Aircraft Propulsion System

Summary Revision
Aircraft Propulsion System
Assessment format
Topic 1 to Topic 11
TEST1: Topic 1 to Topic 5 (20 MCQs + 2 Essays) = 25%
TEST2: E-quiz 1 + E-quiz 2 = 15%
TEST3: Topic 1b/ 6 – Topic 11 (20 MCQs + 4 Essays) = 35%

Labs : Lab 1 – Lab 10

PRAC1 (15%) + PRAC2 (10%) = 25%
Bernoulli’s Principle
 3 Factors that affecting thrust

The factors that can affect thrust are: airspeed, mass airflow, and ram effect.

Wa Wf
Fn = --- (V2 - V1) + ---- (V2) + Aj (P2-Pam)
g g
Total Net Thrust
 Horsepower & Bypass Ratio
Thrust Horsepower = {Net thrust (lbs) mph}/ {375 mile-lbs/hour}

THP = Fn x Aircraft Speed

375 miles lbs per hr

Bypass Ratio= {Mass of air moved by the fan }

{Mass of air moved by the core engine}

3 categories of bypass ratios:

Low bypass ratio 1:1 or less,

Medium bypass ratio = 2.1 to 3:1,
High-bypass ratio = 4.1:9.1

Note: Jet Engine has Zero bypass ratio.

Distribution Of Thrust
Thrust Distribution
 2 OR 4 STROKES
OTTO CYCLE ENGINE
BRAYTON CYCLE

EXTERNAL INTERNAL
COMBUTION COMBUTION RAM JET

ENGINE

PULSE JET

EXTERNAL COMBUTION ENGINE

ROCKET ENGINE
TURBINE ENGINE
 OTTO CYCLE

BRAYTON CYCLE

2 OR 4 STROKES
ENGINE
The basic difference between the energy-release system of reciprocating
engines and gas turbine engines are :

(1)
“ In a reciprocating engine, the energy is added in a constant-volume cycle;
whereas in the gas turbine engine, it is added in a constant-pressure.”

Otto Brayton

Topic 1 Principles Of Propulsion EGF211 Aircraft Propulsion System

Brayton Cycle : shows the pressure and volume relationship

A B C D

Compression Combustion Expansion

Brayton Cycle process in a Turbojet Engine:

A. In the intake, air increases its pressure slightly.

B. Air is compressed to a higher pressure in the compressor.
C. Air mixed with the fuel in the combustion chamber and the mixture is burned at constant
pressure.
D. The high pressure, high temperature gases exit from the combustion chamber and expand in
the turbine to generate enough power to drive the compressor and the auxiliary equipment.
E. The gases expand in a nozzle to the ambient pressure and leave the engine at high velocity.
 REAR TURBO-SHAFT ENGINE
JET ENGINE TURO-PROP ENGINE

TURBO-FAN ENGINE TURO-SHAFT ENGINE

Inlet Duct Design
 Variable Inlet
Guide Vanes

Compressor
Air Bleed
Hybrid Compressor Engine
Centrifugal Flow Compressor
Axial Flow Compressor
 Turbine Engine Efficiency

To maintain a good tip clearance, either

Active Clearance Control
to have:
1.) a abradable strip on case, or
2.) a abradable tip on blade.
 Pressure
• Type of Lubricating Systems? Hot Tank
Sub-system
• Types of seals? Vent
Dry Sump
• Function of Oil? Sub-system
• Oil properties & Characters? Scavenge
Cold Tank
Sub-system
Wet Sump

Fan Air
4) Lubrication &
Cooling System Bearing & Seals
ACC cooling

Properties &
Function of
Characters of
Lubricating Oil
Lubricating Oil
 Magnetic Chip Detector
Magnetic chip detectors (MCD) are installed on each of the main bearing
and gearbox oil
scavenging system.

They are used to attract any ferrous metal flakes or chips that originate
from bearing or gear failure, or from debris left inside the engine gearbox oil
passages during repair or overhaul without thorough cleaning.
Provides indication or early warning of engine bearing wear.

Electrical Magnetic Chip Detector.

Some engine models incorporate an electrical system to detect chip

contamination and an electrical signal
is transmitted to the cockpit warning system to alert the flight crew.

The drawback of such system is that an electrical short-circuit could cause

unnecessary and dangerous situation when
the pilot shuts down an engine because of erroneous warning.
 Features of fuel system Low/High wing

Gravity Feed

Cross-Feed

Type of Fuel Systems

Safety Precaution

5) Aircraft Fuel System Refuelling & Defueling

Fuel Jettison system

Specific Fuel
Stoichiometric Mixture Consumption
Detonation
Too rich
Pre-ignition
Too lean
• Type of Lubricating Systems? • Type of Fuel Systems?
• Oil properties & characteristics? • FADEC Advantages?
• Function of Oil? • FCU primary parameters?

4) Lubrication & Cooling

6) Engine Fuel System
System

• Purpose of Thrust Reversers?

• Noise suppression?

7) Exhaust System

Turbine Engine System

9) Ignition & Starting 8) Fire Detection &

System Extinguishing System

• Basic Requirement?
• Start Cycle / sequences?
• Type of fire detection method?
• Continuous Ignition?
• Classes of Fire?
• Types of Starting Method?
 6) Engine Fuel System

Primary inputs Components

 8) Fire Detection

Thermoswitch

Audio and Visual Indication

8) Extinguishing System

Wheel Well
9) Ignition & Starting
System

Glow Igniter Spark Igniter

 • Type of engine instrument?
• Types of engine control?
• Instrument Principle?
• Colour & Marking?

10a) Engine Control 10b) Engine Instrument

Turbine Engine System

11b) Engine
11a) Engine Operation Maintenance

• Engine start key parameter?

• Start Cycle / sequences?
• Type of Engine start problem?
• Types of Starting Method?
• When need Boroscope
Inspection?
After Burner

PLA

Fuel Regulating Valve

& Fuel Shut-off Valve

10a) Engine Control

 Engine Instruments
Computerized Fuel System

Computerized fuel system (CFS) is a software that measures:

• Weight of fuel in pounds or kg and gallons of fuel onboard the aircraft
• Fuel flow rate in pounds/hr or gallons/hr
• Fuel remaining at the present rate of flow
• Amount of fuel used since engine started

The system uses a turbine rotor through which the fuel passes causing the rotor
to spin at a rate proportionately to the rate of flow.

As it spins, it cuts through a beam of light between a light-emitting diode and a

phototransistor. The pulses of light are then converted into pulses of electricity
that are inputted into the computer.
 Engine Instruments
Computerized Fuel System
10b) Engine Instrument

EICAS
11a) Engine Operation
On-Condition Maintenance

Condition Monitoring Maintenance

Engine Trend Monitoring

11b) Engine
Maintenance

Bore-blending

Water Wash

Grit Blasting
End