Modul pdpr

JOM SKOR A
EKONOMI
60 SOALAN STRUKTUR
(KERTAS 2 - BAHAGIAN A)

BAB 1 : PENGENALAN KEPADA EKONOMI

Soalan 1

Gambar di bawah ini merupakan sumber ekonomi yang diperlukan dalam pengeluaran.
Terangkan dua faktor pengeluaran yang terdapat pada gambar di atas. [4 markah]
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Soalan 2

Maklumat yang berikut menunjukkan keputusan yang telah diambil oleh kerajaan.

Kerajaan telah menangguhkan projek pembinaan lebuh raya yang menelan belanja berjuta ringgit untuk
memberi tumpuan kepada projek jambatan di Teluk Intan, Perak.

Terangkan masalah ekonomi yang dihadapi oleh pihak kerajaan. [5 markah]

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Soalan 3

Rajah di bawah ini menunjukkan keluk

kemungkinan pengeluaran.

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(a) Apakah yang berlaku pada:

(i) Titik A [1 markah]

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(ii) Titik D [1 markah]

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(iii) Titik F [2 markah]

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(iv) Titik G [2 markah]

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(b) Hitungkan kos lepas jika kombinasi pengeluaran berubah dari titik C ke titik D. [2 markah]
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Soalan 4

Huraikan konsep kekurangan dalam ekonomi. [4 markah]

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Soalan 5

Maklumat di bawah ini berkaitan dengan sistem ekonomi yang diamalkan oleh negara Hong Kong.

Hong Kong mempunyai pendapatan negara yang tinggi dan ekonomi berorientasikan perkhidmatan
terutamanya perkhidmatan kewangan. Hong Kong mempunyai kadar pengangguran yang rendah dan
rakyatnya menikmati pelbagai pilihan ke atas barang dan perkhidmatan yang berkualiti.

(a) Bezakan sistem ekonomi yang diamalkan oleh negara Hong Kong dengan sistem ekonomi perancangan
pusat. [5 markah]
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(b) Jelaskan empat kelebihan sistem ekonomi yang diamalkan oleh negara Hong Kong selain daripada yang
terdapat dalam petikan. [4 markah]
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Soalan 6

Berikut adalah perbincangan antara dua orang pengurus syarikat.

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Mengapakah Akmal mencadangkan supaya memberi fokus kepada masalah “apa” dan “bagaimana” hendak
dikeluarkan? Berikan pendapat anda. [4 markah]
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Soalan 7

Bagaimanakah sistem ekonomi campuran menyelesaikan masalah asas ekonomi berikut:

(a) Apa yang hendak dikeluarkan [2 markah]

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(b) Bagaimana hendak dikeluarkan [2 markah]

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(c) Untuk siapa dikeluarkan [2 markah]

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BAB 2 : PASARAN

Soalan 8

Jadual di bawah ini menunjukkan harga dan kuantiti yang diminta bagi suatu barang.

Harga Kuantiti Diminta

(RM) (unit)
10 20

30 5

Berdasarkan jadual di atas, huraikan hukum permintaan. [4 markah]

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Soalan 9
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Dengan bantuan gambar rajah yang sesuai, jelaskan hukum penawaran. [5 markah]
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Soalan 10

Jadual berikut menunjukkan jumlah permintaan komputer riba bagi tahun 2017, 2018 dan 2019.

Kuantiti Permintaan
Tahun
(unit)
2017 10 500
2018 18 400
2019 15 800

(a) Jelaskan dua faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan dalam kuantiti permintaan terhadap komputer riba dari
tahun 2017 ke tahun 2018. [4 markah]
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(b) Jelaskan dua faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan dalam kuantiti permintaan terhadap komputer riba dari
tahun 2018 ke tahun 2019. [4 markah]
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Soalan 11
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Jadual di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara harga Barang X dengan kuantiti permintaan Barang Y.

Harga Barang X Kuantiti Diminta Barang Y

(RM) (unit)
2 10

6 20

Dengan memberikan contoh, jelaskan hubungan antara Barang X dan Barang Y. [5 markah]
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Soalan 12

Maklumat yang berikut berkaitan dengan Syarikat WinWin Sdn. Bhd. yang mengeluarkan beg sekolah pada
tahun 2018 dan 2019.

Tahun 2018 Tahun 2019

Harga (RM) Kuantiti (unit) Harga (RM) Kuantiti (unit)

20 25 000 30 42 000

Terangkan tiga faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan output Syarikat WinWin Sdn. Bhd. pada tahun 2019.
[6 markah]
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Soalan 13
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Jelaskan maksud keanjalan harga penawaran. [4 markah]
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Soalan 14

Jadual menunjukkan peratus perubahan harga dan peratus perubahan kuantiti ditawar bagi dua jenis barang.

Peratus Perubahan
Barang Peratus Perubahan Harga
Kuantiti Ditawar
G 20 10
M 50 60

(a) Hitungkan nilai keanjalan harga penawaran bagi barang G dan barang M. [2 markah]
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(b) Bezakan keanjalan harga penawaran bagi barang G dan barang M. [6 markah]
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Soalan 15
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Maklumat yang berikut menunjukkan pekali keanjalan permintaan dua barang.

Jenis Barang Pekali keanjalan harga permintaan

Barang X 0.7
Barang Y 2.5

Barang yang manakah merupakan barang mewah? Berikan alasan anda. [4 markah]
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Soalan 16

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keluk keseimbangan pasaran.

Harga (RM)

D S

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E
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S D

0 55 60 70 75 100 Kuantiti (unit)

Huraikan keadaan pasaran pada tingkat harga berikut:

(a) RM 3 [2 markah]
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(b) RM 6 [2 markah]

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Soalan 17

Jadual berikut menunjukkan kuantiti diminta dan kuantiti ditawarkan bagi barang X pada pelbagai tingkat harga.

Harga Kuantiti Permintaan Kuantiti Penawaran

(RM) (unit) (unit)
5 27 12
15 21 16
25 15 20
35 9 24

Dengan menggunakan kertas graf, lukiskan keluk keseimbangan pasaran berdasarkan maklumat dalam jadual
di atas. [4 markah]

BAB 3 : PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU

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Soalan 18

Gambar di bawah menunjukkan penggantian sistem urusniaga A kepada urusniaga B.

URUSNIAGA A URUSNIAGA B

Mengapakah berlakunya penggantian sistem urusniaga tersebut? [5 markah]

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Soalan 19

Gambar di bawah menunjukkan sebuah iklan kereta tempatan.

(a) Jelaskan fungsi wang yang berkaitan dengan gambar di atas. [4 markah]
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(b) Adakah barang di atas merupakan barang keperluan? Berikan alasan anda. [4 markah]
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Soalan 20

Jelaskan kelebihan dan kelemahan kemudahan overdraf. [4 markah]

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Soalan 21

Pernyataan di bawah berkaitan dengan dua jenis kad yang ditawarkan oleh bank perdagangan.

“Penggunaan kad debit adalah lebih baik daripada kad kredit”

Adakah anda bersetuju dengan penyataan di atas? Beri empat alasan. [5 markah]
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Soalan 22

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan khidmat bayaran elektronik.

Khidmat bayaran elektronik semakin popular di Malaysia. Bayaran boleh digunakan di lebuh raya, pusat
membeli belah, bayaran utiliti, dan belian atas talian. Terdapat tiga kaedah utama yang digunakan di
Malaysia iaitu kad kredit, kad debit dan Touch ‘n Go.

Jelaskan lima kebaikan penggunaan khidmat bayaran elektronik terhadap pengguna? [5 markah]
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Soalan 23

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan sumber pendapatan individu.

Encik Azmi merupakan seorang juruukur bahan yang menerima upah sebanyak RM2500. Selain itu, beliau
juga mempunyai sebuah rumah yang disewakan dengan kadar RM700 sebulan.

Huraikan jenis pendapatan lain yang boleh diterima oleh Encik Azmi. [4 markah]
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Soalan 24

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan jenis pendapatan individu.

PUTRAJAYA: Pembayaran Bantuan Sara Hidup (BSH) 2019 fasa pertama yang dijangka memanfaatkan
sehingga 4.1 juta isi rumah akan dilaksanakan pada 28 Januari mengikut pangkalan data lama.

Sumber: Berita Harian Online, 26 Disember 2018

(a) Jelaskan jenis pendapatan tersebut. [3 markah]

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(b) Wajarkah jenis pendapatan ini diteruskan? Berikan alasan anda. [3 markah]
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Soalan 25

Maklumat berikut berkaitan sumbangan sektor ekonomi negara terhadap guna tenaga.

Menurut sumber daripada Laporan Ekonomi 2000 hingga 2014, guna tenaga dalam sektor utama menurun
sebanyak 4.1 peratus, sektor kedua menurun sebanyak 5.9 peratus dan sektor ketiga pula meningkat
sebanyak 10 peratus.
Sumber: Kementerian Kewangan, Laporan Ekonomi 2015/2016

Mengapakah ramai penduduk lebih suka menyumbangkan guna tenaga dalam sektor yang mengalami
peningkatan tersebut? [5 markah]
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Soalan 26

Bandingkan antara deposit tabungan dan deposit tetap dari aspek berikut:

(a) Persamaan [2 markah]

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(b) Perbezaan [4 markah]

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Soalan 27

Senaraikan kepentingan belanjawan peribadi. [4 markah]

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Soalan 28

Pernyataan di bawah berkaitan dengan pelaburan Puan Neelofa.

Puan Neelofa telah membeli sekeping emas beratnya ialah 100 gram yang bernilai RM17 000.

Mengapakah pembelian emas dianggap sebagai pelaburan? Berikan alasan anda. [4 markah]
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Soalan 29

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan perubahan pendapatan isi rumah di Malaysia.

Pendapatan kasar bulanan isi rumah Malaysia pada tahun 1970 ialah RM264. Jumlah ini meningkat kepada
RM1 170 pada tahun 1990 dan pada tahun 2014 pula meningkat kepada RM6 141. Perubahan ketara ini
disebabkan oleh perubahan struktur ekonomi daripada sektor utama kepada sektor kedua dan ketiga.

(a) Jelaskan sebab berlakunya perubahan struktur ekonomi di Malaysia. [4 markah]

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(b) Nyatakan empat kesan peningkatan pendapatan isi rumah terhadap ekonomi Malaysia. [4 markah]
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Soalan 30

Maklumat yang berikut berkaitan masalah pembayaran bil.

Puan Munirah menguruskan sendiri semua urusan pentadbiran di perniagaan inap desa (homestay). Hal ini
menyebabkan beliau kesuntukan masa untuk menjelaskan bil air, elektrik, astro dan sewa bangunan tepat
pada masa yang ditetapkan.

Terangkan dua kemudahan pembayaran yang disediakan oleh bank perdagangan untuk menyelesaikan
masalah pembayaran bil Puan Munirah. [6 markah]
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Soalan 31

Jadual di bawah berkaitan dengan pendapatan dan perbelanjaan Puan Fazura pada bulan Januari 2018.

Butiran RM

Gaji 6 000
Potongan Koperasi 400
Insurans Nyawa 400
Caruman KWSP 660
Potongan Lembaga Tabung Haji 500
Caruman PERKESO 30
Dividen ASB 300
Cukai Pendapatan Individu 140

Hitungkan pendapatan boleh guna Puan Fazura pada bulan tersebut. [5 markah]
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Soalan 32

Berikut merupakan satu iklan yang berkaitan jualan set perabot

SET PERABOT
KAEDAH BAYARAN
TUNAI: RM2 000
ATAU
ANSURAN: RM220 SEBULAN
SELAMA SETAHUN

Jika anda ingin membeli set perabot dalam iklan di atas, kaedah bayaran yang manakah akan anda pilih?
Berikan alasan anda. [6 markah]

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BAB 4 : PENGELUARAN

Soalan 33

Gambar di bawah menunjukkan aktiviti pengeluaran roti bagi Syarikat Megah Jaya Sdn. Bhd.

(a) Nyatakan input yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran roti di atas. [4 markah]
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(b) Terangkan aktiviti pengeluaran yang dilakukan dalam rajah di atas. [5 markah]
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(c) Nyatakan empat faedah sosial daripada aktiviti pengeluaran tersebut. [4 markah]
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Soalan 34

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan fungsi pengeluaran sebuah firma yang mengeluarkan minuman ringan.

Input tetap Input berubah Jumlah keluaran Keluaran purata Keluaran sut
(unit) (unit) (unit) (unit) (unit)
2 0 0 - -
2 1 1 1 1
2 2 P 2 3
2 3 11 3.67 7
2 4 17 Q 6
2 5 20 R S
2 6 20 3.33 0
2 7 16 2.29 T

(a) Apakah jenis jangka masa pengeluaran firma tersebut? Berikan alasan anda. [2 markah]
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(b) Tentukan nilai P, Q, R, S dan T. [5 markah]

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(c) Tingkat input berubah manakah yang paling cekap? Berikan alasan anda. [2 markah]

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Soalan 35

Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan beberapa kos yang terlibat dalam proses pengeluaran sesebuah firma.

Kain sutera Cukai jualan Sewa kilang Insurans kebakaran

(a) Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, apakah jenis kos yang terlibat? [2 markah]
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(b) Jelaskan perbezaan antara kos kain sutera dan kos sewa kilang? [4 markah]
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Soalan 36

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan pengeluaran pen.

Jumlah pengeluaran 50 000 unit

Harga RM5 seunit
Kos seunit RM3
Kos tetap RM10 000
Hitungkan:

(a) kos berubah untuk 50 000 unit pen. [2 markah]

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(b) keuntungan atau kerugian untuk 50 000 unit pen. [2 markah]

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Soalan 37

Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan pengeluaran beberapa buah kilang dalam industri yang sama.

Kilang A B C D E
Input (kg) 100 130 125 140 95
Output (unit) 105 144 163 168 119

Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, kilang yang manakah mempunyai produktiviti yang paling tinggi?
Jelaskan jawapan anda. [3 markah]
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Soalan 38

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan satu kemudahan awam.

Taman Tasik Taiping merupakan taman rekreasi yang popular di negeri Perak. Pada hujung minggu, taman
ini sesak dengan penduduk setempat yang berjoging, berkelah dan beriadah bersama keluarga. Namun,
sejak bulan Mac yang lalu, taman rekreasi ini tidak dibuka untuk para pengunjung akibat Perintah Kawalan
Pergerakan seluruh negara yang diumumkan oleh pihak kerajaan bagi membendung gejala Covid 19.

Tindakan kerajaan ini telah menyebabkan berlakunya eksternaliti negatif. Jelaskan. [4 markah]
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Soalan 39

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan perniagaan Encik Amirul.

Encik Amirul membuka sebuah pasar mini di Ipoh dengan menyewa sebuah kedai dengan sewa bulanan
RM6000. Beliau dibantu oleh dua orang pekerja yang dibayar upah RM5 sejam dan waktu operasinya dari
10 pagi hingga 8 malam. Perbelanjaan utiliti secara puratanya adalah sebanyak RM400 sebulan.

Jelaskan kesan terhadap kos perniagaan pasar mini jika Encik Amirul membuat keputusan untuk melanjutkan
waktu operasi perniagaan sehingga 12 tengah malam. [3 markah]
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Soalan 40

Sekiranya anda seorang pengurus kilang, bagaimanakah anda dapat meningkatkan jumlah pengeluaran dalam
jangka masa pendek? [5 markah]
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Soalan 41

Bagaimanakah penggunaan teknologi moden boleh membantu sebuah kilang yang mengeluarkan makanan
dalam tin untuk meningkatkan produktivitinya? [4 markah]
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Soalan 42

Gambar di bawah menunjukkan perbincangan di kalangan Lembaga Pengarah Syarikat Kamunting Raya.

Apakah cadangan anda untuk

menambahkan keuntungan syarikat
pada tahun depan?

Kita harus menekankan produktiviti

syarikat kita. Terdapat beberapa
langkah yang boleh digunakan untuk
meningkatkan produktiviti pekerja.

(a) Bagaimanakah peningkatan produktiviti boleh memberi kesan kepada keuntungan syarikat? [3 markah]
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(b) Jelaskan lima langkah yang akan dicadangkan oleh pengarah tersebut dalam meningkatkan produktiviti
syarikat. [5 markah]
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Soalan 43

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan suatu masalah alam sekitar.

Masalah kesihatan terhadap perokok pasif dan masalah sampah akibat pembuangan punting rokok di merata
tempat merupakan beberapa kos sosial daripada tabiat merokok.

Jelaskan empat langkah yang boleh dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan untuk mengurangkan kos sosial tersebut.
[4 markah]
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Soalan 44

Petikan di bawah berkaitan dengan sektor pelancongan negara.

AKTIVITI SELAM ANTARA PENYUMBANG SEKTOR PELANCONGAN

SEMPORNA – Pada tahun lepas, aktiviti penyelaman menyumbangkan pendapatan terbesar kepada sektor
pelancongan Sabah dengan nilai pendapatannya yang mencecah RM450 juta.

(Dipetik dan disesuaikan daripada: www.sinarharian.com.my)

Jelaskan peluang perniagaan yang boleh diwujudkan oleh penduduk Semporna kesan daripada perkembangan
aktiviti pelancongan. [5 markah]
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BAB 5 : EKONOMI DAN KERAJAAN

Soalan 45

Jelaskan implikasi terhadap ekonomi negara jika kerajaan tidak berfungsi sebagai pengeluar dan majikan.
[5 markah]
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Soalan 46

Maklumat dibawah menunjukkan faedah sampingan yang ditawarkan oleh kerajaan kepada kakitangan awam.

 Imbuhan tetap khidmat awam

 Cuti tahunan mengikut kelayakan

Mengapakah kerajaan menyediakan pelbagai faedah sampingan kepada kakitangan awam? [5 markah]
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Soalan 47

Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri, Koperasi dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK) akan melaksanakan Skim
Kawalan Harga Musim Perayaan. Melalui skim tersebut, harga maksimum akan ditetapkan oleh KPDNKK.
Adakah anda setuju dengan tindakan KPDNKK tersebut? Berikan tiga alasan. [4 markah]

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Soalan 48

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan satu penunjuk ekonomi negara.

Kadar Inflasi 2018 Turun 2.9%

Kadar inflasi negara dijangka berada pada tahap terkawal iaitu 2.9 peratus tahun ini disebabkan oleh
kestabilan harga minyak global. Kadar inflasi telah menurun berbanding dengan 3.8 peratus pada tahun
2017.
(Sumber: www.utusan.com.my)

Jelaskan kesan penurunan kadar inflasi terhadap eksport negara dan tabungan. [5 markah]
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Soalan 49

Jelaskan kesan masalah pengangguran terhadap:

(a) Ekonomi negara [4 markah]

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(b) Masalah sosial [4 markah]

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Soalan 50

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan sumber hasil negara.

Sumber Hasil Kerajaan Peratus (%)

Hasil Bukan Cukai 29
Hasil Cukai Langsung 40
Hasil Q 31
Jumlah Hasil 100
(RM180 bilion)

Huraikan tiga contoh sumber hasil kerajaan yang diperolehi daripada hasil Q. [6 markah]
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Soalan 51

Maklumat di Perbelanjaan X Perbelanjaan Y bawah ini

menunjukkan beberapa
komponen Pembinaan sekolah Pencen dan ganjaran perbelanjaan
kerajaan.

Bezakan kedua-dua jenis perbelanjaan kerajaan tersebut. [4 markah]

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Soalan 52

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan pusat latihan kemahiran di Malaysia.

Terdapat beratus-ratus pusat latihan kemahiran di Malaysia seperti GIATMARA, Politeknik, Kolej Komuniti,
Kolej Vokasional, Institut Kemahiran Belia Negara (IKBN) serta Institut Latihan Perindustrian (ILP). Institusi-
institusi sedemikian menyediakan pelbagai program latihan kemahiran dari peringkat sijil hingga ke peringkat
Diploma Lanjutan.

Bagaimanakah penyertaan belia dalam program latihan anjuran institusi di atas dapat mengurangkan masalah
pengangguran dalam kalangan belia di negara kita? [4 markah]
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Soalan 53

Mengapakah peningkatan KDNK membawa kepada peningkatan dalam kadar inflasi? [4 markah]
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Soalan 54

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Bagaimanakah kenaikan nisbah rizab berkanun boleh mengurangkan tekanan inflasi? [4 markah]
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BAB 6 : MALAYSIA DAN EKONOMI GLOBAL

Soalan 55

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan globalisasi.

Proses Globalisasi Malaysia Dijangka Meningkat

Kuala Lumpur 3 Feb - Globalisasi diunjurkan akan meningkat di Malaysia dalam tempoh beberapa tahun
akan datang dipacu oleh dasar ekonomi terbuka yang diamalkan oleh kerajaan bagi menggalakkan
kemasukan lebih banyak pelabur asing ke negara ini.

Huraikan faktor-faktor lain yang menggalakkan proses globalisasi selain yang dinyatakan dalam petikan di atas.
[4 markah]
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Soalan 56

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan sekatan perdagangan.

Sekatan perdagangan terhadap produk tembakau dan alkohol

Demi menjaga kebajikan serta kesihatan rakyat Malaysia, kerajaan telah mewujudkan sekatan perdagangan
berbentuk tarif terhadap hasil tembakau dan produk beralkohol. Hal ini adalah disebabkan kesan negatif yang
jelas terhadap kesihatan tubuh disebabkan kegiatan merokok seperti kanser mulut dan kanser paru-paru.

Pengenaan tarif dijangka dapat meninggalkan kesan kepada produk yang berkenaan kerana barang import
yang dikenakan tarif akan mengalami kenaikan harga yang sangat ketara berbanding produk tempatan.

(Sumber: www.bharian.com.my)
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Selain daripada aspek penjagaan kesihatan, jelaskan empat tujuan lain pengenaan tarif. [4 markah]
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Soalan 57

Syarikat multinasional mungkin menghadapi pelbagai risiko semasa beroperasi di luar negara.
Jelaskan. [4 markah]
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Soalan 58

Mengapakah kemasukan pelaburan langsung asing menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan pendapatan di sesebuah

negara? [3 markah]
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Soalan 59

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan pertukaran asing.

Malaysia memiliki mata wangnya sendiri dalam sebutan Ringgit Malaysia. Namun Malaysia juga berusaha
memiliki pelbagai jenis mata wang asing seperti Dolar Amerika dan Yen Jepun.

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Apakah kepentingan tindakan di atas kepada Malaysia? [4 markah]
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Soalan 60

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan akaun semasa imbangan pembayaran Malaysia pada tahun 2019.

Butiran RM juta

Akaun barangan 650

Akaun perkhidmatan (390)
Akaun pendapatan primer (210)
Akaun pendapatan sekunder (145)

(a) Hitungkan dan tafsirkan kedudukan akaun semasa imbangan pembayaran Malaysia pada tahun 2019.
[4 markah]
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(b) Terangkan implikasi situasi tersebut kepada ekonomi Malaysia. [4 markah]

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