BASIC CONCEPT ON

OXYGENATION
 OXYGENATION
- delivery of oxygen to What is the role/
the body tissues and importance of the
oxygen?
cells

1. Respiratory
2. Hematology
3. Cardiovascular
system
Lecture Objective
Identify clinical
manifestations that indicate
a compromise in the
delivery of adequate oxygen
essential for cellular survival.
 MANIFESTATIONS
OF
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
DYSPNEA
difficult or labored breathing
shortness of breath
TYPES
a. Exertional
b. Orthopnea
c. Paroxysmal nocturnal dypsnea
d. Platypnea - upright position
COUGH
SPUTUM PRODUCTION
.
Thick yellow - bacterial infection
Rust-colored sputum – pneumonia
Thin, mucoid sputum - viral bronchitis.
Pink-tinged mucoid sputum - lung tumor.
Profuse, frothy, pink material - pulmonary edema.
Foul-smelling sputum(FETID) - lung abscess
4. CHEST PAIN/ PLEURITIC PAIN
▪ sharp, stabbing, and intermittent, or it
may be dull, aching, and persistent.
▪ Can pinpoint and increases during
inspiration

occur with pneumonia,

pulmonary embolism with lung
infarction, and pleurisy
5. WHEEZING
is often the major finding in a
patient with
Bronchoconstriction or airway
narrowing.
6. CLUBBING OF THE FINGERS
a sign of lung disease found
in patients with chronic hypoxic
conditions
7. HEMOPTYSIS
expectoration of blood from
the respiratory tract
The most common causes are:
• Pulmonary infection
• Carcinoma of the lung

Blood from the lung is usually

bright red, frothy, and mixed
with sputum
CYANOSIS
▪ a bluish coloring of the skin,
▪ is a very late indicator of hypoxia

▪ Cyanosis appears when there

is 5 g/dL of unoxygenated hemoglobin

Central cyanosis
Peripheral cyanosis
PALLOR
▪ a decrease in the color of skin
▪ decreased arterial perfusion, anemia
COMMON
MANIFESTATIONS
OF HEART DISEASE
 CHEST PAIN/NON PLEURITIC PAIN

W – Where is the pain? Does it radiate?

H – How does it feel?
A – Aggravating factor/Alleviating factors
that increase/relieve the pain?
T – Timing of pain: onset, duration,
frequency?
COLDSPA
S – Severity of pain?
U – Useful data for associated symptoms
P – Perception of patient about problem
ANGINA PECTORIS

Character, Location and Radiation

▪ Substernal pain or precordium;
may spread widely through-out
chest
▪ 5 -15 mins duration
▪ Precipitating events: exertion,
emotions, eating large meal and
cold environment
▪ Relieving measures: rest,
nitroglycerin and oxygen
Palpitations

• Pounding, jumping, fluttering

sensations occur in the chest due to
a change in the patient's heart rate
or rhythm or an increase in the
force of its contraction.
 Postural(orthostatic) hypotension
• The BP drops significantly after patient assumes an upright position
• in patient with cardiac problem, it is due reduced volume of fluid or
blood in circulatory system
• the heart rate is unable to increase to completely compensate for the
gravitational effects of an upright posture)

Dizziness
Syncope - temporary loss of consciousness
Weakness and Fatigue
 Jugular Venous Pulsations
an estimate of
right-sided heart
function

an obvious distention of the jugular

veins with the patient’s head elevated 45
to 90 degrees indicates an abnormal
increase in the volume of the venous
system
Edema
Pedal edema
Peripheral edema
Pulmonary edema
Diaphoresis
Cool and Moist
➢ As a result of sympathetic nervous in
response to circulatory crisis
➢ A prompts a decrease in blood flow to
peripheral area in order to redirect
blood to the vital organs
Abnormal heart sound
Third heart sound (S3)
▪ A gallop sound occurring during rapid ventricular filling
• a normal finding in children and young adults
• patients who have myocardial disease or HF

Fourth heart sounds (S4)

▪ Gallop sounds heard during atrial contraction
• often heard when the ventricle is enlarged or
hypertrophied and therefore resistant to filling
• CAD, hypertension, or stenosis of the aortic valve.
Murmurs
▪ are created by the turbulent flow of
blood
▪ causes may be a critically narrowed
valve, or a valve prolapse and a
congenital defect

Friction Rub
▪ a harsh, grating sound that can be
heard in both systole and diastole
▪ pericarditis
 HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATION
• Fatigue
• Pallor, Jaundice
• Frequent infections
• Diffuse bone pain – increase erythropoiesis
• Bleeding tendencies
• Petechiae
• Ecchymoses
• hematoma
HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATION
• Splenomegaly
• Hepatomegaly
• Lymphadenopathy
 MANIFESTATION OF VASCULAR DISORDERS
INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION
• Described as aching, cramping pain in the extremities
during exercise or activity and relieved by rest
• Caused by inability of the arterial system to provide
adequate blood flow to the tissue when there is increase
demands for nutrients during activity or exercise
• Occurs when the 50% - 75% of arterial lumen is
obstructed
REST PAIN
• Persistent pain even when the patient is resting
• Indicates severe degree of arterial insufficiency
• Decreased capillary time
• Decrease quality of pulse
• Numbness, cold to touch, pallor
• Atrophy
• Ulcerations