Lab Report 4

Isolation pathogen of leaves

Methods:
1. Remove any soil from the root by washing it with water.
2. Remove the green sections of the plant and retain the rest.
3. Put the roots in a petri dish with 70% alcohol and let them sit for 2 minutes.
4. Rinse with distilled water and blot dry with filter paper after 2 minutes.
Cut the roots into 4 to 5 pieces and lay them in a PDA plate after they are dry.
5. Allow it to incubate at 25° C for a week to see the results.

Result:
There is fungal growth present.

Conclusion:
The presence of fungal growth occurs when the alcohol concentration is insufficient to kill infections or when the
pathogens do not stay long enough inside the alcohol.
 Lab Report 5
Isolation pathogen of leaves

Methods:

1. Gather a collection of sterile and non-sterile seeds.

2. In a large mixing bowl, combine the non-sterilized seeds (two lentils and two cowpeas).
Separate the PDA plate with tongs and incubate at 25 ° C for a week.
3. Divide the moist filter paper dish into two halves with tongs. a lentil piece in the first segment and a cowpea piece in the
second. Then, at 25°C, incubate it for a week.
4. Place four lentil seeds and four cowpea seeds in a jar to sterilize them.
Place the seeds in a petri dish with Clorox and then in filter paper to dry.
Remove the Clorox from the equation.
5. Using distilled water, rinse the seeds and pat them dry using filter paper.

Result:
There is no fungal growth on sterilized seeds; there is fungal growth on non-sterilized
seeds.

Conclusion:
Due to Clorox, the sterilized seeds on the PDA plate, filter paper dish have no fungal development, however the non-
sterilized seeds on the PDA plate, filter paper dish have fungal growth, which is why the seeds can't grow well.
 Lab Report 3
Isolation pathogen of leaves

Methods:
1. Mark the first quarter (0.5) minute, the second quarter (1) minute, the third quarter (1.5) minute, and the fourth quarter
(2) minute on the PDA plate.
2. Place a piece of leaf on a Clorox-coated plate for (0.5) minutes, then remove it with tongs and place it on filter paper, then
on a Petri dish with distilled water, then dry it with filter paper, and place it inside a (0.5) minute segment on a PDA plate.
3. Take a second piece of the same leaf and soak it in Clorox for one minute. Remove the piece of leaf with tongs and lay it
on filter paper, then on a Petri dish containing distilled water, dry it with filter paper, and insert it inside the (1) minute
portion on the PDA plate.
4. Take another portion of the same leaf and lay it on a Clorox plate for (1.5) minutes, then remove it with tongs and place it
on filter paper, then on a Petri dish with distilled water, then dry it with filter paper, and place it inside the (1.5) minute
region on PDA platec.
5.Place a second part of the same leaf on a plate with Clorox and let it sit for (2) minutes.
Remove the segment of leaf with tongs and lay it on filter paper, then on a Petri dish with distilled water, dry it with filter
paper, and place it inside the (2) minute section on the PDA plate.
6. After that, incubate it for a week at 25°C to see what happens.

Result:
o A fungal growth may be seen in the (0.5) minute section.
o There is fungal development in the (1) minute section, but it is less than in the
(0.5) minute section.
o There is relatively little fungal development in the (1.5) minute section.
o There is no fungal development in the (2) minute section

Conclusion:
Because the time we set the leaf on Clorox was insufficient to destroy the germs, there is fungal development in the (0.5)
minute segment.
o Fungal growth is visible in the (1) minute sample, but it is less pronounced than in the (0.5) minute section due to
the longer period the leaves were on Clorox.
o In comparison to the time the leaf set on Clorox, there is relatively little fungal growth in the (1.5) minute segment.
o There is no fungus development in section (2) min because the leaf set on the Clorox for such a long time.
 Lab Report 1
Isolation and inoculation

Koch’s postulates:

Typically, a parasite is present as a side effect.

• The parasite should be isolated on a contamination-free artificial media.

• Inject the parasite (artificial infection) into damaged healthy plants to produce comparable side effects as before.
• The parasite is re-confined from the artificially infected plants, and the following parasite is nearly identical to the primary
parasite.

It's important to emphasize that Koch's theories do not apply to obligatory parasites that grow on living tissue.

Methods:
1. Using alcohol, sterilized the three oranges' surfaces.
2. Make a Penicillium sp. infection with orange number 1.
Cotton swapping without a wound
3. Make a Penicillium sp. infection with orange number 2.
With wound, using cotton swap.
4. Make an infection-free wound using orange number 3.
5. Put each orange in its own plastic bag.
6. Finally, incubate it for 3 to 5 days at 25 ° C before looking at the results.

Result:
1. Infection without physical harm.
2. Infection-related injury.
3. Injury that is not infected

Conclusion:
The fungus Penicillium sp. causes green mold on oranges.
The fungus appears in oranges 1 and 2 owing to infection, however orange 3 does not have any infection.
 Lab Report 2
Isolation and inoculation

Koch’s postulates:

Typically, a parasite is present as a side effect.

• The parasite should be isolated on a contamination-free artificial media.
• Inject the parasite (artificial infection) into damaged healthy plants to produce comparable side effects as before.
• The parasite is re-confined from the artificially infected plants, and the following parasite is virtually identical to the
primary parasite.

It's important to highlight that Koch's theories don't apply to obligate parasites that feed on living tissue.

Methods:
1. Using alcohol, sterilized the surface of the three potatoes.
2. Infect the number one potato with Fusarium sp.
Cotton swapping without a wound
3. Infect the potato number 2 with Fusarium sp.
With wound, using cotton swap.
4. Make an infection-free wound with potato number three.
5. Put each potato in its own plastic bag.
6. Finally, incubate it for 3 to 5 days at 25 ° C before observing the results.

Result:
1. An injury that is not infectious.
2. Infection without physical harm.
3. Infection-related injury

Conclusion:
Wilt caused by Fusarium sp. on potatoes.
The emergence of the fungus on potatoes 3 and 2 is due to infection, whereas orange 1 has no infection but has a color
change.