1- Reading

Provide a detailed response to the questions in Exercise 1.6 in the

Reading Book. 1-A /2-C/ 3-C / 4-B / 5-C / 6-A / 7-T / 8-T/ 9-F / 10-T / 11-
F / 12-F
13. Villages are turned into sprawling tourist playgrounds , hotels line benches , ields are
converted into golf courses , beaches become dirty . traic is noisy , road construction
increases , forest lands are cleared . ecosystems are destroyed , wildlife is endangered ,
and people are displaced .

14. Some countries depend heavily on the revenue , foreign investment , employment ,
and development .

15. Si Como No runs on solar power , recycles , conserves water , and practices
environmental gray water management . Its staf is trained in environmental awareness ,
and time and money are invested in programs that beneit the environment and the
community .

16. Ecotourism is meant to protect the environment and support local communities and
culture , while sustainable tourism is meant to provide for future generations and does not
speciically focus on the environment

Hotels under the IHEI have joined with the United Nations Environment Program and .17
the International Hotel & Restaurant Association to develop a program to conserve energy
. and water , reduce waste and emissions , and promote environmental management

Beowulf is a representative work of Old )English Literature( -2 -1

English Period. Discuss. Beowulf as a representative work of Old English
Period DiscUSS The epic poem gives a glimpse of Od English Literature . Beowulf Is
the oldest surviving literature of Old English and It gives a glimpse of the art of
storyte ling in eighth Century Anglo - Saxor society . Beowulf helps students to
appreciate the various elements of Ola British Literature that have influenced
literature tocay . The poem a so helps scholars to stucy the language of Old English
and serves as a reference for translating other literature from the Anglo – Saxons
Beowulf gives an insight Into the evolution of the English language One car learn
how certain words were pronounced in the past , which words are stil In use today
and which ones are long forgotten . The epic poem has also influenced certain
literary devices that are still In use today such as in media res and flashback .
Therefore , if one wants to study the evolution of the English language and history
of England , the best resource is Beowulf . Beowulf highlights historical Anglo
Saxon Traditions . The epic poem also captures the ancient history of England and
helps us to understand the culture back then The poem has ora traditions that
were transmitted certuries before it was finally composed between 700 and 750
BC The Anglo – Saxons conquered Britain and influenced their new co ony with its
literature and language which later evolved into English . Several characteristics of
the epic poem can be traced to the time of the Invasion of the Anglo – Saxons For
example , the poem is set In around 500 BC which indicates the period in which the
Anglo Saxons invadec England . Also , several members of the Danish and Swedish
 roya members mentioned in Beowulf actually existed . The code of honor antong
warriors in the poem features strongly in Anglo – Saxon tradition and is believed
to have influenced other cultures of the time and over . centuries . The epic poem
also helps us understand Saxon civilization which centered around small tribes
swearing allegiance to strong kings in return for protection Beowulf teaches moral
lessons , The poem teaches lots of moral lessors that can inspire people to live
Honorable lives . It covers themes such as bravery , selflessness , loyalty , honor
and the desire to be great . In the poem , the titular character represents all these
values and more as he uses his natural talents to make the kingdom a better
place . Beowulf risks his life for others as he battles monster after monster
sometimes single – handedly . The poem also teaches the harsh effects of moral
vices on Individuals and societies . For Instance , Beowulf is accused of being
greedy and a glory hunter which ultimately caused his death in the end . The poem
illustrates how the greed for wealth develops until It engulfs the whole being . The
epic poem , through the life of Beowulf , warns of the dangers of glory – hunting
. and greed

3- Translation
:‫اقرأ الجمل التالية ثم ضع عالمة صح (✔) أو خطأ (✖) أمام كل جملة‬
ٍ ‫ الترجم ُة فنُ قائ ُم على‬-1
) ✔ ( .‫علم‬
)✔ ( .‫بشكل أدق‬
ٍ ‫ يلعب السياق دورً ا رئيسً ا في ترجمة النص‬-2
) ✔ ( .‫ُترجم إليها‬
َ ‫ تعتمد ترجمة الكلمة أو العبارة على ما تعنيه في ثقافة اللغة الم‬-3
) ✔ ( .‫المكان في اللغة العربية‬
ِ ‫ظرف‬
َ ‫الزمان‬
ِ ُ
ُ‫يسبق ظرف‬ -4
) ✔ ( .‫العربية صيغة المبني للمعلوم على المجهول‬ُ ُ
‫اللغة‬ ‫ تفضل‬،‫ على عكس اإلنجليزية‬-5
) ✔ ( .‫ تفاديًا للغموض في الكتابة يُفضل وضع االسم العلم في العربية بين عالمتي تنصيص‬-6
) ✔ ( .‫ تتعدد معان الكلمة الواحدة عند الترجمة حسب اختالف سياقها‬-7
) ✔ ( .‫ تتميز العربية بدقتها وتعدد معانيها عن اإلنجليزية‬-8
) ✖ ( .‫ لكل كلم ٍة في العربية مقابلها الدقيق في اإلنجليزية‬-9
✔ ( .‫رى‬K‫ة األخ‬KK‫تعاري إلى اللغ‬K‫كل اس‬KK‫ دائمًا ما ُتترجم التعابير االصطالحية واألمثال الشعبية بش‬-10
)
4- (Novel) Discuss the plot of Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre is the coming-of-age story of
an orphan girl in early 19th century Britain in the introduction ten-year-old Jane Eyre lives
at Gateshead Hall with her aunt mrs. reed and the reed children Eliza John and George
Anna there she is tormented until one day the Apothecary mr. Lloyd comes and suggests
she go to school during the rising action Jane goes to Lowood Institute a poor orphan
school she makes friends with Helen Burns who teaches Jane to control her passions after
a typhus epidemic passes through the school Helen dies a new administration comes in
Jane finishes school and teaches for two years before being offered a governess position
she takes the post and moves to Thornfield where she falls in love with mr. Rochester one
night she saves his life when she puts out a fire in his room but she is unsure who said it
mr. Rochester tells her that a servant grace Poole was responsible she has called back to
her aunt's estate because aunt Reid is dying on her deathbed she tellsJane she does not
regret the way she treated her she reveals that her uncle John Eyre has been trying to find
Jane to adopt her and leave her his fortune mrs. Reid told him that Jane was dead when
Jane returns to Thornfield mr. Rochester reveals that he is secretly in love with her he asks
her to marry him Jane accepts and they go to get married however the marriage is
interrupted by a lawyer mr. Briggs who claims Rochester is already married Rochester
admits that he married a mad woman and brings everyone back to Thornfield to reveal his
wife Bertha living on the third floor cared for by grace Poole Jane forgives him but flees
Thornfield and ends up destitute Mary Diana and rivers take her in and Sinjin gets her a
job teaching in their town eventually he asks her to marry him and move to India but she
does not want to marry him because they are not in love one day he reveals to her a letter
from mr. Briggs who is trying to find Jane so that she can claim her inheritance it is
revealed that the river siblings are her cousins during the climax she thinks she hears
Rochester's voice calling her name and she goes to Thornfield however in the falling action
the manor is in ruins as Bertha had set afire and killed herself she physics Rochester who is
now blind and handicapped and they agreed to marry in the resolution 10 years later they
have a son Rochester has regained some of his sight and everyone is happy .

5- Write down about the science of Phonetics in one paragraph.

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive
sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign.
[1]
 Phoneticians—linguists who specialize in studying Phonetics the physical properties
of speech. The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three sub-disciplines
based on the research questions involved such as how humans plan and execute
movements to produce speech (articulatory phonetics), how various movements affect
the properties of the resulting sound (acoustic phonetics), or how humans convert
sound waves to linguistic information (auditory phonetics). Traditionally, the minimal
linguistic unit of phonetics is the phone—a speech sound in a language which differs
from the phonological unit of phoneme; the phoneme is an abstract categorization of
phones.Phonetics deals with two aspects of human speech: production—the ways
humans make sounds—and perception—the way speech is understood.
The communicative modality of a language describes the method by which a language
produces and perceives languages. Languages with oral-aural modalities such as
English produce speech orally (using the mouth) and perceive speech aurally (using
the ears). Sign languages, such as Australian Sign Language (Auslan) and American
Sign Language (ASL), have a manual-visual modality, producing speech manually
(using the hands) and perceiving speech visually (using the eyes). ASL and some other
sign languages have in addition a manual-manual dialect for use in tactile
signing by deafblind speakers where signs are produced with the hands and perceived
with the hands as well.Language production consists of several interdependent
processes which transform a non-linguistic message into a spoken or signed linguistic
signal. After identifying a message to be linguistically encoded, a speaker must select
the individual words—known as lexical items—to represent that message in a process
called lexical selection. During phonological encoding, the mental representation of
the words are assigned their phonological content as a sequence of phonemes to be
produced. The phonemes are specified for articulatory features which denote
particular goals such as closed lips or the tongue in a particular location. These
phonemes are then coordinated into a sequence of muscle commands that can be sent
to the muscles, and when these commands are executed properly the intended sounds
are produced.These movements disrupt and modify an airstream which results in a
sound wave. The modification is done by the articulators, with different places and
manners of articulation producing different acoustic results. For example, the
words tack and sack both begin with alveolar sounds in English, but differ in how far
the tongue is from the alveolar ridge. This difference has large effects on the air stream
and thus the sound that is produced. Similarly, the direction and source of the
airstream can affect the sound. The most common airstream mechanism is pulmonic—
using the lungs—but the glottis and tongue can also be used to produce
airstreams.Language perception is the process by which a linguistic signal is decoded
and understood by a listener. In order to perceive speech the continuous acoustic
signal must be converted into discrete linguistic units such as phonemes, morphemes,
and words. In order to correctly identify and categorize sounds, listeners prioritize
certain aspects of the signal that can reliably distinguish between linguistic categories.
While certain cues are prioritized over others, many aspects of the signal can
contribute to perception. For example, though oral languages prioritize acoustic
information, the McGurk effect shows that visual information is used to distinguish
ambiguous information when the acoustic cues are unreliable.

6-Writing
- “Your headline is your first and biggest weapon in the battle for
eyeballs”. Discuss.
If you need to make money from your marketing campaigns , your headline is your
first and biggest weapon in the battle for eyeballs . Get it right and you have a
( temporarily ) captive audience and the possibility of winning orders . Get it wrong
and you have a funny picture for your office wall .
So where do we start ? You can roughly divide headlines into three categories :
1. Those promising news .
2. Those arousing curiosity
. 3. Those offering a benefit .
When Ogilvy & Mather tested headlines , they found that benefits out – pulled
news , which out – pulled curiosity A combination of all three was the most
responsive of all . This is bad news for writers who favour headlines like this : Have
you discovered Acme toner cartridges yet ?

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