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Models of Community Organization

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The history, models of community organization

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Models of
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Organization

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Three Models of Community  O rganization

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1.  Community Development
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According to Kramer and Specht
refers to the effort to mobilize the people , the
victims, the unaffiliated , the unorganized and the
non-participating who are affected by the a
community condition into groups and organization

to enable them to take action on this social

problems and issues which affect them.
United Nations
The process by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united with those of the government
authorities to improve the economic, social, and
cultural conditions of the communities into life of the
nation and to enable them to contribute fully to
national progress.

3 Basic Elements  of Community Development

Kenneth Maygood

a.   The community is approached as a whole

The community is as seen as an integrated social
and economic system consisting of class and group
organizations  that  has  its  own  patterns  of  social
values, attitudes, customs beliefs and diversified in
age  ,  sex,  profession,  vocation  ,  skills  and  social
function , changes in one part of the system will

have an effect on other parts of the system.

2. Activities undertaken correspond to the basic
needs of the community
Needs can be classified into
a.   Physical   –   water  supply,  irrigation  system,
schools, market, housing, roads, playgrounds
b.   Economic   – problems  of  livelihood,  lack  of
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C.   Social   –  problems on crime and delinquency , Search
drug
of-Community-Organization#sidebar)abuse , squatters , street children , lack of
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D.   Psychological   –  sense of community , sense of
security  ,  sense  of  well  being  ,  sense  of
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achievement

3.  The  educational  organizational  process  moves

from an awareness of problems to a definition of
problems followed by a study.
done  through  consciousness  raising  on  the
community  problems,  gathering  through  actual
survey of the community and from interviews of the
people  so  that  the  problems  can  be  clearly
defined and analyzed for appropriate action.

4. Community development activities are thought

of in long range terms .
5.  Widespread  participation  and  involvement  is
sought with decision making taking place at the
lowest  level,  consistent  with  the  nature  of  the
problem .
6. The resources of both governmental and non-
governmental organizations are utilized .

7.  Both  professionals  and  lay  participation  are

sought in community development programs.
8. The identification , encouragement and training
of local leaders is a central feature of community
development programs.
2. Social Planning
According to Kramer and Specht
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refers to the efforts directed towards integrating
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other systems in the local community and / or with

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extra community action systems , efforts in bringing
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practice
of  large  private  and  public  agencies  including
legal, functional and operating system.
Download now As a process Alfred J. Kahn social planning contain
the following elements
1.  research  (  Fact   –   finding  ,  projection  and
inventory taking )

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2. Value analysis and facilitation of expression of

various  positions,  sometimes  through  political
machinations.
3. Policy formulation
4. Programming
5. Measurement and feedback 
In social planning outcomes are the following :
1. New policy

2. Program and policy coordination

3. Service integration
4. Innovations in program
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5. Choice in priorities in any of the foregoing or for 
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the allocations of services
THREE LEVELS OF ACTION IN SOCIAL
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1. Societal goals-  selecting social goals and setting
targets for their achievement
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2.   Testing  consequences   –   application  of  social Search
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of-Community-Organization#sidebar)
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and political goals and the testing consequences .
3.   Social  programming   –    planning  the  more
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traditional welfare activities of public and private
agencies and coordination by many groups.

To  assure  successful  implementation  of  social

planning
1.   Clarify goals, priorities and interests
2.   Ascertain the facts , the social realities , the
trends
3.   Inventory  of  knowledge,  skills  resources
available and obtainable

4.  Analyze  the  alternatives  and  the  predictable

outcomes of choices among them.
5. Formalize the expression of preference and the
process of choice
6. Translate policies into implications for program or 
different levels of objectives
7. Measure the outcome of programs

3. SOCIAL ACTION
associated  with  activism  ,  protest,  rallies  and
other forms of group dissent or dissatisfaction but in
CO refers to individual or group activity designed
to  influence  a  change  in  social  policy  for  the
formulation of needed policies or social legislations
for the benefit and welfare of the people .
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1. Social brokerage
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2.  Integrative  mechanisms  to  strengthen
organizations
Download now 3. social protest to support social movements

Methods and Tools for Multi-Stakeholders

Participation
Participatory Methods & Tools
build   the   confidence   of   the   traditionally
disadvantaged  groups  in  their  local  indigenous
knowledge and collective strengths
generate constructive collaboration among different
stakeholders of development
methods   can   be   used   when   undertaking
collaboratively  with  appropriate  stakeholders  the
functions  of  participatory  planning,  decision  making,
monitoring and evaluation of development programs /
projects

1. Stakeholder Analysis
Is an approach for understanding a system by
identifying the key actors or stakeholders and
their  mutual  relationship  in  the  system  and
assessing  their  respective  interests  and
involvements in that system
Refers  to  the  use  of  a  range  tools  for  the
identification  and  description  of  stakeholders
on the basis of their attributes , interrelationships
and  interests  related  to  given  initiative  or 
resource.

4 Basic Tools for Analysis

Participation Analysis Matrix
Task Analysis  Checklist
Venn Diagrams
Influence and Importance Matrix
2. Gender Analysis
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3. Force and Field Analysis

is a tool for problem solving derived from the work of
Kurt   Lewin’s   Field theory of Social Change . It is the
process of identifying the dimensions of a problem and
determining the strategies for solving it.
4. SWOT Analysis
tool  for  social  analysis  that  focuses  on  the
identification  of  the  dynamic  interrelationships
between and among the strengths weaknesses of the
internal environment of the organization as well as the
opportunities  and  threats  posed  by  the  external
environment .

5. Appreciative Planning and Action ( APA )

Organizational  development  methodology

based  on  Appreciative  Inquiry  and  built  on
searching for the positive , for successes , for what
works  as opposed to  problem  oriented focus of
most other planning and development strategies.
Follows  the  4  d  Cycle  of  Discovery  Discovery,
dream  /  visioning  ,  design  /  planning,  destiny/
delivery

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