  ` o f h t i  l u g b h i  y  ` o f h  p i r      

` o f h t i  m o v o h i    󰀹      󰂹 T i r  q u ï  f s  t b h  o g p i r t b h t f  f s b  b  r g b ` o ð h  p b r b  h i s i t r i s 󰀹       

B  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  a i s  s o n a i s  l b  l b j o m i  u h  s o h c ç h  m f  ` i h t r i 󰁳 f r s o b s  t f i a ð n o ` b s  q u f    

` u a g o h b h  f h  m o 󰁳 o s o i h f s  f h  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i .  L b s t b  m f a  m ç b  m f  l i 󰁿 ,  

f h ` i h t r b g i s  g û a t o p a f s  󰂥 r b g b s 󰂵  m f  p f h s b g o f h t i  t f i a ð n o ` i  f h  a b s  o n a f s o b s .  

F a  @ r f m i  s o r 󰁳 f  b a  p r i p ð s o t i  m f  u h o r h i s  f h  b q u f a a i  q u f  s ç  p i m f g i s  ` r f f r  p b r b    

f s t b j a f ` f r  h u f s t r b  󰂥 u h o m b m  f h  a b  c f 󰂵 .  

 󰁟 󰁦 󰁰 󰁽 â 󰁰 󰁦 󰁨 󰁽 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 󰁢 󰁡 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁺 󰁦 󰁠 󰁬 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁡 T 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺 󰁦 5 󰁿 󰁭 󰁦 󰁨 󰁶 󰁦 󰁳 󰁩 󰁳 󰁦 󰁨 󰁭 󰁺 â 󰁠 󰁩 󰁨 󰁮 󰁡 󰁩 󰁺 󰁯 󰁢  ,  

󰁴 󰁢 󰁺 󰁢  󰁫 󰁶 󰁻 󰁮 󰁢 󰁺  󰁢  󰁳 󰁯 󰁳 󰁩 󰁰  󰁿  󰁧 󰁶 󰁦 󰁺 󰁽 󰁩 󰁰 ,  󰁿  󰁰 󰁶  󰁺 󰁦 󰁯 󰁨 󰁩  󰁨 󰁩  󰁽 󰁦 󰁨 󰁭 󰁺 â   󰁨      

L b j a b r  m f  K f s u ` r o s t i  h i  f s  s i a b g f h t f  p f h s b r  f h  s u  󰁳 o m b  f h  a b  t o f r r b .  F a    

H u f 󰁳 i  ] f s t b g f h t i  ` u a g o h b  ` i h  a b  r f p r f s f h t b ` o ð h  m f a  ` o f a i  󰁿  f a  c u t u r i  m f  a b    

o n a f s o b  󰁿  a i s  o h m o 󰁳 o m u i s  q u f  b ` f p t b r i h  a b  o h 󰁳 o t b ` o ð h  m f  p b r t o ` o p b r  f h  a b s    

a a b g b m b s  󰂥 j i m b s  m f a  @ i r m f r i 󰂵 .  

󰂥 _ i  f 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰁿  󰁰 o f g p 󰁺 f  b  a b  p 󰁶 f 󰁺 󰁽 b  󰁿  a a b g i 5  󰁰 o  b a n 󰁶 h i  f 󰁰 ` 󰁶 ` l b  g o  󰁳 i 󰁻  󰁿  b j 󰁺 f    

a b  p 󰁶 f 󰁺 󰁽 b ,  f h 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁺 ï  󰁿  ` f h b 󰁺 ï  ` i h  ï a  󰁿  ï a  ` i h g o n i .  B a  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 b a n b  󰁳 f h ` f m i 󰁺 ,  

a f  m b 󰁺 ï  f a  m f 󰁺 f ` l i  m f  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 f  󰁰 o f h 󰁽 f  k 󰁶 h 󰁽 i  b  g ç  f h  f a  󰁽 󰁺 i h i ,  m f  a b  g o 󰁰 g b    

g b h f 󰁺 b  󰁲 󰁶 f  b a  󰁳 f h ` f 󰁺  󰁿 i  g f  󰁰 f h 󰁽 ï  ` i h  g o  T b m 󰁺 f  f h  󰁰 󰁶  󰁽 󰁺 i h i 󰂵 .  ( B p  0 ; : 4 -    

: 2 ) .  

F s b  o h 󰁳 o t b ` o ð h  f s  f a  p u h t i   h b a  m f  t i m b  a b s  F s ` r o t u r b s ;  󰂥   F   a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  󰁿  a b    

F 󰁰 p i 󰁰 b  m o ` f h ;  󰂥 S f h 󰂵 .  _  f a  󰁲 󰁶 f  i 󰁿 f  󰁽 b g j o ï h  m o n b ;  󰂥 S f h 󰂵 .  _  f a  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁽 f h n b  󰁰 f m ,  
 

󰁳 f h n b 5  󰁿  f a  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁲 󰁶 o f 󰁺 b ,  j f j b  n 󰁺 b 󰁽 󰁶 o 󰁽 b g f h 󰁽 f  m f a  b n 󰁶 b  m f  a b  󰁳 o m b   󰂵   .  ( B p    

: : ; 2 > ) .  

A b  m o c f r f h ` o b  c u h m b g f h t b a  f h t r f  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i  󰁿  i t r b s  r f a o n o i h f s  f s  a b    

f s p f r b h 󰁻 b  m f  󰁳 o m b  f t f r h b  q u f  f a  P f ò i r  a f  i c r f ` f  b  a i s  ` r f 󰁿 f h t f s .  B s ç  ` i g i    

K f s û s  f s t â  s f h t b m i  b  a b  m f r f ` l b  m f a  T b m r f ,  h i s i t r i s  q u f  ` r f f g i s  f h  Ï a    

t b g j o ï h  h i s  r f ` i h i ` f g i s  󰁿  f h t f h m f g i s  q u f  󰂥   󲀣    f h  󰁶 h o ð h  ` i h  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰 ,  

M o i 󰁰  h i 󰁰  󰁺 f 󰁰 󰁶 ` o 󰁽 ð  󰁿  h i 󰁰  l o 󰁻 i  󰁰 f h 󰁽 b 󰁺  ` i h  ï a  f h  a b 󰁰  󰁺 f n o i h f 󰁰  ` f a f 󰁰 󰁽 o b a f 󰁰  󰂵   .  ( F c    

: ; 3  H S O ) .  P u  P f n u h m b  S f h o m b  f s  u h b  p r i g f s b  f h  a b  ` u b a  p i m f g i s  ` i h  b r  󰁿    

b h t o ` o p b r .  

] i m i s  s f r f g i s  k u 󰁻 n b m i s ,  a i s  󰁳 o 󰁳 i s  󰁿  a i s  g u f r t i s ,  p f r i  s f r f g i s  k u 󰁻 n b m i s    

h i  p i r  h u f s t r b  p r i p o b  k u s t o ` o b ,  s o h i  p i r  a b  q u f  f a  P f ò i r  n b h ð  b  c b 󰁳 i r  m f    

h i s i t r i s .  F a  k u o ` o i  m f  M o i s  h i  s f r â  f h  t ï r g o h i s  l u g b h i s .  T r o g f r i ,  h i  l b 󰁿    

h b m b  q u f  p i m r ç b g i s  l b ` f r  p b r b  g f r f ` f r  a b  n r b ` o b  m f  M o i s .  P f n u h m i ,  K f s û s    

󰁿 b  p b n ð  p i r  h u f s t r b s  ` u a p b s ,  h u f s t r i s  p f ` b m i s ,  h u f s t r b  c b a t b  m f  c f ;  󰂥   F   󰁰 󰁽 i 󰁿    

` 󰁺 󰁶 ` o  ` b m i  ` i h  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i ,  󰁿  󰁿 b  h i  󰁳 o 󰁳 i  󰁿 i ,  f 󰁰  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i  󰁲 󰁶 o f h  󰁳 o 󰁳 f  f h  g ç .  _  f 󰁰 󰁽 b  󰁳 o m b    

󰁲 󰁶 f  b l i 󰁺 b  󰁽 f h n i  a b  󰁳 o 󰁳 i  p i 󰁺  g o  c f  f h  f a  L o k i  m f  M o i 󰁰 ,  󰁲 󰁶 o f h  g f  b g ð  󰁿  󰁰 f    

f h 󰁽 󰁺 f n ð  p i 󰁺  g ç 󰂵   .    ( N b a  : ; : 4 ) .  

F a  k u o ` o i  m f  M o i s  h i  s f  j b s b r â  s i j r f  h u f s t r i  ` i h i ` o g o f h t i  i  h u f s t r b s    

o n h i r b h ` o b s 5  h i  s f  j b s b r â  s i j r f  a i  q u f  l f g i s  l f ` l i  i  a i  q u f  h i  l b 󰁿 b g i s    

p i m o m i  l b ` f r ,  s o h i  g â s  j o f h  s i j r f  a b  s f h ` o a a b  c f  f h  ï a .  P o  m f  󰁳 f r b s  q u f r f g i s    

` i h i ` f r  a b  p f r s i h b  m f  K f s u ` r o s t i ,  f s ` u ` l f g i s  s u s  p b a b j r b s ,  ` u b h m i  m o k i ;  

󰂥 P o  h i  󰁰 f  󰁳 󰁶 f a 󰁳 f h  b  M o i 󰁰 ,  b 󰁺 󰁺 f p f h 󰁽 o m i 󰁰  m f  󰁰 󰁶 󰁰  p f ` b m i 󰁰  󰁿  ` i h  󰁰 f h ` o a a f 󰁻  m f    

h o ò i 󰁰 ,  h i  p i m 󰁺 â h  f h 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁺  f h  f a  󰁺 f o h i  m f  a i 󰁰  ` o f a i 󰁰 󰂵   .   ( G t  2 < ; 0 ) .  F h  u h b  i r b ` o ð h    

m f  K f s û s  b  s u  T b m r f ,  󰁳 f g i s  s u  ` i r b 󰁻 ð h ;  󰂥 ] f  b a b j i  T b m 󰁺 f ,  P f ò i 󰁺  m f a  ` o f a i  󰁿    

m f  a b  󰁽 o f 󰁺 󰁺 b ,  p i 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰 ` i h m o 󰁰 󰁽 f  f 󰁰 󰁽 b 󰁰  ` i 󰁰 b 󰁰  m f  a i 󰁰  󰁰 b j o i 󰁰  f  o h 󰁽 f a o n f h 󰁽 f 󰁰 ,  󰁿  󰁰 f    

a b 󰁰  m o 󰁰 󰁽 f  b  ` i h i ` f 󰁺  b  a i 󰁰  h o ò i 󰁰 󰂵 .  ( G t  2 2 ; : 6 ) .  

_  b q u ç  f h ` i h t r b g i s  f a  p r i p ð s o t i  m f  @ r o s t i .  H i  f r b  s i a b g f h t f  r f m o g o r  b  a b    

l u g b h o m b m ,  s o h i  m f  r f 󰁳 f a b r  b a  T b m r f .  󰂥 F a  T b m 󰁺 f  g f  l b  ` i h  b m i  󰁽 i m b 󰁰  a b 󰁰    

` i 󰁰 b 󰁰 .  P ð a i  f a  T b m 󰁺 f  ` i h i ` f  b a  L o k i  󰁿  󰁰 ð a i  f a  L o k i  ` i h i ` f  b a  T b m 󰁺 f ,  󰁿  󰁽 b g j o ï h    

b 󰁲 󰁶 f a a i 󰁰  b  󰁲 󰁶 o f h f 󰁰  f a  L o k i  󰁰 f  a i  󰁺 f 󰁳 f a b 󰂵 .    ( G t  2 2 ; : > ) .  @ i h i ` f r  b a  L o k i  f s    

` i h i ` f r  b a  T b m r f .  

󰂥 _ i  h i  p 󰁶 f m i  l b ` f 󰁺  h b m b  p i 󰁺  g o  p 󰁺 i p o b  ` 󰁶 f h 󰁽 b .  K 󰁶 󰁻 n i  p i 󰁺  a i  󰁲 󰁶 f  i o n i ,  󰁿    

g o  k 󰁶 o ` o i  f 󰁰  ` i 󰁺 󰁺 f ` 󰁽 i ,  p i 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰 󰁽 â  m f  b ` 󰁶 f 󰁺 m i  ` i h  a b  󰁳 i a 󰁶 h 󰁽 b m  m f a  󰁲 󰁶 f    

g f  f h 󰁳 o ð  󰁿  h i  m f  b ` 󰁶 f 󰁺 m i  ` i h  g o  p 󰁺 i p o b  󰁳 i a 󰁶 h 󰁽 b m 󰂵   .    ( K h  6 ; 0 4 ) .  
 

B u h q u f  f a  k u m b ç s g i  t o f h f  u h b  󰁳 o s o ð h  ` a b r b  m f  M o i s  ` i g i  󰂥 T b m r f 󰂵 ,  c u f  f a    

l f ` l i  m f  q u f  K f s û s  s f  p r i ` a b g b r b  u h i  ` i h  Ï a  a i  q u f  i c f h m o ð  b  a i s  k u m ç i s    

r f a o n o i s i s  f h  f a  t o f g p i  f h  q u f  f a  P f ò i r  󰁳 o 󰁳 o ð  󰁿  g o h o s t r ð  ` i g i  s f r  l u g b h i .  

T f r i  K f s û s  h i  󰁳 o h i  s i a i  p b r b  s f r  b m i r b m i ,  s o h i  p b r b  b p u h t b r  f a  ` b g o h i  b a    

T b m r f .  P u s  p b a b j r b s  ` a b r b s  b  s u s  m o s ` ç p u a i s  r f s u f h b h  l b s t b  l i 󰁿 ;    󰂥       _ i  󰁰 i 󰁿  f a    

` b g o h i ,  a b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m  󰁿  a b  󰁳 o m b .  H b m o f  p 󰁶 f m f  a a f n b 󰁺  b a  T b m 󰁺 f  󰁰 o  h i  f 󰁰  p i 󰁺  g ç 󰂵   .   

( K h  2 = ; 3 ) .  

B  h i s i t r i s  l i 󰁿 ,  b a  o n u b a  q u f  b  a i s  󰂥 s f n u o m i r f s  m f a  ` b g o h i 󰂵  l b ` f  g â s  m f    

m i s  g o a  b ò i s ,  h i s  ` i r r f s p i h m f  t b g j o ï h  s f r  a u 󰁻 ,  ` i g i  a i  c u f  K f s u ` r o s t i ,  ` i h    

f a   h  m f  t i m i s  p u f m b h  b a b j b r  b a  T b m r f .  

󰂥 󰂢 B 󰁰 ç  m f k f h  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰  j 󰁺 o a a b 󰁺  󰁰 󰁶  a 󰁶 󰁻  b h 󰁽 f  󰁽 i m b  a b  n f h 󰁽 f !  󰂢 R 󰁶 f  a b 󰁰  j 󰁶 f h b 󰁰    

i j 󰁺 b 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰  󰁺 f b a o ` f h  j 󰁺 o a a f h  m f  󰁽 b a  g b h f 󰁺 b  󰁲 󰁶 f  a b  n f h 󰁽 f  b m i 󰁺 f  b a    

T b m 󰁺 f  ` f a f 󰁰 󰁽 o b a ! 󰂵 .    ( G t  6 ; 2 3 ) .  

󰂹   󰀹
R u ï  s o n h o  ` b  q u f  K f s û s  f s  a b  v f r m b m      

¹TIZ RVÏ FP OGTIZ]BH]F FP]F @IH@FT]I ]FIAÐNO@I9

M o i s  l b  m f ` o m o m i  r f 󰁳 f a b r s f  f h  K f s û s  m f  H b 󰁻 b r f t .  F s t f  b ` i h t f ` o g o f h t i    

l o s t ð r o ` i  l b  s o m i  c u h m b g f h t b a .  P o h  Ï a  h i  p i m f g i s  ` i h i ` f r  b a  T b m r f ,  󰁿  f h  a b    

s o n u o f h t f  a f ` ` o ð h  l b j a b r f g i s  m f  Ï a .  

P o h  K f s û s ,  ` i g p r f h m f r  b  M o i s  f s  o g p i s o j a f .  Ï a  f s  a b  m f g i s t r b ` o ð h  m f  q u f    

b  M o i s  a f  o g p i r t b g i s ,  p i r q u f  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i  h i  f s  a b  l o s t i r o b  m f a  f s c u f r 󰁻 i    

l u g b h i  p i r  a a f n b r  b  M o i s ,  s o h i  m f a  f s c u f r 󰁻 i  m o 󰁳 o h i  p i r  a a f n b r  b a  s f r    

l u g b h i ,  p b r b  r f s ` b t b r a i ,  r f m o g o r a i  󰁿  s b a 󰁳 b r a i ,  p i r  b g i r .  K f s û s  f s  a b    

r f s p u f s t b  m f  M o i s  b  h u f s t r b  r f b a o m b m  󰁿  h u f s t r b  h f ` f s o m b m .  P u  m o 󰁳 o h o m b m  󰁿    

l u g b h o m b m  a f  l b ` f h  p f r c f ` t i  p b r b  o h t f r ` f m f r  f h t r f  M o i s  󰁿  a i s  s f r f s    

l u g b h i s .  

(POH KFPÛP @IGTZFHMFZ B MOIP FP

OGTIPOJAF)
] i m i  f a  ` r o s t o b h o s g i  n o r b  b a r f m f m i r  m f  @ r o s t i .  P i j r f  f s b  r i ` b  s f  f m o  ` b  a b    

o n a f s o b ,  f s  m f ` o r ,  h i s i t r i s .  A b  p o f m r b  q u f  c u f  m f s p r f ` o b m b ,  b l i r b  f s  a b  q u f    

a i  s i s t o f h f  t i m i .  K f s û s  p u f m f  s f r  u h b  p o f m r b  m f  t r i p o f 󰁻 i  p b r b  b q u f a a i s  q u f    

Ï Ï   
 

h i  󰁳 f h  f h  Ï a  b a  L o k i  m f  M o i s ,  p f r i  s o  ` i h  b g i s  f h  Ï a ,  f s  h u f s t r b  r i ` b ,  f a    

` o g o f h t i  s i j r f  f a  q u f  ` i h s t r u o g i s  h u f s t r b  󰁳 o m b .  

A i  q u f  m f ` o m b g i s  b ` f r ` b  m f  K f s û s ,  m f ` o m o r â  q u o ï h f s  s f r f g i s  p b r b    

s o f g p r f .  

T i r  f s i  f a  @ r f m i  f s  t b h  f h c â t o ` i  f h  f s t f  b s p f ` t i .  H u f s t r b  c f  f s t â    

m f t f r g o h b m b ,  s i j r f  t i m i ,  p i r  f s t f  s u ` f s i ,  m f  f s t b  p f r s i h b ,  m f  h u f s t r i    

` i h i ` o g o f h t i  p r i c u h m i  m f  Ï a ,  󰁿  m f  h u f s t r i  s f n u o g o f h t i  m f  s u  ` b g o h i .  

] i m b  a b  F s ` r o t u r b  b p u h t b  b  Ï a ,  t b g j o ï h  a b  ` r f b ` o ð h .  ] i m i  c u f  l f ` l i  p i r  Ï a    

󰁿  p b r b  Ï a .  F s ,  s o h  m u m b ,  f a  t f g b  g â s  o g p i r t b h t f  m f  t i m i s ;  f a  󰂥 a i n i s 󰂵  m f    

M o i s .  

V h  n r b h  t f ð a i n i  f u r i p f i  m o k i ;  M o i s  f s  M o i s ,  p f r i  f s  M o i s  p b r b  f a  g u h m i .  

F a  g u h m i  f s  g u h m i ,  p f r i  f s  b g b m i  p i r  M o i s .  F a  g u h m i  s f  f h ` u f h t r b  ` i h    

M o i s  f h  s u  T b a b j r b ;  K f s u ` r o s t i .  󰂥   M   o ` l i  f h  i 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁰  p b a b j 󰁺 b 󰁰 ;  f h  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i ,  M o i 󰁰    

f 󰁰 󰁽 b j b  󰁺 f ` i h ` o a o b h m i  b a  g 󰁶 h m i  ` i h  ï a ,  h i  󰁽 i g â h m i a f  f h  ` 󰁶 f h 󰁽 b  󰁰 󰁶 󰁰  p f ` b m i 󰁰 ,  

 󰁿 f h ` b 󰁺 n â h m i h i 󰁰 b h i 󰁰 i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰 f 󰁰 󰁽 f g f h 󰁰 b k f m f a b 󰁺 f ` i h ` o a o b ` o ð h    󰂵 .  ( :  @ i r    

6 . 2 ? ) .  

FA FP@ÏT]O@I
A f f  f a  s o n u o f h t f  f 󰁼 t r b ` t i  m f  a i s  f s ` r o t i s  m f  @ . P .  A f 󰁾 o s ,  󰁿  ` i g ï h t b a i  ` i h  f a    

n r u p i .  󰂹 F 󰁼 o s t f  b a n u h b  i t r b  i p ` o ð h 9  󰂹 @ u â a  ` r f f s  q u f  f s  p i s o j a f 9  󰂹 T i r  q u ï 9    

F 󰁰 󰁽 b g i 󰁰  󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁽 b h m i  b 󰁲 󰁶 ç  m f  f 󰁳 o 󰁽 b 󰁺  󰁲 󰁶 f  b a n 󰁶 o f h  m o n b  a b  g b 󰁿 i 󰁺  m f  a b 󰁰    

󰁽 i h 󰁽 f 󰁺 ç b 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  b  g f h 󰁶 m i  󰁰 f  l b h  m o ` l i  f h  ` 󰁶 b h 󰁽 i  b  F a ;  󰂥 F 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰁿  m o 󰁰 p 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 i  b    

b ` f p 󰁽 b 󰁺  b  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰  ` i g i  󰁶 h  n 󰁺 b h  g b f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i  m f  g i 󰁺 b a ,  p f 󰁺 i  h i  b ` f p 󰁽 i  󰁰 󰁶      

b  󰁺 g b ` o ð h  m f  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁺 b  M o i 󰁰 󰂵 .  F 󰁰 󰁽 i  f 󰁰  b a n i  󰁲 󰁶 f  h i  m f j f 󰁺 ç b g i 󰁰  m f ` o 󰁺 .  F a    

l i g j 󰁺 f  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 o h  󰁰 f 󰁺  g â 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  l i g j 󰁺 f  l b 󰁿 b  m o ` l i  a b  ` a b 󰁰 f  m f  ` i 󰁰 b 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f    

 K f 󰁰 û 󰁰 m o k i , h i f 󰁰 󰁶 h n 󰁺 b h g i 󰁺 b a o 󰁰 󰁽 b . J o f h f 󰁰 󰁶 h a 󰁶 h â 󰁽 o ` i 󰁲 󰁶 f f 󰁰 󰁽 â b a   

g o 󰁰 g i  h o 󰁳 f a  m f a  󰁲 󰁶 f  m o ` f  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰  󰁶 h  l 󰁶 f 󰁳 i  c 󰁺 o 󰁽 i  i  󰁶 h  m f g i h o i  m f a    

o h  f 󰁺 h i .  T 󰁶 f m f 󰁰  l b ` f 󰁺  󰁽 󰁶  f a f ` ` o ð h .  I  j o f h  f 󰁰 󰁽 f  l i g j 󰁺 f  f 󰁺 b ,  󰁿  f 󰁰  f a  L o k i    

m f  M o i 󰁰 5  i  f 󰁺 b  󰁶 h  a i ` i  i  b a n i  p f i 󰁺 .  F 󰁰 ` b 󰁺 h ï ` f a f  ` i g i  b  󰁶 h  o h 󰁰 f h 󰁰 b 󰁽 i ,  

f 󰁰 ` û p f a i  󰁿  g â 󰁽 b a i  ` i g i  b  󰁶 h  m f g i h o i 5  i  ` b f  b  󰁰 󰁶 󰁰  p o f 󰁰  󰁿  p 󰁺 i ` a â g b a i    

` i g i  P f ò i 󰁺  󰁿  M o i 󰁰 .  T f 󰁺 i  h i  b 󰁰 󰁶 g b g i 󰁰  a b  󰁽 i h 󰁽 b  b ` 󰁽 o 󰁽 󰁶 m  ` i h m f 󰁰 ` f h m o f h 󰁽 f    

m f  m f ` o 󰁺  󰁲 󰁶 f  c 󰁶 f  󰁶 h  n 󰁺 b h  g b f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i  m f  a b  l 󰁶 g b h o m b m .  Ï a  h i  h i 󰁰    

 p 󰁺 i p i 󰁺 ` o i h b ` b g p i p b 󰁺 b 󰁽 b a 󰁰 󰁶 p i 󰁰 o ` o ð h . H i c 󰁶 f f 󰁰 i a i 󰁲 󰁶 f F a o h 󰁽 f h 󰁽 ð . 
 

H i 󰁰  f h c 󰁺 f h 󰁽 b g i 󰁰 ,  f h 󰁽 i h ` f 󰁰 ,  b  󰁶 h b  b a 󰁽 f 󰁺 h b 󰁽 o 󰁳 b  b 󰁽 f 󰁺 󰁺 b m i 󰁺 b .  B  g ç  g f    

 p b 󰁺 f ` f i j 󰁳 o i 󰁲 󰁶 f h i c 󰁶 f h o 󰁶 h a 󰁶 h â 󰁽 o ` i h o 󰁶 h ` l o  b m i 5 f h ` i h 󰁰 f ` 󰁶 f h ` o b , 

 p i 󰁺 f 󰁼 󰁽 󰁺 b ò i i 󰁽 f 󰁺 󰁺 o j a f 󰁲 󰁶 f f a b 󰁰 󰁶 h 󰁽 i h i 󰁰 p b 󰁺 f 󰁻 ` b , l f g i 󰁰 m f b ` f p 󰁽 b 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f   

Ï a  f 󰁺 b  󰁿  f 󰁰  M o i 󰁰 .  .  . 󰂵 .  

󰂥 G f r i  ` r o s t o b h o s g i 󰂵 ,  @ . P .  A f 󰁾 o s .  

󰂹 @ ð 󰁧 󰁩  󰁰 󰁢 󰁪 󰁦 󰁧 󰁩 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 󰁦  K 󰁦 󰁰 û 󰁰  󰁦 󰁼 󰁯 󰁰 󰁽 󰁯 ð  󰁺 󰁦 󰁢 󰁡 󰁧 󰁦 󰁨 󰁽 󰁦 9  󰂹 H 󰁩  󰁴 󰁶 󰁭 󰁩  󰁬 󰁢 󰁪 󰁦 󰁺  󰁰 󰁯 󰁭 󰁩      

󰁶 󰁨  󰁧 󰁯 󰁽 󰁩 9  󰂹 R 󰁶 ï  󰁭 󰁢 󰁽 󰁩 󰁰  󰁬 󰁯 󰁰 󰁽 ð 󰁺 󰁯 󰁠 󰁩 󰁰  󰁽 󰁦 󰁨 󰁦 󰁧 󰁩 󰁰  󰁭 󰁦  󰁰 󰁶  󰁦 󰁼 󰁯 󰁰 󰁽 󰁦 󰁨 󰁠 󰁯 󰁢 ,  󰁲 󰁶 ï  󰁬 󰁯 󰁻 󰁩  󰁿      

󰁲 󰁶 󰁯 ï 󰁨  󰁣 󰁶 󰁦 9      

B a  g b r n f h  m f  a i s  m b t i s  l o s t ð r o ` i s  m f g i s t r b m i s  m f  a i s  f 󰁳 b h n f a o i s  󰁿  a b s    

f p ç s t i a b s  m f a  H u f 󰁳 i  ] f s t b g f h t i  ( m i ` u g f h t i s  f s ` r o t i s  g u 󰁿  ` f r ` b  f h  f a    

t o f g p i  m f  a i s  l f ` l i s  q u f  ` u f h t b h ,  m f s m f  f a  p u h t i  m f  󰁳 o s t b  m f  a i s    

l o s t i r o b m i r f s ,  f h t r f  t r f o h t b  󰁿  ` u b r f h t b  b ò i s ) ,  a b  f 󰁼 o s t f h ` o b  m f  K f s û s  m f    

H b 󰁻 b r f t  ` i g i  p f r s i h b k f  l o s t ð r o ` i  f s t â  b g p a o b g f h t f  m f g i s t r b m b  p i r  i t r i s    

m i ` u g f h t i s  m f  f s ` r o t i r f s  h i  ` r o s t o b h i s  ` i g i  C a b 󰁳 o i  K i s f c i ,  T a o h o i ,  

P u f t i h o i  󰁿  ] â ` o t i .  F  o h ` a u s i  m f  s u s  p r i p o i s  f h f g o n i s ,  ` i g i  a i s    

` i g f h t b r o i s  q u f  p b r f ` f h  m f  K f s û s  f h  f a  ] b a g u m .  P o  m u m b g i s  m f  s u    

l o s t i r o ` o m b m  m f j f r ç b g i s  m u m b r  t b g j o ï h  m f  a b  f 󰁼 o s t f h ` o b  m f  K u a o i  @ ï s b r ,  

T a b t ð h ,  B r o s t ð t f a f s 󲀣        

@ i h t r b r o b g f h t f  b  a i  q u f  p i p u a b r g f h t f  s f  p o f h s b ,  a b  ` i g u h o m b m    

b ` b m ï g o ` b  ` b s o  f h  s u  t i t b a o m b m  h i  m u m b  m f  s u  f 󰁼 o s t f h ` o b .  A b  p r f n u h t b  f s  a b    

s o n u o f h t f ;  󰂹 q u ï  s o n h o  ` b  p b r b  h i s i t r i s  a b  󰁳 o m b  m f  K f s û s ,  󰁿  p i r  q u ï  l o 󰁻 i  a i    

q u f  l o 󰁻 i 9  _ ,  p i r  û a t o g i ,  a b  o h ` ð n h o t b  q u f  a i  ` b g j o b  t i m i ;  󰂹 p i r  q u ï  a b    

t u g j b  m f  K f s û s  q u f m ð  󰁳 b ` ç b 9    

󰂹 T 󰁩 󰁺  󰁲 󰁶 ï  K 󰁦 󰁰 û 󰁰  󰁦 󰁰  󰁦 󰁡  û 󰁨 󰁯 󰁠 󰁩  󰁠 󰁢 󰁧 󰁯 󰁨 󰁩  󰁢  M 󰁯 󰁩 󰁰 9  󰂹 H 󰁩  󰁦 󰁰  󰁦 󰁰 󰁩  󰁴 󰁺 󰁦 󰁽 󰁦 󰁨 󰁠 󰁯 󰁩 󰁰 󰁩 9      

F h  f s t f  g u h m i  r f a b t o 󰁳 o s t b ,  b  r g b r  q u f  K f s û s  f s  a b  󰁳 f r m b m ,  f a  ` b g o h i  󰁿  a b    

󰁳 o m b  p u f m f  s i h b r  b r r i n b h t f ,  f s  b a n i  q u f  󰁳 b  ` i h t r b  a b  ` u a t u r b .  F s t b g i s    

b ` i s t u g j r b m i s  b  f 󰁼 p r f s o i h f s  ` i g i ;  󰂥 t u  t f h  t u  󰁳 f r m b m ,  󰁿 i  t f h n i  a b  g ç b 󰂵 ,  

p f r i  u s b h m i  g f r b g f h t f  a b  a ð n o ` b ,  a b  󰁳 f r m b m  f s  p i r  m f  h o ` o ð h  f 󰁼 ` a u 󰁿 f h t f  m f    

b  r g b ` o i h f s  ` i h t r b r o b s  b  f a a b .  _  m i s  󰁳 f r m b m f s  ` i h t r b m o ` t i r o b s ,  h i  p u f m f h    

s f r  ` o f r t b s  b  a b  󰁳 f 󰁻 .  ] b g p i ` i  u h b  b  r g b ` o ð h  p u f m f  s f r  ` o f r t b  󰁿  c b a s b    

s o g u a t â h f b g f h t f .  

F 󰁼 o s t f  u h b  󰁳 f r m b m  i j k f t o 󰁳 b  p i r  f h ` o g b  m f  h u f s t r b s  󰂥 󰁳 f r m b m f s  s u j k f t o 󰁳 b s 󰂵 ,  

s o  h i ,  t i m i  f s  i p o h o ð h  󰁿  f s t b g i s  ` i h m f h b m i s  b  k b g â s  ` i h i ` f r  a b  󰁳 f r m b m ,  󰁿    
 

h i  s b j f r  q u ï  f s t â  j o f h ,  i  q u ï  f s t â  g b a ,  q u ï  f s  ` o f r t i  󰁿  q u ï  f s  c b a s i .  A b    

p r f n u h t b  f s ,  ` u â a  f s  a b  󰂥 󰁳 f r m b m f r b  󰁳 f r m b m 󰂵 .  F h  f s f  s f h t o m i ,  b  r g b g i s ,  

` i g i  f h  f a  @ r f m i ,  q u f  K f s û s  f s  a b  󰁳 f r m b m ,  f a  L o k i  m f  M o i s .  M f j f g i s  b j i r m b r    

a b  ` u f s t o ð h  m f  s o  f s  ` o f r t i  i  f s  c b a s i ,  s o  f h ` b k b  ` i h  a b s  f 󰁳 o m f h ` o b s ,  ` i h  a b    

r f b a o m b m  m f  ` ð g i  f s  f a  g u h m i ,  m f  ` ð g i  s i g i s  h i s i t r i s  󰁿  m f  a i  q u f  i ` u r r o ð    

f h  f a  s o n a i  O .  A b s  ` i h s f ` u f h ` o b s  m f  a b s  r f s p u f s t b s  q u f  f h ` i h t r f g i s  b  f s b s    

p r f n u h t b s  p i m r ç b h  ` b g j o b r  h u f s t r b s  󰁳 o m b s .  

ZFPVGFH
F a  @ r f m i  s i j r f  t i m i  l b j a b  m f  K f s û s .  

F a  B h t o n u i  ] f s t b g f h t i  b p u h t b  l b ` o b  K f s û s .  F a  H u f 󰁳 i  ] f s t b g f h t i    

m b  t f s t o g i h o i  m f  Ï a .  

P i a i  b  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  K f s û s  p i m f g i s  󰂥 󰁳 f r 󰂵  󰁿  󰂥 ` i h i ` f r 󰂵  b  M o i s .  

H i  t f h f g i s  u h b  c f  g f r b g f h t f  o h t f a f ` t u b a ,  h i  f s  s i a i  u h  ` û g u a i    

m f  o h c i r g b ` o ð h ,  f s  u h  f h ` u f h t r i  r f b a  ` i h  K f s û s .  

K f s û s  f s  ` o f h  p i r  ` o f h t i  l u g b h i  󰁿  ` o f h  p i r  ` o f h t i  m o 󰁳 o h i .  

K f s û s  f s  M o i s ,  h i  u h  s f g o m o ð s ,  f s  f t f r h i ,  f a  L o k i  m f  M o i s .  

A i  q u f  m f ` o m b g i s  b ` f r ` b  m f  K f s û s ,  m f t f r g o h b  h u f s t r b  o m f h t o m b m .  

A b  r b 󰁻 ð h  m f  s u  󰁳 f h o m b  c u f  f a  b g i r  m f  M o i s  p i r  a b  l u g b h o m b m  ( K h    

0 . 2 3 ) .  

K f s û s  f s  u h  p f r s i h b k f  l o s t ð r o ` i ,  h i  u h  g o t i  i  u h b  s o g p a f    

` r f f h ` o b .  F h  f a  ` f h t r i  m f  h u f s t r b  c f ,  h i  l b 󰁿  m i n g b s  h o  a f 󰁿 f s ,  s o h i    

a b  󰁳 o m b ,  a b  g u f r t f  󰁿  a b  r f s u r r f ` ` o ð h  m f  u h b  p f r s i h b ;  K f s û s ,  f a    

@ r o s t i .  

 MOÂAINIP
󰂹  @ ð g i  f s  M o i s  󰀹      󰂥   M o i s  f s  ` i g i  K f s û s 󰂵     󰀨    󰂹  R u ï  q u o f r f  m f ` o r  f s t b      

c r b s f   󰀹     󰂹   R u ï  p o f h s b s  m f  f a a b    󰀹    

󰂹  R u ï  p o f h s b h  t u s  b g o n i s  m f  K f s û s  󰀹    󰂹    T i r  q u ï  a i  p o f h s b h   󰀹    󰂹    @ ð g i      

p i m f g i s  b y u m b r a f s  b  ` i h i ` f r a f  ` i g i  q u o f h  r f b a g f h t f  f s   󰀹     

󰂹 
R u ï  ` i s b s  p r â ` t o ` b s  p i m f g i s  l b ` f r  p b r b  ` i h i ` f r  g â s  y  g f k i r  b      

 K f s û s  󰀹 

󰂹  R u ï  f s  a i  q u f  g â s  t f  l b  a a b g b m i  a b  b t f h ` o ð h  m f  f s t b  a f ` ` o ð h   󰀹     
 

TZICVHMO[B FH ]V @ZFMI
-  T b n â h ,  P b g u f a .   K f 󰁰 û 󰁰 m f H b 󰁻 b 󰁺 f  󰁽   .  F m o t i r o b a  @ A O F .  S o a b m f ` b 󰁳 b a a s ,  F s p b ò b .  

: 4 2 : .  

-  M f a â s ,  F m u b r m i .  M o i 󰁰  f 󰁰  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰  m f  H b 󰁻 b 󰁺 f 󰁽 .      M P G  F m o ` o i h f s .  S b a a s ,  F s p b ò b .  

: 4 4 > .  

-  _ b h ` f 󰁿 ,  T l o a o p .  F a  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  h 󰁶 h ` b  ` i h i ` ç .      F m o t i r o b a  S o m b .  G o b g o ,  

C a i r o m b .  2 ? ? 3 .  

-  A f 󰁾 o s  @ .  P .  G f 󰁺 i  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 o b h o 󰁰 g i   .    F m o ` o i h f s  Z O B A T .  G b m r o m ,  F s p b ò b .  : 4 4 6 .  

-  ^ r o n l t ,  H .  ] .  P f h ` o a a b g f h 󰁽 f  K f 󰁰 û 󰁰 .      F m o t i r o b a  T T @ .  G b m r o m ,  F s p b ò b .  : 4 2 = .  
 

:. MOIP TBMZF
󰂥 󰁀 󰁺 󰁦 󰁦 󰁧 󰁩 󰁰  󰁦 󰁨  󰁶 󰁨  󰁰 󰁩 󰁡 󰁩  󰁍 󰁯 󰁩 󰁰 ,  󰁔 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺 󰁦  󰁝 󰁩 󰁭 󰁩 󰁴 󰁩 󰁭 󰁦 󰁺 󰁩 󰁰 󰁩 ,  󰁀 󰁺 󰁦 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 󰁺  󰁭 󰁦 󰁡  󰁠 󰁯 󰁦 󰁡 󰁩  󰁿  󰁭 󰁦  󰁡 󰁢      

󰁽 󰁯 󰁦 󰁺 󰁺 󰁢 ,  󰁭 󰁦  󰁽 󰁩 󰁭 󰁩  󰁡 󰁩  󰁳 󰁯 󰁰 󰁯 󰁪 󰁡 󰁦  󰁿  󰁡 󰁩  󰁯 󰁨 󰁳 󰁯 󰁰 󰁯 󰁪 󰁡 󰁦 󲀣 󰂵      

OH]ZIMV@@OÐH
A b  o m f b  m f  M o i s  ` i g i  T b m r f  f s  r f v i a u ` o i h b r o b .  P o f g p r f  q u f  K f s û s  l b j a b j b    

` i h  M o i s  s f  r f c f r ç b  b  Ï a  ` i g i  B j j b ,  p b p â .  C u f  u h b  m f  a b s  r b 󰁻 i h f s  p i r  a b    

q u f  a i  ` r u ` o  ` b r i h .  

@ u b h m i  h i s  f h s f ò ð  b  i r b r ,  f h  A u ` b s  2 2 ,  h i s  m o k i  q u f  h i s  r f  r o ï s f g i s  b  Ï a    

` i g i  T b m r f .  V h  p b m r f  j u f h i ,  g o s f r o ` i r m o i s i ,  s ç ,  f s t â  f h  a i s  ` o f a i s ,  p f r i  f s    

h u f s t r i  T b m r f .  

R u f  M o i s  s f b  h u f s t r i  p b m r f  t o f h f  o g p a o ` b ` o i h f s  g u 󰁿  p r i c u h m b s  f h  h u f s t r b    

v o m b ;  h i s  m b  s f h t o m i ,  o m f h t o m b m ,  p r i p ð s o t i .  

K f s û s  v o h i  b  g i s t r b r h i s  b a  T b m r f .  F s i  f s  a i  q u f  Ï a  s o f g p r f  l b  s o m i ,  f s  a b    

g f t â c i r b  g â s  p f r c f ` t b  p b r b  l b j a b r  m f  Ï a ,  󰁿  t u g j b  h u f s t r i s  p r f ` i h ` f p t i s    

b ` f r ` b  m f  u h  M o i s  b a f k b m i  m f  a b  l u g b h o m b m  i  m o s t i r s o i h b m i  p i r  h u f s t r b s    

g b a b s  f 󰁼 p f r o f h ` o b s .  

F h  a b  p b r â j i a b  g â s  ` i h i ` o m b  m f  K f s û s ,  a b  m f a  l o k i  p r ð m o n i  f h  A u ` b s  2 6  s f    

h i s  r f v f a b  f a  ` b r â ` t f r  m f a  T b m r f .  @ i h t r b r o b g f h t f  b  a i  q u f  a b  n f h t f  o g b n o h b    

m f  M o i s ,  q u f  f s  u h  k u s t o ` o f r i ,  i  u h b  c u f r 󰁻 b  o g p f r s i h b a ,  f t ` . ,  K f s û s  h i s    

f h s f ò b  q u f  M o i s  f s ,  s i j r f  t i m i ,  T b m r f .  Ï a  f s  m o n h i  m f  ` i h  b h 󰁻 b ,  f s  m f ` o r ,  

m f  c f .  T i r  f s i  f a  @ r f m i  ` i g o f h 󰁻 b  ` i h  󰂥 ` r f f g i s  f h  u h  s i a i  M o i s ,  T b m r f 󲀣 󰂵 .  

F 󰁼 p f r o g f h t b r  b  M o i s  ` i g i  T b m r f  p u f m f  ` b g j o b r a i  t i m i .  T i r  f s i ,  m f s p u ï s    

m f  l b j f r  p r i c u h m o 󰁻 b m i  f h  a b  p f r s i h b  m f  K f s û s ,  m f j f g i s  s f n u o r  ` i h  q u o f h    

v o h i  b  g i s t r b r h i s .  

󰂹  󰀹 
R u ï  o g p f m o g f h t i s  t o f h f  a b  n f h t f  p b r b  ` i h s o m f r b r  b  M o i s  ` i g i  u h  T b m r f      

(AB OMFB MF MOIP @IGI TBMZF

FP ZFSIAV@OIHBZOB)
AF@@OÐH ]FIAÐNO@B
 

F a  @ r f m i  ` i g o f h 󰁻 b  ` i h  a b  s o g p a f  p b a b j r b  󰂥 ` r f f g i s 󰂵 .  @ r f f r  f h  M o i s  h i    

p b r f ` f r ç b  s f r  ` i s b  m o c ç ` o a ,  󰁿 b  q u f  f h  t i m b  a b  l o s t i r o b  󰁿  f h  t i m b  ` u a t u r b  l b    

l b j o m i  m o i s f s  󰁿  ` r f f h ` o b s  f h  s f r f s  s u p r f g i s .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  f h  g u ` l b s    

u h o v f r s o m b m f s  m f  a b  b ` t u b a o m b m  f a  h i ` r f f r  f h  M o i s  s u f a f  s f r  a b  ` i r r o f h t f    

g â s  p i p u a b r .  A b  o h  u f h ` o b  m f  b a n u h b s  ` o f h ` o b s ,  t b a f s  ` i g i  a b  s o ` i a i n ç b  󰁿    

s i ` o i a i n ç b ,  󰁿  t b g j o ï h  a b  b h t r i p i a i n ç b ,  m f s m f  f a  s o n a i  O \  f h  F u r i p b  󰁿  a u f n i    

f h  H i r t f b g ï r o ` b ,  l b  o h v b m o m i  a i s  ` f h t r i s  m f  f m u ` b ` o ð h  s u p f r o i r .  A b  t f i r ç b    

m f  M b r 󰁾 o h ,  p r f s f h t b m b  f h  F a  i 󰁺 o n f h  m f  a b 󰁰  f 󰁰 󰁴 f ` o f 󰁰 ,  ` b g j o ð  p b r b  s o f g p r f  a b    

j b s f  m f  a b s  ` r f f h ` o b s  k u m f i - ` r o s t o b h b s ,  q u f  M o i s  f s  f a  ` r f b m i r  m f  t i m i  q u f    

f 󰁼 o s t f  f h  h u f s t r i  g u h m i .  @ i h  f a  t o f g p i ,  b a n u h b s  o h s t o t u ` o i h f s  m f    

f m u ` b ` o ð h  s u p f r o i r ,  q u f  l b j ç b h  ` i g f h 󰁻 b m i  ` i g i  s f g o h b r o i s  i  ` f h t r i s  p b r b    

a b  c i r g b ` o ð h  m f  p b s t i r f s ,  ` b g j o b r i h  p i r  ` i g p a f t i  s u  r b 󰁻 ð h  m f  s f r ,  l b s t b  f a    

p u h t i  m f  h i  p f r g o t o r  f s t u m o i s  j ç j a o ` i s  f h  s u s  r f ` o h t i s .  

M i g o h 󰁶 󰁰  o a a 󰁶 g o h b 󰁽 o i  g f b   .    󰂥   F a  P f ò i r  f s  g o  a u 󰁻 󰂵 .  A f g b  m f  a b  V h o v f r s o m b m  m f    

I 󰁼 c i r m ,  p r o g f r b  u h o v f r s o m b m  o h n a f s b  m f a  g u h m i .  

@ r f f r  f h  b a n i  f s  ` i h  b r  󰁿  t f h f r  p r u f j b  m f  q u f  f a  i j k f t i ,  a b  o m f b  i  f a    

o h m o v o m u i  f h  q u f  s f  ` r f f  f s  v f r m b m f r i  󰁿  ` i h  b j a f .  F h t r f  s u s  s o h ð h o g i s  s f    

p i m r ç b h  o h ` a u o r  a i s  s o n u o f h t f s ;   b m g o t o r ,  b ` f p t b r ,  b  r g b r ,  p r f t f h m f r ,  s i s t f h f r ,  

g b h t f h f r ,   o g b n o h b r ,  s u p i h f r ,  ` i h s o m f r b r ,  p f h s b r ,  f h t f h m f r ,  i p o h b r ,   p r i c f s b r ,  

s f n u o r .  A b  u h o v f r s o m b m  f s  c r u t i  m f  a b  ` i s g i v o s o ð h  ` r o s t o b h b  f h  F u r i p b .  

A b  Z f b a  B ` b m f g o b  m f  a b  A f h n u b  F s p b ò i a b ,  p r f s f h t b  m f  h o ` o i h f s  q u f    

r f  f k b h  p f r c f ` t b g f h t f  a i  q u f  s f  p i m r ç b  s o n h o  ` b r  p i r  a b  p b a b j r b  󰂥 ` r f f g i s 󰂵    

f h  f a  @ r f m i  m f  a i s  B p ð s t i a f s ;  

2 .  ] f h f r  b a n i  p i r  ` o f r t i  s o h  ` i h i ` f r a i  m f  g b h f r b  m o r f ` t b  i  s o h  q u f    

f s t ï  ` i g p r i j b m i  i  m f g i s t r b m i .  

: .  ] f h f r  b  b a n u o f h  p i r  v f r b 󰁻 .  

0 .  T f h s b r  u  i p o h b r  b a n i  v f r m b m f r i .  

= .  ] f h f r  b a n i  p i r  v f r i s ç g o a  i  p r i j b j a f .  

6 .  B t r o j u o r  g f h t b a g f h t f  b  b a n u o f h  i  b a n i  u h b  m f t f r g o h b m b    

` b r b ` t f r ç s t o ` b ,  s o t u b ` o ð h  i  f s t b m i .  

3 .  ] f h f r  ` r f f h ` o b s  r f a o n o i s b s .  

> .  ] f h f r  p i r  ` o f r t i  q u f  b a n u o f h  i  b a n i  f 󰁼 o s t f  v f r m b m f r b g f h t f .  
 

< .  ] f h f r  ` i h  b h 󰁻 b  f h  b a n u o f h  i  b a n i .  

A b  p r f n u h t b  b q u ç  s f r ç b  ` ð g i  s f  a a f n b  b  ` r f f r .  󰂹 P f  h f ` f s o t b  p b s b r  p i r  u h b    

s f r o f  m f  f 󰁼 p f r o f h ` o b s  p f r s i h b a f s  i  f 󰁼 p f r o g f h t i s  f h  u h  a b j i r b t i r o i  p b r b    

` i g p r i j b r  q u f  b a n i  f s  ` o f r t i 9  󰂹 A a f n b r  b  ` r f f r  f s  u h  p r i ` f s i ,  i  p u f m f  s f r    

o h s t b h t â h f i 9  󰂹 @ i h  b r  f s  b a n i  h b t u r b a ,  i  b a n i  q u f  s f  t o f h f  q u f  b p r f h m f r 9    

B a n i  ` o f r t i  f s  q u f  ` b m b  l i g j r f  󰁿  g u k f r  f s  û h o ` i ,  ` i h  s u  p r i p o b    

p f r s i h b a o m b m .  L b 󰁿  p f r s i h b s  q u f  ` r f f h  f h  t i m i  󰁿  f h  t i m i s ,  l b s t b  q u f  s f  a f s    

g u f s t r f  a i  i p u f s t i 5  󰁿  f 󰁼 o s t f h  a b s  q u f  h i  ` r f f h  f h  h b m b  󰁿  f h  h b m o f ,  l b s t b    

q u f  s f  a f s  g u f s t r f  q u f  f s  v f r m b m  󰁿  ` i h  b j a f .  ] b g j o ï h  l b 󰁿  q u f  t i g b r  f h    

` u f h t b  a b  ` u a t u r b  ( 󰁿  t b g j o ï h  a b s  s u j ` u a t u r b s )  f s p f ` ç  ` b  m f  a b  q u f  p r i v o f h f    

` b m b  p f r s i h b .  V h  h o ò i  i  h o ò b  q u f  h b ` f  m f  p b m r f s  f v b h n ï a o ` i s ,  g u 󰁿    

p r i j b j a f g f h t f  ` r f ` f r ç b  ` i h  u h b  c f  ` r o s t o b h b ,  p i r  a i  g f h i s  f h  m i ` t r o h b .  A i    

g o s g i  b ` i h t f ` f r ç b  ` i h  h o ò i s  q u f  h b ` f h  f h  u h b  c b g o a o b  k u m ç b ,  g u s u a g b h b  i    

j u m o s t b ,  i  b u h  b t f b .  

L b 󰁿  p f r s i h b s  q u f  q u o s o f r b h  ` r f f r  f h  M o i s ,  p f r i  p i r  s u s  f 󰁼 p f r o f h ` o b s  f h  a b    

v o m b  s f  a f s  l b ` f  m o c ç ` o a .  L b 󰁿  i t r i s  q u f  s o g p a f g f h t f  p r f  f r f h  h i  ` r f f r ,  

p i r q u f  a f s  f s  g â s  c â ` o a .  _  f s t â h  a i s  q u f  ` r f f h  f h  M o i s ,  p f r i  p r f  f r f h    

g b h t f h f r  s u s  p r i p o b s  m f  h o ` o i h f s  m f  q u o ï h  f s  Ï a .  

󰂹  @ ð g i  t f  m f  h o r ç b s  t û    󰀹    󰂹   @ ð g i  f s  t u  c i r g b  m f  ` r f f r 󰀹       

A i s  o s r b f a o t b s  m f a  B h t o n u i  ] f s t b g f h t i  ` r f 󰁿 f r i h  f h  s u  M o i s ,  p f r i  ` u b h m i    

a b s  ` i s b s  h i  o j b h  j o f h ,  s f  i a v o m b j b h  i  j u s ` b j b h  i t r i s  m o i s f s ,  󰂥 p i r  s o  

b ` b s i 󰂵 .  F a  g o s g i  r f 󰁿  󰁿  s b a g o s t b  M b v o m  f 󰁼 p r f s b j b  s u s  m u m b s ,  󰁿  f a  c b g i s i    

K i j  t u v i  q u f  m f t f r g o h b r  s o  ` r f ç b  i  h i  f h  M o i s .  B a  a a f n b r  b a  t o f g p i  f h  q u f    

K f s û s  v o h i  b a  g u h m i ,  a b  ` r f f h ` o b  f h  M o i s  s f  l b j ç b  c i r g b m i ,  c i r g u a b m i  󰁿    

c i r g b a o 󰁻 b m i  f h  u h b  s f r o f  m f  r f n a b g f h t i s  󰁿  r o t i s  m f t f r g o h b m i  p i r  a i s    

C b r o s f i s  󰁿  a i s  P b m u ` f i s .  B c i r t u h b m b g f h t f ,  l b j ç b  p f r s i h b s  ` i g i  K u b h  f a    

J b u t o s t b  q u f  h i  p f r g o t o f r i h  q u f  a b s  󰂥 r f n a b s 󰂵  l u g b h b s  i c u s ` b r b h  a b  a u 󰁻  m f    

@ r o s t i .  

F h  a b  J o j a o b  f h ` i h t r b g i s  v b r o i s  f k f g p a i s  m f  p f r s i h b s  q u f  r f v f a b h  s u s    

g b h f r b s  m f  ` r f f r .  H o ` i m f g i  q u f r ç b  ` r f f r ,  p f r i  t f h ç b  g o f m i  m f  a i  q u f  i t r i s    

p f h s b r ç b h ,  b s ç  q u f  v o h i  b  K f s û s  m f  h i ` l f  ( K h  0 ) .  F a  p b m r f  q u f  a f  p o m o ð  b    

K f s û s  s b h b r  b  s u  l o k i  m o k i ;  󰂥 @ r f i 󰂵 ,  p f r i  m f s p u ï s  ` i h c f s ð  s u s  m o  ` u a t b m f s ,  
 

b a  p f m o r  b 󰁿 u m b  p b r b  󰂥 h i  m u m b r 󰂵  ( G r  ? ; : = ) .  ] i g â s ,  u h i  m f  a i s  m i ` f    

m o s ` ç p u a i s ,  m o k i  b  s u s  ` i g p b ò f r i s  q u f  h i  ` r f f r ç b ,  b  g f h i s  q u f  p u m o f r b  v f r    

󰁿  t i ` b r  b  K f s û s  ( K h  : 4 ; : 6 ) .  A i s  m i s  m o s ` ç p u a i s  f h  f a  ` b g o h i  b  F g b û s    

f s t b j b h  t b h  p r f i ` u p b m i s  ` i h  s u s  p r i p o i s  s f h t o g o f h t i s  q u f  h i  p u m o f r i h    

r f ` i h i ` f r  b a  g o s g i  P f ò i r  ` u b h m i  s f  a f s  b p b r f ` o ð  f h  f a  ` b g o h i .  V h i  m f  a i s    

f k f g p a i s  g â s  t r o s t f s  c u f  f a  m f a  r f 󰁿  B n r o p b ,  b a  m f ` o r ;  󰂥 󲀣 @ b 󰁰 o  g f  ` i h 󰁳 f h ` f 󰁰  b      

l b ` f 󰁺 g f  ` 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 o b h i 󰂵 .    ( L ` l  : 3 ; : < ) .  A i s  k f c f s  m f  a i s  s b ` f r m i t f s  󰁿  a i s  g b f s t r i s    

m f  a b  A f 󰁿  h i  p u m o f r i h  ` r f f r  f h  K f s û s ,  a i  q u f  a i s  p u j a o ` b h i s  󰁿  a b s    

p r i s t o t u t b s  s ç  p u m o f r i h  l b ` f r  ( G t  : 2 ; 0 : ) .  

A b  h b t u r b a f 󰁻 b  l u g b h b  h i  l b  ` b g j o b m i  f h  m i s  g o a  b ò i s ,  󰁿  l i 󰁿  m ç b  f 󰁼 o s t f    

t i m b  ` a b s f  m f  g b h f r b s  m f  ` r f f r  i  h i  ` r f f r .  A b  b p u f s t b  m f a  g b t f g â t o ` i ,  

c ç s o ` i ,  o h v f h t i r ,  f s ` r o t i r   󰁿 󰁽 f ð a i n i J a b s  T b s ` b a ,  f s  u h  b r n u g f h t i  ` r f b m i    

p b r b  t f h f r  u h b  m o s ` u s o ð h  s i j r f  a b  ` r f f h ` o b  f h  a b  f 󰁼 o s t f h ` o b  m f  M o i s .  F a    

b r n u g f h t i  p a b h t f b  q u f ,  b u h q u f  h i  s f  ` i h i ` f  m f  g i m i  s f n u r i  s o  M o i s    

f 󰁼 o s t f ,  a i  r b ` o i h b a  f s  b p i s t b r  q u f  s ç  f 󰁼 o s t f .  B u h  ` u b h m i  a b  p r i j b j o a o m b m  m f    

a b  f 󰁼 o s t f h ` o b  m f  M o i s  c u f r b  f 󰁼 t r f g b m b g f h t f  p f q u f ò b ,  t b a  p f q u f ò f 󰁻  s f r ç b    

` i g p f h s b m b  p i r  a b  n r b h  n b h b h ` o b  q u f  s f  i j t f h m r ç b ,  i  s f b ,  a b  v o m b  f t f r h b    

` i h  M o i s .  F a  b r n u g f h t i  p a b h t f b  ` u b t r i  f s ` f h b r o i s ;  

V h i  p u f m f  ` r f f r  f h  M o i s 5  s o  f 󰁼 o s t f ,  f h t i h ` f s  o r â s  b a  ` o f a i .  

V h i  p u f m f  ` r f f r  f h  M o i s 5  s o  h i  f 󰁼 o s t f ,  f h t i h ` f s  h i  n b h b r â s  h b m b .  

V h i  p u f m f  h i  ` r f f r  f h  M o i s 5  s o  h i  f 󰁼 o s t f ,  f h t i h ` f s  t b g p i ` i    

n b h b r â s  h b m b .  

V h i  p u f m f  h i  ` r f f r  f h  M o i s 5  s o  f 󰁼 o s t f ,  f h t i h ` f s  h i  o r â s  b a  ` o f a i    

 T u f m f s  u s b r  f s t b  b p u f s t b  p b r b  b j r o r  u h b  ` i h v f r s b ` o ð h  b ` f r ` b  m f a  t f g b  f h      

󰀡   󰀡 󰀨 
f a  n r u p i      p   r f n u h t b r  q u ï  a f s  p b r f ` f      `   u â a  f s  s u  i p o h o ð h  b a  r f s p f ` t i      

P o  l b 󰁿  u h b  s i a b  p b a b j r b  q u f  m f s ` r o j f  b a  s f n u o m i r  m f  K f s u ` r o s t i ,  q u f  b m i r b    

b a  M o i s  v f r m b m f r i  󰁿  g o h o s t r b  f h  f a  p i m f r  m f a  F s p ç r o t u  P b h t i ,  f s  a b  p b a b j r b    

󰂥 ` r f 󰁿 f h t f 󰂵 .  T u f m f  l b j f r  ` b t ð a o ` i s ,  i r t i m i 󰁼 i s ,  f v b h n ï a o ` i s ,  j b u t o s t b s ,  

p f h t f ` i s t b a f s ,  u  ` u b a q u o f r  i t r i  s o h h û g f r i  m f  ` a b s o  ` b ` o i h f s  f h t r f  a i s    

` r o s t o b h i s .  T f r i  a b  p b a b j r b  q u f  m f  h f  b a  v f r m b m f r i  s f n u o m i r  m f  M o i s ,  f s    

󰂥 ` r f 󰁿 f h t f 󰂵 .  F h  a b  J o j a o b  l b 󰁿  g â s  m f  q u o h o f h t b s  ` o h ` u f h t b  r f c f r f h ` o b s  b  a b    
 

p b a b j r b  󰂥 ` r f f r 󰂵  󰁿  s u s  v b r o b h t f s ,  󰁿  g â s  m f  ` u b t r i ` o f h t b s  ` o h ` u f h t b    

r f c f r f h ` o b s  b  a b  p b a b j r b  󰂥 c f 󰂵 .  

T f r i  m f s p u ï s  m f  l b j f r  f s t b j a f ` o m i  a i  o g p i r t b h t f  󰁿  h f ` f s b r o i  m f  ` 󰁺 f f 󰁺 ,   f s   

h f ` f s b r o i  h i  s i a i  m f t f r g o h b r  f h  󰁲 󰁶 ï   `   󰁺   f f 󰁺  ,     s o h i  f h  󰁲 󰁶 o ï h  ` 󰁺 f f 󰁺 .    F a  p b s t i r  󰁿    

b u t i r  A f i h b r m  P 󰁾 f f t ,  f s ` r o j f ;  󰂥 T b j a i  h i  m o k i  “ 󰁿 i  s ï  f h  q u ï  ` r f i ‟ ,  s o h i  “ s ï    

f h  q u o ï h  l f  ` r f ç m i ‟ 󰂵 .  ( :  ] o g  2 ; 2 : ) .  K u b h ,  q u o f h  f h  s u  F v b h n f a o i  p r f s f h t b    

u h b s  i ` l f h t b  󰁿  i ` l i  r f c f r f h ` o b s  m o r f ` t b s  i  o h m o r f ` t b s  b  ` r f f r ,  f s ` r o j f  f h  s u    

p r o g f r b  ` b r t b  󰂥 A f 󰁰  b h 󰁶 h ` o b g i 󰁰  b  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰  a b  T b a b j 󰁺 b  m f  󰁳 o m b  󰁲 󰁶 f  m f 󰁰 m f  f a    

 󰁴 󰁺 o h ` o 󰁴 o i 󰁿 b f 󰁼 o 󰁰 󰁽 ç b . 󰂢 H i 󰁰 i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰 g o 󰁰 g i 󰁰 a b i ç g i 󰁰 , a b 󰁳 o g i 󰁰 ` i h h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰   

 󰁴 󰁺 i 󰁴 o i 󰁰 i k i 󰁰 󰁿 a b 󰁴 b a 󰁴 b g i 󰁰 ` i h h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁰 g b h i 󰁰 ! 󰂵 .   ( 2 K u b h  2 ; 2 ) .  

(AB TBABJZB RVF MFCOHF BA SFZMBMFZI

PFNVOMIZ MF MOIP, FP «@ZF_FH]Fµ)
󰁈 󰁩  󰁦 󰁰  󰁠 󰁺 󰁦 󰁦 󰁺  󰁦 󰁨  󰁢 󰁡 󰁮 󰁩 ,  󰁦 󰁰  󰁠 󰁺 󰁦 󰁦 󰁺  󰁦 󰁨  󰁢 󰁡 󰁮 󰁶 󰁯 󰁦 󰁨      

F s t i  h i  s o n h o  ` b  q u f  h i  s f b  o g p i r t b h t f  ` r f f r  󰂥 b ` f r ` b  m f 󰂵  q u o f h  l f g i s    

` r f ç m i .  @ r f f g i s  ` i s b s  p i r q u f  ` i h  b g i s  f h  i t r i s  q u f  h i s  l b h  f h s f ò b m i .  

@ r f f g i s  p i r q u f  a f f g i s  f h  a b  J o j a o b ,  f h  a b  ` u b a  t b g j o ï h  ` i h  b g i s .  P o h    

f g j b r n i ,  f a  g ï m o ` i  A u ` b s ,  b a  ` i g f h 󰁻 b r  s u  f v b h n f a o i ,  b  r g b  a b s  s o n u o f h t f s    

p b a b j r b s ;  󰂥 G 󰁶 ` l i 󰁰  l b h  f 󰁰 ` 󰁺 o 󰁽 i  l o 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰁺 o b 󰁰  m f  a b 󰁰  ` i 󰁰 b 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 f  l b h  ` 󰁶 g 󰁴 a o m i      

f h 󰁽 󰁺 f  h i 󰁰 i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰 󰂵 .  ( A u ` b s  2 ; 2 ) .   A b  v f r s o ð h  m f  a b  J o j a o b  Z f o h b - S b a f r b  f g p a f b  a b    

c r b s f  󰂥   󰁲   󰁶 f  f h 󰁽 󰁺 f  h i 󰁰 i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰  l b h  󰁰 o m i  ` o f 󰁺 󰁽 ç 󰁰 o g b 󰁰 󰂵     . 

A u ` b s  s b j ç b  a i  q u f  ` r f ç b  p i r q u f  s f  a f  l b j ç b  f h s f ò b m i .  M f  o n u b a  g b h f r b ,  

g u ` l i s  k ð v f h f s  ` r o b m i s  f h  a b s  o n a f s o b s  p u f m f h  r f p f t o r  v f r s ç ` u a i s  m f    

g f g i r o b  󰁿  ` i h t b r  a b  g b 󰁿 i r ç b  m f  a b s  l o s t i r o b s  m f  a b  J o j a o b .  T f r i  b a  o n u b a  q u f    

` i h  A u ` b s ,  f s  h f ` f s b r o i  r f b a o 󰁻 b r  u h b  o h v f s t o n b ` o ð h  p r i p o b  m f  t i m i  a i  q u f  s f    

h i s  l b  s o m i  f h s f ò b m i  p b r b  q u f  u h i  p u f m b  ` r f f r  ` i h  ` i h v o ` ` o ð h  p r i p o b ,  󰁿    

h i  p i r q u f  f s  a b  ` r f f h ` o b  m f  i t r i .  

󰂹  R u ï  m o c f r f h ` o b  l b y  f h t r f  t f h f r  u h b  ` i h v o ` ` o ð h  p r i p o b  y  v o v o r  m f  u h b  c f      

p r f s t b m b   󰀹    󰂹    @ r f f s  q u f  f s  u h  p f a o n r i  f h  a b  v o m b  ` r o s t o b h b  b ` t u b a 󰀹      󰂹  T i r  q u ï   󰀹     

F a  b p ð s t i a  T b j a i  f s ` r o j f  q u f  f a  b g i r  󰂥 󲀣  󰁽 i m i  a i  ` 󰁺 f f 󲀣 󰂵   (   2    @ i  2 0 ; >    

H S O ) .  F s t i  f s  g u 󰁿  ` o f r t i  f h  f a  s f h t o m i  q u f  u h b  r f a b ` o ð h  ` i h  M o i s  s f  j b s b    

s i j r f  t i m i  f h  u h  b g i r  p i r  Ï a .  F h  f a  g o s g i  ` b p ç t u a i ,  T b j a i  f 󰁼 p a o ` b  q u f    
 

h u f s t r b  r f a b ` o ð h  ` i h  M o i s  h i  s f  j b s b  f h  f a  ` i h i ` o g o f h t i ,  f h  h u f s t r b s  i j r b s    

󰂥 f s p o r o t u b a f s 󰂵 .  A b  󰂥 p f r c f ` ` o ð h 󰂵  s f  b a ` b h 󰁻 b r â  ` u b h m i  m f k b g i s  m f  l b j a b r    

` i g i  h o ò i s ,  󰁿  p f h s b r  ` i g i  h o ò i s .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  a b  c f  q u f  s f  r f q u o f r f  p b r b    

a a f n b r  b  f s f  p u h t i  f s  a b  c f  m f  u h  h o ò i .  

󰁖 󰁨  󰁰 󰁩 󰁡 󰁩  󰁔 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺 󰁦 ,  󰁽 󰁩 󰁭 󰁩 󰁴 󰁩 󰁭 󰁦 󰁺 󰁩 󰁰 󰁩      

V h b  m f  a b s  p r o g f r b s  o h s t r u ` ` o i h f s  m f  K f s û s ,  r f n o s t r b m i  f h  a i  q u f    

` i h i ` f g i s  ` i g i  f a  P f r g ð h  m f a  G i h t f ,  c u f  s i j r f  f a  T b m r f .  B a a ç  f h s f ò ð  f a    

g i m f a i  m f  i r b ` o ð h  q u f  s f  m o r o n f  l b ` o b  󰂥 h u f s t r i  T b m r f  ` f a f s t o b a 󰂵 .  T f r i  f h    

f s t f  g o s g i  󰂥 s f r g ð h 󰂵 ,  K f s û s  a f s  m b  u h b  o h s t r u ` ` o ð h  b a n i  m o c ç ` o a ;  󰂥 V 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰    

m f j f h  󰁰 f 󰁺  󰁴 f 󰁺 c f ` 󰁽 i 󰁰 ,  ` i g i  󰁰 󰁶  T b m 󰁺 f  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰 󰁽 â  f h  a i 󰁰  ` o f a i 󰁰  f 󰁰  󰁴 f 󰁺 c f ` 󰁽 i 󰂵 .    ( G t    

6 ; = < ) .  

T b r f ` o f r b  s f r  u h b  󰂥 g o s o ð h  o g p i s o j a f 󰂵 ,  󰂹 h i 9  󰂹 @ ð g i  f s  p i s o j a f  s f r  u h  s f r    

l u g b h i  p f r c f ` t i  ` i g i  f a  T b m r f  ` f a f s t o b a 9   A   b  s i a u ` o ð h  b  f s t b  o h ` i h n r u f h ` o b    

p i m r ç b  s f r  f h t f h m o f h m i  f a  s o n h o  ` b m i  m f  a b  p b a b j r b   󰁴 f 󰁺 c f ` 󰁽 i f h  f a  a f h n u b k f    

n r o f n i .  T r o g f r i ,  a b  r b ç 󰁻  f t o g i a ð n o ` b  m f  a b  p b a b j r b  f s  󰁽 f a f o i 󰁰 ,    󰁿  s f  l b    

t r b m u ` o m i  f h  a b  J o j a o b  f h  m o c f r f h t f s  a u n b r f s  ` i h  a b s  p b a b j r b s  g b m 󰁶 󰁺 i   󰁿       

` i g 󰁴 a f 󰁽 i   .    P   o n h o  ` b  u h  p r i p ð s o t i  q u f  s f  l b  a i n r b m i  ` i g i  f a  ` u g p a o g f h t i    

m f  u h  p r i ` f s i .  

P o  l u j o f r b  s o m i  p i s o j a f  b a ` b h 󰁻 b r  a b  p f r c f ` ` o ð h  g f m o b h t f  f a  s b ` f r m i ` o i    

a f v ç t o ` i  ( p u f s  j b k i  ï s t f  s f  a f  m o i  a b  A f 󰁿  b a  p u f j a i ) ,  󰂹 q u ï  h f ` f s o m b m  l b j ç b    

m f  q u f  g â s  b m f a b h t f  s u r n o f r b  i t r i  s b ` f r m i t f ,  s f n û h  f a  i r m f h  m f    

G f a q u o s f m f `  󰁿  h i  s f n û h  f a  m f  B b r ð h 9  ( L f j  > ; 2 2 )    

󰂥 _  󰁰 i j 󰁺 f  󰁽 i m i ,  󰁳 ç 󰁰 󰁽 b h 󰁰 f  m f  b g i 󰁺 ,  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰  a i  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁴 f 󰁺 g o 󰁽 f  󰁳 o 󰁳 o 󰁺  f h  󰁴 f 󰁺 c f ` 󰁽 b      

b 󰁺 g i h ç b 󰂵 .    ( @ i a  0 ; 2 = ) .  

F h  A u ` b s  < ; 2 = ,  K f s û s  f h s f ò b  s i j r f  a b  s f g o a a b  q u f  ` b f  f h t r f  a i s  f s p o h i s 󲀣        

󰁿  h i  g b m u r b .  A b  p b a b j r b  f h  f a  n r o f n i  b q u ç  f s  󰁽 f a f 󰁰 󰁴 l i 󰁺 i 󰁶 󰁰 o h ,  m f  a b  g o s g b    

r b ç 󰁻  m f  󰁽 f a f o i 󰁰 .  

F h  @ i a i s f h s f s  2 ; : < ,  T b j a i  f s ` r o j f ;    󰂥 T i 󰁺  f 󰁰 i ,  b m i h m f 󰁲 󰁶 o f 󰁺 b  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁳 b g i 󰁰    

l b j a b g i 󰁰  m f  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i ,  󰁿  b g i h f 󰁰 󰁽 b g i 󰁰  󰁿  f h 󰁰 f ò b g i 󰁰  b  󰁽 i m i 󰁰  ` i h  󰁽 i m b      

 󰁰 b j o m 󰁶 󰁺 ç b . R 󰁶 f 󰁺 f g i 󰁰 󰁲 󰁶 f ` b m b 󰁰 f 󰁺 l 󰁶 g b h i 󰁰 f b 󰁴 f 󰁺 c f ` 󰁽 i ` i g i @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰂵 . 

B a n u h b s  t r b m u ` ` o i h f s  ( a b  H S O  f h  o h n a ï s ,  p i r  f k f g p a i )  t r b m u ` f h  p f r c f ` t i s    

p i r  󰂥 p a f h b g f h t f  g b m u r i s 󰂵 ) .  
 

F h  @ i a i s f h s f s  = ; 2 :  󰁽 f a f o i o ,  q u f  f s  t r b m u ` o m i  f h  a b  Z S Z 3 4  p i r  󰂥 p f r c f ` t i s 󰂵 ,  

f h  a b  H S O  s f  t r b m u ` f  p i r  󰂥  r g f s 󰂵 .  F s  m f ` o r ,  a b  p b a b j r b  r f p r f s f h t b  u h    

` i h ` f p t i  g â s  q u f  u h b  s o g p a f  p b a b j r b  q u f  f h  f a  f s p b ò i a  t f h n b  u h  s i a i    

s o n h o  ` b m i .  B a a ç  f s t â  a b  r o q u f 󰁻 b  m f a  o m o i g b  f h  q u f  c u f  f s ` r o t i  h u f s t r i    

H u f v i  ] f s t b g f h t i .  

A b g f h t b j a f g f h t f ,  f h  a b  l o s t i r o b  m f  a b  o n a f s o b  f h ` i h t r b g i s  o h m o v o m u i s  󰁿    

n r u p i s ,  ` i g i  a i s  󰂥 n h ð s t o ` i s 󰂵  m f  a i s  p r o g f r i s  s o n a i s  󰁿  f a  b v o v b g o f h t i  p i r    

a i s  ` â t b r i s  f h t r f  a i s  s o n a i s  \ O O  󰁿  \ O S ,  q u f  ` i h s o m f r b j b h  q u f  a b  p f r c f ` ` o ð h    

` i h s o s t ç b  f h  a i n r b r  u h b  s f r o f  m f  h o v f a f s  󰁿  p i r  a b  ` u b a  a a f n b j b h  b  c i r g b r    

p b r t f  m f  u h b  f a o t f  p i r  s u  ` i h i ` o g o f h t i .  

󰂹  @ ð g i  f x p a o ` b r ç b s  ` i h  t u s  p b a b j r b s  q u ï  f s  s f r  p f r c f ` t i  « ` i g i  s u  T b m r f      

q u f  f s t â  f h  a i s  ` o f a i s  f s  p f r c f ` t i µ    󰀹      

T  u f m f s  u s b r  f a  t f x t i  p b r b a f a i  m f  f s t f  v f r s ç ` u a i  q u f  b p b r f ` f  f h  A u ` b s  3 ; 0 3 ;    

« V s t f m f s  s f b h  ` i g p b s o v i s ,  b s ç  ` i g i  s u  T b m r f  f s  ` i g p b s o v i µ .  

@ZFBMIZ MFA @OFAI _ MF AB ]OFZZB

] i m i  g b f s t r i  f h t o f h m f  q u f  a b  f h s f ò b h 󰁻 b  v b  m f  a i  ` i h i ` o m i  b  a i    

m f s ` i h i ` o m i .  A b  ` r f b ` o ð h  m f  M o i s  f s  b a n i  g b h o  f s t i  q u f  h b m o f  p u f m f    

m o s ` u t o r ,  b u h q u f  s f  p u f m b  m o s ` u t o r  s u s  i r ç n f h f s .  

F h  Z i g b h i s  < ,  T b j a i  f s ` r o j f  s i j r f  h u f s t r b  r f a b ` o ð h  ` i h  M o i s  ` i g i  s u s    

l o k i s  ( v v . 2 = - 2 > ) ,  f  o h g f m o b t b g f h t f  p r f s f h t b  u h b  t r b h s o ` o ð h  p b r b  ` i g f h t b r    

s i j r f  h u f s t r b  r f a b ` o ð h  ` i h  a b  ` r f b ` o ð h  ( v v . 2 ? - : 0 ) ;  

󰂥 󲀣  󰁴 󰁶 f 󰁰  a b  ` 󰁺 f b ` o ð h  b n 󰁶 b 󰁺 m b  ` i h  b h 󰁰 o f m b m  f a  m ç b  f h  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 f  g b h o  f 󰁰 󰁽 f      

󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 i g i 󰁰  l o k i 󰁰  m f  M o i 󰁰 .  _ b  󰁲 󰁶 f  a b  ` 󰁺 f b ` o ð h  g o 󰁰 g b  c 󰁶 f  󰁰 i g f 󰁽 o m b  b      

 c 󰁺 󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b ` o ð h . F 󰁰 i h i 󰁰 󰁶 ` f m o ð 󰁴 i 󰁺 󰁰 󰁶 󰁴 󰁺 i 󰁴 o b 󰁳 i a 󰁶 h 󰁽 b m , 󰁰 o h i 󰁲 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁶 ` f m o ð 󰁴 i 󰁺   

a b  󰁳 i a 󰁶 h 󰁽 b m  m f  M o i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  b 󰁰 ç  a i  m o 󰁰 󰁴 󰁶 󰁰 i .  T f 󰁺 i  a i  l o 󰁻 i  ` i h  a b  ` i h  b h 󰁻 b  m f      

󰁲 󰁶 f  a b  ` 󰁺 f b ` o ð h  󰁰 f 󰁺 â  a o j f 󰁺 b m b  m f  a b  ` i 󰁺 󰁺 󰁶 󰁴 ` o ð h  b  a b  󰁲 󰁶 f  f 󰁰 󰁽 â  󰁰 󰁶 k f 󰁽 b .  B 󰁰 ç    

` i g 󰁴 b 󰁺 󰁽 o 󰁺 â  a b  n a i 󰁺 o i 󰁰 b  a o j f 󰁺 󰁽 b m  m f  a i 󰁰  l o k i 󰁰  m f  M o i 󰁰 .  

P b j f g i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁽 i m b  a b  ` 󰁺 f b ` o ð h  n o g f  ` i g i  󰁰 o  c 󰁶 f 󰁺 b  b  m b 󰁺  b  a 󰁶 󰁻 .  _  h i  󰁰 ð a i      

 n o g f f a a b , 󰁰 o h i 󰁲 󰁶 f 󰁽 b g j o ï h h i 󰁰 i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰 , 󰁲 󰁶 f 󰁽 f h f g i 󰁰 a i 󰁰 󰁴 󰁺 o g f 󰁺 i 󰁰 c 󰁺 󰁶 󰁽 i 󰁰   

m f a  F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 ,  n f g o g i 󰁰  f h  h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i  o h 󰁽 f 󰁺 o i 󰁺  g o f h 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁰  f 󰁰 󰁴 f 󰁺 b g i 󰁰    

b h 󰁰 o i 󰁰 b g f h 󰁽 f  f a  m ç b  m f  h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b  b m i 󰁴 ` o ð h ,  f 󰁰  m f ` o 󰁺 ,  f a  m ç b  ` 󰁶 b h m i      

h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰  ` 󰁶 f 󰁺 󰁴 i 󰁰  󰁰 f b h  a o j f 󰁺 b m i 󰁰 󰂵 .  
 

F h  a i s  p r o g f r i s  ` b p ç t u a i s  m f  N ï h f s o s  f h ` i h t r b g i s  a b  l o s t i r o b  m f  a b  i j r b    

` r f b t o v b  m f  M o i s .  B a  ` i g p a f t b r  s u  i j r b  ` b m b  m ç b ,  M o i s  v o i  󰁿  ` i h s o m f r ð  q u f    

f r b  j u f h i .  

MF ]IMI AI SOPOJAF _ AI OHSOPOJAF

K f s û s  m o k i   ;    󰂥 T f 󰁺 i  a b  l i 󰁺 b  󰁰 f  b ` f 󰁺 ` b ,  󰁿  󰁿 b  f 󰁰 󰁽 â  b 󰁲 󰁶 ç ,  ` 󰁶 b h m i  a i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f      

󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m f 󰁺 b g f h 󰁽 f  b m i 󰁺 b h  b a  T b m 󰁺 f  a i  l b 󰁺 â h  n 󰁶 o b m i 󰁰  󰁴 i 󰁺  f a  F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  󰁿  f h  c i 󰁺 g b      

󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m f 󰁺 b ,  󰁴 i 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f  f a  T b m 󰁺 f  b 󰁰 ç  󰁲 󰁶 o f 󰁺 f  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 f b h  a i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  a i  b m i 󰁺 f h .  M o i 󰁰  f 󰁰    

f 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 ,  󰁿  a i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  a i  b m i 󰁺 b h  m f j f h  l b ` f 󰁺 a i  n 󰁶 o b m i 󰁰  󰁴 i 󰁺  f a  F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  󰁿  f h  c i 󰁺 g b      

󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m f 󰁺 b 󰂵 .    ( K h  = ; : 0 - : = ) .  

T b r b  a i s  k u m ç i s  q u f  v o v o f r i h  f h  f a  t o f g p i  m f  K f s û s  f h  a b  t o f r r b ,  a b    

b m i r b ` o ð h  t f h ç b  g u ` l i  q u f  v f r  ` i h  f a  a u n b r .  P f  p i m r ç b  m f ` o r  q u f  l i 󰁿  f h  m ç b    

i ` u r r f  a i  g o s g i  f h t r f  a i s  ` r o s t o b h i s .  B a n u h i s ,  p i r  f k f g p a i ,  p o f h s b h  q u f    

` b h t b r  l o g h i s  h i  f s  b m i r b ` o ð h 5  i t r i s  p o f h s b h  q u f  f s ` u ` l b r  g û s o ` i s  f h  u h    

` u a t i ,  f s  h b m b  g â s  q u f  u h  ` i h ` o f r t i .  F h  r f b a o m b m ,  a b  b m i r b ` o ð h  h i  f s t â    

j b s b m b  h o  f h  f a  a u n b r  h o  f h  a b  g û s o ` b .  G â s  j o f h ,  f s t i s  s i a i  s i h  c b ` t i r f s    

q u f  o h ` f h t o v b h  󰁿  c b ` o a o t b h  a b  v f r m b m f r b  b m i r b ` o ð h .  

P o  f a  a u n b r  󰁿  f a  f s t o a i  m f  g û s o ` b  f s  a i  v o s o j a f ,  a i  o h v o s o j a f  a f  ` i r r f s p i h m f  b    

` b m b  o h m o v o m u i  p b r b  b m i r b r  󰂥 n u o b m i  p i r  f a  f s p ç r o t u  󰁿  f h  c i r g b  v f r m b m f r b 󰂵 .  

P f  l b  m o ` l i  q u f  f a  ` b r â ` t f r ,  i  s f b  a b  o h t f n r o m b m  m f  u h b  p f r s i h b  s f  r f v f a b    

` u b h m i  h b m o f  f s t â  g o r b h m i .  

M f j f g i s  s f r  s b a  p b r b  f a  g u h m i  󰁿  m f j f g i s  p f r g o t o r  q u f  h u f s t r b  a u 󰁻    

b a u g j r f ,  p f r i  b a  f s ` r o j o r  f a  p b s b k f  q u f  f h ` i h t r b g i s  f h  2  @ i r o h t o i s  2 0 ,  f a    

b p ð s t i a  T b j a i  f h c b t o 󰁻 b  q u f  h i  f s  t b h t i  a i  q u f  l b ` f g i s  i  h i  l b ` f g i s ;  s o  

h i  a i  l b ` f g i s  ` i h  b g i r ,  m f  h b m b  v b a f .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  ` u b h m i  a a f n u f  f a    

󰁽 f a f o i h ,  f a  󰂥 p f r c f ` t i 󰂵 ,  f s  q u f  p i m r f g i s  v f r  ` a b r b g f h t f  a i  q u f  p i r  b l i r b  f s    

o h v o s o j a f ,  i  p i r  a i  g f h i s  f s  ` i g i  󰂥 u h b   n u r b  f h  u h  f s p f k i  m f c f ` t u i s i 󰂵 .  

(AB BMIZB@OÐH HI FP]Â JBPBMB HO FH FA

AVNBZ HO FH AB GÛPO@B)
A b  i j r b  m f  M o i s  f h  h u f s t r b  v o m b  h i  f s  s i a b g f h t f  f h  a i  v o s o j a f .  Ï a  h i    

s i a b g f h t f  h i s  l b j a b  󰁿  f h s f ò b  b  t r b v ï s  m f  a b  g o s g b  h b t u r b a f 󰁻 b .  H i  t f h f g i s    

 Ï  
 

f 󰁼 ` u s b  s o  r f ` l b 󰁻 b g i s  b  M o i s ,  p i r q u f  Ï a  s f  g b h o c f s t ð .  F h  s u  ` b r t b  b  a i s    

Z i g b h i s ,  q u f  f h  ` o f r t b  c i r g b  f s  u h  m i ` u g f h t i  󰂥 a f n b a 󰂵 ,  T b j a i  f s ` r o j f ;  

󰂥 T f 󰁺 i  M o i 󰁰  g 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b  m f 󰁰 m f  f a  ` o f a i  󰁰 󰁶  o 󰁺 b  ` i h 󰁽 󰁺 b  a b  o h k 󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 o ` o b  󰁿  a b  g b a m b m      

m f  a b  n f h 󰁽 f  󰁲 󰁶 f ,  󰁴 i 󰁺  󰁰 󰁶  o h k 󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 o ` o b ,  o g 󰁴 o m f  󰁲 󰁶 f  a b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m  󰁰 f      

g b h o  f 󰁰 󰁽 f .  A i  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 f  󰁴 󰁶 f m f  ` i h i ` f 󰁺  m f  M o i 󰁰 ,  f a a i 󰁰  a i  ` i h i ` f h ,  󰁴 󰁶 f 󰁰  M o i 󰁰    

g o 󰁰 g i  󰁰 f  a i 󰁰  l b  󰁺 f 󰁳 f a b m i .  M f 󰁰 m f  󰁲 󰁶 f  f a  g 󰁶 h m i  c 󰁶 f  ` 󰁺 f b m i ,  a b      

l 󰁶 g b h o m b m  l b  ` i h 󰁽 f g 󰁴 a b m i  󰁽 i m b  a b  ` 󰁺 f b ` o ð h  󰁲 󰁶 f  a f  g 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 b  f a  f 󰁽 f 󰁺 h i      

 󰁴 i m f 󰁺 m f M o i 󰁰 󰁿 f a l f ` l i m f 󰁲 󰁶 f ï a f 󰁰 󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m f 󰁺 b g f h 󰁽 f M o i 󰁰 . B 󰁰 ç , a i     

o h 󰁳 o 󰁰 o j a f  m f  M o i 󰁰  󰁰 f  m f k b  󰁳 f 󰁺  󰁴 i 󰁺  g f m o i  m f  a b  ` 󰁺 f b ` o ð h  󰁳 o 󰁰 o j a f ,  󰁴 i 󰁺  a i  󰁲 󰁶 f      

h b m o f  󰁴 i m 󰁺 â  f 󰁼 ` 󰁶 󰁰 b 󰁺 󰁰 f  m o ` o f h m i  󰁲 󰁶 f  h i  󰁰 b j ç b  󰁰 o  M o i 󰁰  f 󰁼 o 󰁰 󰁽 ç b  i  h i .  P o h      

f g j b 󰁺 n i ,  b 󰁶 h 󰁲 󰁶 f  a i  󰁰 b j ç b h  g 󰁶 󰁿  j o f h ,  h i  󰁲 󰁶 o 󰁰 o f 󰁺 i h  h o  b m i 󰁺 b 󰁺  b  M o i 󰁰  h o    

m b 󰁺 a f  n 󰁺 b ` o b 󰁰 .  B a  ` i h 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁺 o i ,  󰁰 f  󰁴 󰁶 󰁰 o f 󰁺 i h  b  ` i h ` f j o 󰁺  o m f b 󰁰  f 󰁰 󰁽 û 󰁴 o m b 󰁰  󰁿 ,  f h      

` i h 󰁰 f ` 󰁶 f h ` o b ,  󰁰 󰁶 󰁰  h f ` o i 󰁰  f h 󰁽 f h m o g o f h 󰁽 i 󰁰  󰁰 f  i 󰁰 ` 󰁶 󰁺 f ` o f 󰁺 i h . 

 B a ` 󰁺 f f 󰁺 󰁰 f 󰁰 b j o i 󰁰 , 󰁰 f 󰁳 i a 󰁳 o f 󰁺 i h b û h g â 󰁰 h f ` o i 󰁰 . A 󰁶 f n i , 󰁺 f 󰁴 󰁺 f 󰁰 f h 󰁽 b 󰁺 i h a b     

 n a i 󰁺 o b m f a M o i 󰁰 o h g i 󰁺 󰁽 b a ` i h o g â n f h f 󰁰 m f 󰁴 â k b 󰁺 i 󰁰 , m f b h o g b a f 󰁰 󰁲 󰁶 f     

b h m b h  f h  ` 󰁶 b 󰁽 󰁺 i  󰁴 b 󰁽 b 󰁰 ,  m f  󰁺 f 󰁴 󰁽 o a f 󰁰  󰁿  m f  󰁰 o g 󰁴 a f 󰁰  l 󰁶 g b h i 󰁰  g i 󰁺 󰁽 b a f 󰁰 .  T i 󰁺    

f 󰁰 i  M o i 󰁰  a i 󰁰  m f k ð  ` b f 󰁺  f h  󰁽 i m b  ` a b 󰁰 f  m f  󰁰 󰁶 ` o f m b m f 󰁰  󰁿  a i 󰁰  m f k ð  l b ` f 󰁺  a i      

󰁲 󰁶 f  a f 󰁰  󰁳 o h o f 󰁺 b  f h  n b h b .  B 󰁰 ç ,  m f 󰁰 l i h 󰁺 b 󰁺 i h  󰁰 󰁶 󰁰  󰁴 󰁺 i 󰁴 o i 󰁰  ` 󰁶 f 󰁺 󰁴 i 󰁰  󰁶 h i 󰁰  ` i h      

i 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰 .  F 󰁰 󰁽 i  c 󰁶 f  󰁴 i 󰁺  ` b g j o b 󰁺  a b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m  m f  M o i 󰁰  󰁿  m f a o j f 󰁺 b m b g f h 󰁽 f  ` 󰁺 f f 󰁺  f h      

a b  g f h 󰁽 o 󰁺 b 5  󰁴 i 󰁺  b m i 󰁺 b 󰁺  b  a b 󰁰  ` 󰁺 o b 󰁽 󰁶 󰁺 b 󰁰  󰁿  h i  b  M o i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  a b 󰁰  ` 󰁺 f ð ,  f a  ` 󰁶 b a  f 󰁰    

j f h m o 󰁽 i  󰁴 i 󰁺  󰁽 i m i 󰁰  a i 󰁰  󰁰 o n a i 󰁰 󰂵 .  

( Z i g  2 ; 2 < - 6 6 ) .  

F h  a i s  p r o g f r i s  v f r s ç ` u a i s  m f a  ` b p ç t u a i  : ,  T b j a i  f 󰁼 p a o ` b  q u f  s f r f g i s    

 k u 󰁻 n b m i s p i r h u f s t r b s i j r b s ( v v . 2 - 2 2 ) . @ i h c r f ` u f h ` o b , b ` u s b g i s b i t r i s m f   

a i  q u f  h i s i t r i s  t b g j o ï h  s i g i s  ` u a p b j a f s .  B u h q u f  f h  i t r i s  a u n b r f s  m f  a b    

J o j a o b  s f  h i s  m o ` f  q u f  h i  f s  p i r  h u f s t r b s  j u f h b s  i j r b s  q u f  s i g i s    

 k u s t o  ` b m i s , s ç h u f s t r b s g b a b s i j r b s h i s p u f m f h ` i h m f h b r . 

] b g j o ï h  s f r f g i s  k u 󰁻 n b m i s  p i r  a b  A f 󰁿 ,  b u h  h i  ` i h i ` o f h m i  a b  A f 󰁿  ( v v .  2 : -    

2 3 ) .  @ i g i  j o f h  m o ` f h  a i s  p i a o ` ç b s  m f  t r â h s o t i ,  a b  o n h i r b h ` o b  m f  a b  a f 󰁿  h i  f s    

f 󰁼 ` u s b .  

T i r  û a t o g i ,  s f r f g i s  k u 󰁻 n b m i s  p i r  a b  󰂥 ` o r ` u h ` o s o ð h  q u f  f s  m f a  ` i r b 󰁻 ð h 󰂵    

( : ; : < - : ? ) .  B  f s t i  s f  r f  f r f  f a  @ r f m i  m f  a i s  B p ð s t i a f s  ` u b h m i  l b j a b  m f  M o i s    

` i g i  f a  M o i s  m f  a i  v o s o j a f  󰁿  m f  a i  o h v o s o j a f 󲀣        
 

A i  g â s  o g p i r t b h t f  f s  s o f g p r f  r f ` i r m b r  q u f  s o  M o i s  f s  h u f s t r i  T b m r f ,  a b    

o g p a o ` b ` o ð h  f s  q u f  s i g i s  s u s  l o k i s .  ] f h f g i s  f h t i h ` f s ,  q u f  v o v o r  ` i g i    

l o k i s .  

F h  a b  a u 󰁻 .  

T o m o f h m i  ` i h  ` i h  b h 󰁻 b .  

󰂹  R u ï  o g p a o ` b ` o i h f s  f h  h u f s t r i  m ç b  b  m ç b  m f j f  t f h f r  a b  v f r m b m  m f  q u f      

s i g i s  l o k i s  m f  M o i s  󰀹      

¹TIZ RVÏ FP OGTIZ]BH]F FP]F @IH@FT]I ]FIAÐNO@I9

K f s û s  v o h i  b  g i s t r b r h i s  b a  T b m r f .  T i r  a i  t b h t i ,  s o  ` i h  b g i s  f h  Ï a ,  f h  s u    

i j r b  󰁿  s u  g f h s b k f ,  s i g i s  l o k i s  m f  M o i s .  R u f  M o i s  s f b  T b m r f ,  f s  b a n i    

` i h t r b o h t u o t o v i  p b r b  h u f s t r b  g f h t f  q u f  h i  ` i g p r f h m f  f a  b g i r    

o h ` i h m o ` o i h b a  m f  M o i s .  F a  b g i r  m f  u h  T b m r f  h i s  b 󰁿 u m b  b  f h t f h m f r  f a    

` b r â ` t f r  m f  M o i s ,  q u f  b ` i n f ,  ` u o m b ,  ` i r r o n f ,  b g b ,  p f r m i h b ,  ` i h s u f a b ,  n u ç b ,  

b ` i g p b ò b  󰁿  l b ` f  g b m u r b r  ` i g i  u h  T b m r f .  

F h  m f g b s o b m b s  i ` b s o i h f s  a b  n f h t f  t o f h f  u h b  o g b n f h  m o s t i r s o i h b m b  m f    

M o i s .  K f s û s  v o h i  b  f h s f ò b r h i s  q u o ï h  f r b  M o i s  r f b a g f h t f  󰁿  p i r  q u ï  p i m f g i s    

` i h  b r  f h  Ï a .  M o i s  f s ,  s i j r f  t i m i ,  T b m r f .  T i r  f s i  f a  @ r f m i  f g p o f 󰁻 b    

g i s t r b h m i  a b  r f b a o m b m  m f  q u o ï h  f s  M o i s .  T i r q u f   h b a g f h t f  h i  f s  t b h t i  u h b    

` u f s t o ð h  m f  ` r f f r  a i  ` i r r f ` t i ,  s o h i  m f  ` i h  b r  f h  a b  p f r s i h b  ` i r r f ` t b .  F a    

` r o s t o b h o s g i  f s  r f s t b u r b r  u h b  r f a b ` o ð h  q u f  f s t b j b  r i t b .  F s  u h b  l o s t i r o b  m f    

r f ` i h ` o a o b ` o ð h  ` i h  h u f s t r i  T b m r f ,  m f  a b  q u f  t i m i  b q u f a  q u f  󰂥 ` r f f 󰂵  p u f m f    

c i r g b r  p b r t f .  

󰂥 T i 󰁺 󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁽 i m i 󰁰  a i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 i h  n 󰁶 o b m i 󰁰  󰁴 i 󰁺  f a  F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  m f  M o i 󰁰  󰁰 i h  l o k i 󰁰  m f      

M o i 󰁰 .  _  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰  h i  󰁺 f ` o j o f 󰁺 i h  󰁶 h  f 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  󰁲 󰁶 f  m f  h 󰁶 f 󰁳 i  a i 󰁰  f 󰁰 ` a b 󰁳 o ` f  b a  g o f m i ,  

 󰁰 o h i f a F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 󰁲 󰁶 f a i 󰁰 b m i 󰁴 󰁽 b ` i g i l o k i 󰁰 󰁿 a f 󰁰 󰁴 f 󰁺 g o 󰁽 f ` a b g b 󰁺 ; 󰂥 󰂢 B j j b !   

󰂢 T b m 󰁺 f ! 󰂵  F a  F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  g o 󰁰 g i  a f  b 󰁰 f n 󰁶 󰁺 b  b  h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i  f 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 i g i 󰁰  l o k i 󰁰  m f      

M o i 󰁰 󰂵 .    ( Z i g  < . 2 = - 2 3  H S O ) .  

(FA @ZOP]OBHOPGI FP VHB LOP]IZOB MF

ZF@IH@OAOB@OÐH @IH HVFP]Z
HVFP]ZII TBMZF)
FA FP@ÏT]O@I
 

󰂹 H i  s f  p u f m f  ` i h s o m f r b r  a b  o m f b  m f  󰂥 M o i s  T b m r f 󰂵  ` i g i  u h    

b h t r i p i g i r  s g i 9  P o n g u h m  C r f u m  l b j a b  m f a  s u p f r 󰁿 ð ,  m f  f s b  o g b n f h  m f  u h    

f h t f  q u f  v o n o a b 󲀣  󰂹 H i  f s  f s t b  o m f b  m f  M o i s  u h b  p r i 󰁿 f ` ` o ð h  m f  h u f s t r b    

g f h t f ,  u h b  h f ` f s o m b m  p s o ` i a ð n o ` b 9    

H i  h f ` f s b r o b g f h t f .  T i m f g i s  o h ` a u s i  m b r a f  a b  v u f a t b  b a  b r n u g f h t i .  F a    

l f ` l i  m f  b h l f a b r  u h  T b m r f  ` i g i  f a  q u f  K f s û s  h i s  p r f s f h t ð ,  f s  s f ò b a  m f    

q u f  l f g i s  s o m i  ` r f b m i s  p b r b  f s f  t o p i  m f  r f a b ` o ð h .  B m f g â s ,  a b s  h f ` f s o m b m f s    

p s o ` i a ð n o ` b s  l b h  s o m i  s o f g p r f  f s b s ,  p f r i  l b s t b  q u f  K f s û s  h i s  l b j a ð    

` a b r b g f h t f  m f  M o i s  ` i g i  B j j b ,  T b m r f ,  h i  f 󰁼 o s t ç b  f s b  c f ,  f s b  ` i h  b h 󰁻 b  f h    

a b  m o v o h o m b m  ` i g i  T b m r f ,  f h  h o h n û h  a u n b r  m f a  g u h m i .  F s t f  b r n u g f h t i    

c r f u m o b h i  l b  s o m i  s u p f r b m i  l b ` f  t o f g p i .  @ i g i  m o ` f  @ .  P .  A f 󰁾 o s ,  M o i s  h i    

p u f m f  s f r  p r i m u ` t i  m f  g o  o g b n o h b ` o ð h ,  p i r q u f ,  p b r b  h b m b ,  Ï a  f s  a i  q u f  󰁿 i    

p u m f  o g b n o h b r  m f  Ï a .  

 H i  s i a b g f h t f  s f  u s b h  b r n u g f h t i s  r b ` o i h b a f s  p b r b  h f n b r  a b  p b t f r h o m b m  m f      

M o i s 󰀨     G     u ` l b s  v f ` f s  󰀡   a  b    r f a b ` o ð h  ` i h  h u f s t r i s  p b m r f s  ` i h m o ` o i h b  g â s  m f  a i      

p f h s b g i s  h u f s t r i  ` b r â ` t f r  󰀡    h   u   f s t r b  v o m b  y  ` r f f h ` o b s   󰀨     P   o  l f g i s  t f h o m i      

󰀡 
g b a b s  f x p f r o f h ` o b s  ` i h  q u ï  f s  s f r  u h  p b m r f      s f   r â  g â s  m o c ç ` o a  b s o g o a b r  f s t f      

 󰀨
` i h ` f p t i  b ` f r ` b  m f  M o i s     T   u f m f s  ` i g f h t b r  f s t f  b s p f ` t i  ` i h  f a  n r u p i  s o  a i      

` i h s o m f r b s  i p i r t u h i    󰀨    F   a  f s ` f p t o ` o s g i  h i  h b ` f  s i a b g f h t f  m f  b r n u g f h t i s      

o h t f a f ` t u b a f s    󰀨    

ZFPVGFH
@ r f f r  f s  ` i h  b r .  

@ b m b  p f r s i h b  p b r t f  m f  s u  r f b a o m b m  p b r b  ` r f f r 5  b a n u h i s  t o f h f h  g â s    

o h ` a o h b ` o ð h  b  ` r f f r  󰁿  p b r b  i t r i s  f s  u h b  m f ` o s o ð h ,  i  u h  p r i ` f s i .  

󰂹 F h  q u ï  p u h t i  s f  f h ` u f h t r b  a b  n f h t f 9    

P o  t u v o ï s f g i s  q u f  m f  h o r  f h  u h b  s i a b  p b a b j r b  b  u h  s f n u o m i r  m f    

K f s û s ,  b  u h  b m i r b m i r  m f a  M o i s  S f r m b m f r i ,  s f r ç b ;  ` r f 󰁿 f h t f .  

F s  o g p i r t b h t f  s b j f r  f h  q u ï  ` r f f g i s ,  p f r i  f s  g â s  o g p i r t b h t f    

s b j f r  f h  q u o ï h  ` r f f g i s .  

P o  t f h f g i s  b  M o i s  ` i g i  T b m r f ,  m f j f g i s  o h t f h t b r  s f r  ` i g i  Ï a ,  

p f r c f ` t i s ,  f s  m f ` o r ,  g b m u r i s ,  g o s f r o ` i r m o i s i s 󲀣        

B u h q u f  f s  u h  T b m r f  ` f r ` b h i  h i  m f j f g i s  i a v o m b r  q u f  f s    

] i m i p i m f r i s i ,  @ r f b m i r  m f a  ` o f a i  󰁿  m f  a b  t o f r r b .  
 

 MOÂAINIP
󰂹  R u ï  o g p a o ` b ` o i h f s  p r â ` t o ` b s  t o f h f  q u f  M o i s  s f b  h u f s t r i  T b m r f   󰀹     

󰂹   󰀡  󰂹 󰀹 
P o  M o i s  f s  u h  j u f h  T b m r f       q u ï  ` b r b ` t f r ç s t o ` b s  m f j f  t f h f r      

󰂹  󰀹 
T i r  q u ï  h i s  ` u f s t b  ` i h  b r  f h  M o i s  ` i g i  T b m r f      

󰂹  @ ð g i  p i m f g i s  p r f s f h t b r  b  M o i s  ` i g i  T b m r f  f h  f a  ` i h t f x t i      

u h o v f r s o t b r o i    󰀹    

󰂹  R u ï  f s  a i  q u f  g â s  t f  l b  a a b g b m i  a b  b t f h ` o ð h  m f  f s t b  a f ` ` o ð h   󰀹     

TZICVHMO[B FH ]V @ZFMI
-  K f r f g o b s ,  K i b ` l o g .   B j j b . F a g f h 󰁰 b k f ` f h 󰁽 󰁺 b a m f a h 󰁶 f 󰁳 i 󰁽 f 󰁰 󰁽 b g f h 󰁽 i      . 

F m o ` o i h f s  P ç n u f g f .  P b a b g b h ` b ,  F s p b ò b .  : 4 4 6 .  

-  G b h h o h n ,  J r f h h b h  󰂥 F a  f 󰁳 b h n f a o i  m f  a i 󰁰  b h m 󰁺 b k i 󰁰 i 󰁰 󰂵 .    F m o t i r o b a  @ b s b    

@ r f b ` o ð h .  A b e f  G b r 󰁿 ,  C a i r o m b .  : 4 2 6 .  

-  G b h h o h n ,  J r f h h b h .  F a  b j 󰁺 b 󰁻 i  m f  b j j b   .    F   m o t i r o b a  T f h o f a .  J u f h i s  B o r f s ,  

B r n f h t o h b .  : 4 2 6 .  

-  G i h t f r i ,  M b h o a i  󰂥 F a  b j 󰁺 b 󰁻 i  m f a  T b m 󰁺 f 󰂵 .    F m o t i r o b a  @ b s b  @ r f b ` o ð h .  A b e f    

G b r 󰁿 ,  C a i r o m b .  : 4 4 2 .  

-  E f a a f r ,  ] o g i t l 󰁿 .  F a  M o i 󰁰  󰁴 󰁺 ð m o n i   .    F   m o t i r o b a  S o m b ,  G o b g o ,  C a i r o m b .  
 

0. FPT
FPT ZO
ZO]V
]V PBH
PBH]]I. AB ]ZO
]ZOHO
HOMB
MBMM
 󰂥       󲀣  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺 󰁩 󰁪 󰁺 󰁢 󰁭 󰁦 󰁡 F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 󰁯 󰁽 󰁶 󰁐 󰁢 󰁨 󰁽  󰁩      󲀣      

󰁟  󰁦 󰁨  󰁦 󰁡  F 󰁰 󰁴 ç 󰁺 󰁯 󰁽 󰁶  󰁐 󰁢 󰁨 󰁽 󰁩 ,  󰁐 󰁦 ò 󰁩 󰁺  󰁿  󰁭 󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 󰁺  󰁭 󰁦  󰁳 󰁯 󰁭 󰁢 ,  󰁲 󰁶 󰁦  󰁴 󰁺 󰁩 󰁠 󰁦 󰁭 󰁦  󰁭 󰁦 󰁡  󰁔 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺 󰁦 5    

󰁲 󰁶 󰁦  󰁠 󰁩 󰁨  󰁦 󰁡  󰁔 󰁢 󰁭 󰁺 󰁦  󰁿  󰁦 󰁡  L 󰁯 󰁫 󰁩  󰁺 󰁦 󰁠 󰁯 󰁪 󰁦  󰁶 󰁨 󰁢  󰁧 󰁯 󰁰 󰁧 󰁢  󰁢 󰁭 󰁩 󰁺 󰁢 󰁠 󰁯 ð 󰁨  󰁿  󰁮 󰁡 󰁩 󰁺 󰁯 󰁢 ,  󰁲 󰁶 󰁦      

󰁬 󰁢 󰁪 󰁡 ð  󰁴 󰁩 󰁺  󰁡 󰁩 󰁰  󰁴 󰁺 󰁩 󰁣 󰁦 󰁽 󰁢 󰁰 󲀣 󰂵      

OH]ZIMV@@OÐH
B a n 󰁶 h i s  m f  h f h  f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  ` i g i  a b  p f r s i h b  g â s  f s ` 󰁶 r r o m o 󰁻 b  m f  a b    

] r o h o m b m .  

A b  ] r o h o m b m ,  M o i s  f h  t r f s  p f r s i h b s ,  l b  s o m i  󰁶 h  g o s t f r o i  q 󰁶 f ,  ` i g i  t b a ,  

` 󰁶 b h m i  o h t f h t b g i s  r f s p i h m f r  ` i g p a f t b g f h t f  󰁿  m f  g b h f r b  s o s t f g â t o ` b ,  

s o f g p r f  h i s  q 󰁶 f m b g i s  ` i r t i s  i  f r r b g i s .  T b m r f ,  L o k i  󰁿  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  s f    

m b h  n a i r o b  󰁶 h i s  b  i t r i s ,  ` i g i  󰁶 h b  m b h 󰁻 b  m f  b r g i h ç b  p f r c f ` t b .  F a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶    

P b h t i ,  f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  m f  M o i s ,  M o i s  f h  h i s i t r i s ,  s f r â  f a  t f g b  m f  f s t b  a f ` ` o ð h .  

Ï a  f s  a b  r f a b ` o ð h  g â s  p r i c 󰁶 h m b  q 󰁶 f  k b g â s  t f h m r f g i s .  P 󰁶  o h t f r b ` ` o ð h  ` i h    

h i s i t r i s  f s  ` i g i  a b  q 󰁶 f  t f h f g i s  ` i h  f a  i 󰁼 ç n f h i ,  ` i h  f a   p h f 󰁶 g b    ,  f s t â  f h    

h i s i t r i s ,  h i s  f h f r n o 󰁻 b ,  h i s  o h s p o r b ,  s o h  Ï a  h i  l b 󰁿  󰁳 o m b 󲀣        

T r i c 󰁶 h m o 󰁻 b r f g i s  f h  a b  p f r s i h b  m f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  󰁿  f a  g o s t f r o i  m f  a b    

] r o h o m b m ,  󰁿  b s ç  ` i h i ` f r f g i s  g â s  p r i c 󰁶 h m b g f h t f  b  󰁶 h  M o i s  q 󰁶 f ,  m f s m f  a b    

f t f r h o m b m ,  r f 󰁳 f a b  s 󰁶  h b t 󰁶 r b a f 󰁻 b  m f  b g i r .  

(AB ZFAB@OÐH @IH FA FPTÇZO]V PBH]I

PFZÂ AB ZFAB@OÐH GÂP TZICVHMB
RVF KBGÂP ]FHMZFGIP.)
AF@@OÐH ]FIAÐNO@B
A b  p r o g f r b  g f h ` o ð h  m f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  m f  M o i s ,  f s  f h  f a  s f n 󰁶 h m i  󰁳 f r s ç ` 󰁶 a i  m f  a b    

J o j a o b  ( N h  2 ; : ) ,  󰂥 f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  m f  M o i s  s f  g i 󰁳 ç b  s i j r f  a b s  b n 󰁶 b s 󰂵 .  ] b a  󰁳 f 󰁻  h i    

l b 󰁿  g f k i r  g b h f r b  m f  m f s ` r o j o r  ` ð g i  b ` t û b  f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  q 󰁶 f  ` i h  a b    

p b a b j r b  󰂥 g i 󰁳 o g o f h t i 󰂵 .  
 

B  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  a b  l o s t i r o b  g 󰁶 ` l b s  o n a f s o b s  s f  l b h  r f c f r o m i  b  s ç  g o s g b s  ` i g i    

󰁶 h  g i 󰁳 o g o f h t i ,  󰁿  h i  h f ` f s b r o b g f h t f  󰁶 h b  m f h i g o h b ` o ð h .  T f r i  f h  f s t f    

` b p ç t 󰁶 a i  h i  s f  p r f t f h m f  ` i g f h t b r  s i j r f  a b s  g b h o c f s t b ` o i h f s  󰁿  m i h f s  m f a    

F s p ç r o t 󰁶 ,  s o h i  s i j r f  s 󰁶  p i s o ` o ð h  ` i g i  a b  t f r ` f r b  p f r s i h b  m f  a b  ] r o h o m b m .  B 󰁶 h    

b s ç ,  a b  p b a b j r b  󰂥 g i 󰁳 o g o f h t i 󰂵  m f s ` r o j f  g 󰁶 󰁿  j o f h  q 󰁶 o ï h  f s .  

󰂹  @ ð g i  m f  h o r ç b s  b a  F s p ç r o t u  P b h t i    󰀹    

A b  p b a b j r b  f h  f a  l f j r f i  q 󰁶 f  s f  f g p a f b  f h  N ï h f s o s  2 ; :  󰁿  a 󰁶 f n i  f h  N ï h f s o s    

3 ; 2 >  p b r b  r f c f r o r s f  b a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  f s  󰁺 󰁶 b ` l ,    i  s i p a i  m f  󰁳 o m b .  F h  N ï h f s o s  < ; 2 ,  

󰁺 󰁶 b ` l      f s  a b  p b a b j r b  q 󰁶 f  m f s ` r o j f  f a  󰂥 󰁳 o f h t i 󰂵  q 󰁶 f  M o i s  f h 󰁳 o ð  p b r b  q 󰁶 f  a b s    

b n 󰁶 b s  r f t r i ` f m o f r b h .  F s t b  p b a b j r b  s f  f h ` 󰁶 f h t r b  ` b s o  ` 󰁶 b t r i ` o f h t b s  󰁳 f ` f s  f h    

f a  B h t o n 󰁶 i  ] f s t b g f h t i .  

F a  󰁳 f r j i  l f j r f i  q 󰁶 f  s f  f g p a f b  p b r b  󰂥 s i p a b r 󰂵  f h  N ï h f s o s  : . > ,  f s    

h f 󰁰 l b g b l ,  p b a b j r b  p b r b a f a b  b  󰁺 󰁶 b ` l ;    󰂥     F h 󰁽 i h ` f 󰁰  M o i 󰁰  f a  P F Ò I Z  c i 󰁺 g ð  f a    

` 󰁶 f 󰁺 p i  m f a  l i g j 󰁺 f  m f a  p i a 󰁳 i  m f  a b  󰁽 o f 󰁺 󰁺 b  󰁿  󰁰 i p a ð  f h  󰁰 󰁶  h b 󰁺 o 󰁻  f a  b a o f h 󰁽 i  m f    

󰁳 o m b .  C 󰁶 f  b 󰁰 ç  ` i g i  f a  l i g j 󰁺 f  󰁰 f  ` i h 󰁳 o 󰁺 󰁽 o ð  f h  󰁶 h  󰁰 f 󰁺  󰁳 o 󰁳 i 󰂵 .  B q 󰁶 ç  󰁳 f g i s  q 󰁶 f    

M o i s  m b  󰁳 o m b  b a  s f r  l 󰁶 g b h i  b  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  s 󰁶  󰁺 󰁶 b l ,  F s p ç r o t 󰁶 .  T f r i  f s b  󰁳 o m b  h i    

f s  s i a b g f h t f  a b  󰁳 o m b  l 󰁶 g b h b ,  s o h i  t b g j o ï h  a b  󰁳 o m b  f s p o r o t 󰁶 b a .  

PFÒIZ _ MBMIZ MF SOMB

F h  s 󰁶  ` i h 󰁳 f r s b ` o ð h  m f  h i ` l f  ` i h  H o ` i m f g i ,  K f s û s  l b j a b  b ` f r ` b  m f  a b    

h f ` f s o m b m  m f  󰂥 h b ` f r  m f  h 󰁶 f 󰁳 i 󰂵 .  F h  s 󰁶  r f s p 󰁶 f s t b  b  a b  p r f n 󰁶 h t b  m f a  a ç m f r    

 k 󰁶 m ç i , K f s û s r f s p i h m f  ;

󰂥 ] f  b 󰁰 f n 󰁶 󰁺 i  󰁲 󰁶 f  f a  󰁲 󰁶 f  h i  h b ` f  m f  b n 󰁶 b  󰁿  m f a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 ,  h i  p 󰁶 f m f  f h 󰁽 󰁺 b 󰁺    

f h  f a  󰁺 f o h i  m f  M o i 󰁰 .  A i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  h b ` f h  m f  p b m 󰁺 f 󰁰  l 󰁶 g b h i 󰁰 ,  󰁰 i h  l 󰁶 g b h i 󰁰 5    

a i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  h b ` f h  m f a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 ,  󰁰 i h  f 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 .  H i  󰁽 f  󰁰 i 󰁺 p 󰁺 f h m b 󰁰  m f  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁽 f  m o k f    

󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁽 o f h f 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  h b ` f 󰁺  m f  h 󰁶 f 󰁳 i .  F a  󰁳 o f h 󰁽 i  󰁰 i p a b  p i 󰁺  m i h m f  󰁲 󰁶 o f 󰁺 f  󰁿  i 󰁿 f 󰁰    

f a  󰁺 󰁶 o m i  󰁲 󰁶 f  p 󰁺 i m 󰁶 ` f ,  p f 󰁺 i  h i  󰁰 b j f 󰁰  m f  m ð h m f  󰁳 o f h f  h o  b  m ð h m f  󰁳 b .  F 󰁰 i    

g o 󰁰 g i  p b 󰁰 b  ` i h  󰁽 i m i 󰁰  a i 󰁰  󰁲 󰁶 f  h b ` f h  m f a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶 󰂵 .    ( K h  0 ; 6 - < ) .  

F a  l f ` l i  m f  q 󰁶 f  M o i s  i j r b  b  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i ,  h i s  o h m o ` b r ç b  q 󰁶 f    

s i h  s f p b r b m i s ,  󰁿  b s ç  s f  o m f h t o  ` b h  p i r  s f p b r b m i  f h  a b  J o j a o b .  P o h  f g j b r n i ,  

󰁳 i a 󰁳 o f h m i  b  N ï h f s o s  2 ; : ,  a b  c r b s f  ` i g p a f t b  󰂥 f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  m f  M o i s 󰂵  f h  l f j r f i ,  

f s 󰁺 󰁶 b ` l  f a i l o g ,   󰁿 f a i l o g  s f  r f  f r b  b  M o i s  f h  s 󰁶  c i r g b  p a 󰁶 r b a ,  q 󰁶 f  f h    

l f j r f r i  s f  ` i h i ` f  ` i g i  󰂥 p a 󰁶 r b a  m f  g b k f s t b m 󰂵 .  T i r  f s i ,  N ï h f s o s  2 ; : 3  m o ` f ;  
 

󰂥 L b n b g i 󰁰  b  a i 󰁰  󰁰 f 󰁺 f 󰁰  l 󰁶 g b h i 󰁰  b  󰁨 󰁶 󰁦 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 󰁢  o g b n f h ,  b  󰁨 󰁶 󰁦 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 󰁢   󰁰 f g f k b h 󰁻 b 󰂵 . 

U Ï h c b s o s  m f a  b 󰁶 t i r W .  

F h  a b  J o j a o b  f h ` i h t r b g i s  g 󰁶 ` l i s  f k f g p a i s  f h  a i s  q 󰁶 f  p i m f g i s  󰁳 f r  b a    

F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  k 󰁶 h t i  b a  T b m r f  󰁿  f a  L o k i .  F h  f a  j b 󰁶 t o s g i  m f  K f s û s  ( G t  0 ; 2 0 -    

2 > ) ,  s f  f s ` 󰁶 ` l ð  a b  󰁳 i 󰁻  󰁿  s f  󰁳 o i  f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  m f s ` f h m f r  f h  c i r g b  m f  p b a i g b .  

@ i h  r f a b ` o ð h  b  h 󰁶 f s t r b  s b a 󰁳 b ` o ð h  ( 2  T f  2 ; : ) ,  󰁳 f g i s  a b  󰂥   M   o i 󰁰  f a  T b m 󰁺 f  a i 󰁰    

f a o n o ð  m f  b ` 󰁶 f 󰁺 m i  ` i h  󰁰 󰁶  p 󰁺 i p ð 󰁰 o 󰁽 i  󰁿  p i 󰁺  g f m o i  m f a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  a i 󰁰  l b    

 󰁰 b h 󰁽 o  ` b m i , p b 󰁺 b 󰁲 󰁶 f i j f m f 󰁻 ` b h b K f 󰁰 󰁶 ` 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰁿 󰁰 f b h 󰁰 b a 󰁳 b m i 󰁰 p i 󰁺 󰁰 󰁶 󰁰 b h n 󰁺 f    󰂵 . 

F h  s 󰁶  j f h m o ` o ð h  b  a i s  @ i r o h t o i s  ( :  @ i r  2 0 ; 2 = ) ,  T b j a i  m o ` f ;  󰂥 R 󰁶 f  a b  n 󰁺 b ` o b    

m f a  P f ò i 󰁺  K f 󰁰 󰁶 ` 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i ,  f a  b g i 󰁺  m f  M o i 󰁰  󰁿  a b  ` i g 󰁶 h o ð h  m f a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  P b h 󰁽 i  f 󰁰 󰁽 ï h    

` i h  󰁽 i m i 󰁰  󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰 󰂵 .    T i r  a i  n f h f r b a ,  s o  h i  s f  m o ` f  a i  ` i h t r b r o i ,  M o i s  p 󰁶 f m f    

r f c f r o r s f  b a  T b m r f ,  f s p f ` o b a g f h t f  ` 󰁶 b h m i  s f  g f h ` o i h b  K f s 󰁶 ` r o s t i  󰁿  f a    

F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  f h  f a  g o s g i  ` i h t f 󰁼 t i .  T b j a i  t b g j o ï h  i r b  p o m o f h m i  q 󰁶 f  a i s    

` r o s t o b h i s  f h  a b  ` o 󰁶 m b m  m f  Ï c f s i ,  p 󰁶 f m b h  󰂥    󰁰 f   󰁺 c i 󰁺 󰁽 b a f ` o m i 󰁰 ` i h p i m f 󰁺 f h f a   

l i g j 󰁺 f  o h 󰁽 f 󰁺 o i 󰁺  p i 󰁺  󰁰 󰁶  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶   󰂵   ,    󰁿  q 󰁶 f  󰂥   l   b j o 󰁽 f  @ 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i  p i 󰁺  a b  c f  f h  󰁳 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i 󰁰    

` i 󰁺 b 󰁻 i h f 󰁰 󰂵   5    p f r i  q 󰁶 f  t b g j o ï h  s f b h  󰂥   a a   f h i 󰁰  m f  󰁽 i m b  a b  p a f h o 󰁽 󰁶 m  m f  M o i 󰁰 󰂵     . 

( F c f s o i s  0 ; 2 3 - 2 > , 2 ?  Z S Z 3 4 ) .  

F h  s 󰁶  f h s f ò b h 󰁻 b  b ` f r ` b  m f  a b  P f n 󰁶 h m b  S f h o m b  m f a  P f ò i r ,  T b j a i  a f s    

r f ` 󰁶 f r m b  q 󰁶 f  s 󰁶  s b a 󰁳 b ` o ð h  f s  󰂥 󲀣  g f m o b h 󰁽 f  a b  b ` ` o ð h  m f a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  P b h 󰁽 i  󰁲 󰁶 f    

a i 󰁰  l b ` f  󰁰 b h 󰁽 i 󰁰  󰁿  a b  c f  󰁲 󰁶 f  l b h  m f p i 󰁰 o 󰁽 b m i  f h  a b  󰁳 f 󰁺 m b m .  @ i h  󰁽 b a  i j k f 󰁽 o 󰁳 i ,  

 p i 󰁺 h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i g f m o i a f 󰁰 ` i g 󰁶 h o ` ð a b 󰁰 j 󰁶 f h b 󰁰 h 󰁶 f 󰁳 b 󰁰 , p b 󰁺 b 󰁲 󰁶 f p b 󰁺 󰁽 o ` o p f h m f a b   

 n a i 󰁺 o b m f h 󰁶 f 󰁰 󰁽 󰁺 i P f ò i 󰁺 K f 󰁰 󰁶 ` 󰁺 o 󰁰 󰁽 i 󰂵 . ( :  ] f s b a i h o ` f h s f s  : ; 2 0 j - 2 = ) .  

I t r i s  p b s b k f s  m f  a b  J o j a o b  m b h  t f s t o g i h o i  m f  a b  i j r b  m f  a b s  t r f s  p f r s i h b s    

m f  a b  ] r o h o m b m ,  󰁿 b  s f b  q 󰁶 f  s f  p r f s f h t f h  p i r  s f p b r b m i  i  f h  f a  g o s g i    

` i h t f 󰁼 t i .  T i r  ` o f r t i ,  a b  ` b r t b  m f  T b j a i  b  a i s  F c f s o i s  g f h ` o i h b  f a  T b m r f ,  f a    

L o k i  󰁿  f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  b  t r b 󰁳 ï s  m f  t i m i s  s 󰁶 s  ` b p ç t 󰁶 a i s ,  󰁿  f h  f s p f ` o b a  f h    

a i s  p r o g f r i s  ` 󰁶 b t r i .  

T f r i  h i  l b 󰁿  g b 󰁿 i r  f 󰁳 o m f h ` o b  m f  a b s  t r f s  p f r s i h b s  f h  󰁶 h b  s i a b  q 󰁶 f  f h  a b s    

g o s g b s  p b a b j r b s  m f a  P f ò i r  f h  G b t f i  : < ; 2 < - 2 ? ,  ` 󰁶 b h m i  a f s  m b  s 󰁶 s  û a t o g b s    

o h s t r 󰁶 ` ` o i h f s  b  a i s  m o s ` ç p 󰁶 a i s  󰁿  s f n 󰁶 o m i r f s ;  󰂥 L f  󰁺 f ` o j o m i  󰁽 i m b  b 󰁶 󰁽 i 󰁺 o m b m  f h    

f a  ` o f a i  󰁿  f h  a b  󰁽 o f 󰁺 󰁺 b .  T i 󰁺  a i  󰁽 b h 󰁽 i ,  󰁳 b 󰁿 b h  󰁿  l b n b h  m o 󰁰 ` ç p 󰁶 a i 󰁰  f h  󰁽 i m b 󰁰  a b 󰁰    

h b ` o i h f 󰁰 .  J b 󰁶 󰁽 ç ` f h a i 󰁰  f h  f a  h i g j 󰁺 f  m f a  T b m 󰁺 f ,  m f a  L o k i  󰁿  m f a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  P b h 󰁽 i 󰂵 .  
 

AB SOMB RVF MOIP MB HI FP PIABGFH]F AB

LVGBHB, POHI ]BGJOÏH AB SOMB
FPTOZO]VBA.)
 󰀨  󰂹 󰀹 
 M o i s  f s  u h  M o i s  f h  ` i g u h o m b m       R u ï  p o f h s b s  m f  f s t b  c r b s f      

RVF TZI@FMF MFA TBMZF

_ b  󰁳 o g i s  f h  f a  j b 󰁶 t o s g i  m f  K f s û s  q 󰁶 f  f a  T b m r f  f h 󰁳 o ð  b a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i  h i    

s i a i  p b r b  ` i h  r g b r  f a  g o h o s t f r o i  m f  K f s 󰁶 ` r o s t i ,  s o h i  t b g j o ï h  p b r b  f h c b t o 󰁻 b r    

q 󰁶 o ï h  f r b  K f s û s ,  f a  L o k i  b g b m i  m f  M o i s .  

A 󰁶 f n i ,  󰁳 f g i s  q 󰁶 f  f a  g o h o s t f r o i  m f  K f s û s  f h  a b  t o f r r b  t f h ç b  s 󰁶  t o f g p i    

p r f m f t f r g o h b m i ,  b 󰁶 h q 󰁶 f  a b  l i r b  󰁿  f a  m ç b  a i  s b j ç b  s i a i  f a  T b m r f .  P o h    

f g j b r n i ,  t b g j o ï h  f s t b j b  p r f m f t f r g o h b m i  q 󰁶 f  ` 󰁶 b h m i  f a  L o k i  󰁳 i a 󰁳 o f r b  b  a b    

m o f s t r b  m f a  T b m r f ,  f a  g o s g i  T b m r f  f h 󰁳 o b r ç b  f a  F s p ç r o t 󰁶  P b h t i ;  󰂥 _  󰁿 i  a f  p f m o 󰁺 ï    

b  M o i 󰁰  f a  T b m 󰁺 f  󰁲 󰁶 f  a f 󰁰  f h 󰁳 ç f  b a  F 󰁰 p ç 󰁺 o 󰁽 󰁶  P b h 󰁽 i ,  p b 󰁺 b  󰁲 󰁶 f  󰁰 o f g p 󰁺 f  a i 󰁰  b 󰁿 󰁶 m f  󰁿    

 󰁰 o f g p 󰁺 f f 󰁰 󰁽 ï ` i h 󰁶 󰁰 󰁽 f m f 󰁰 . Ï a a f 󰁰