aad Lay > dodo! ¢ Vpn! ade ey paige ct pepe Aj Oly Ny ole apples dake uy Le Jolie opal Sul sige ps ull Je Skt Sylea Steal Pld Sh sae All ne yyS! we ape nae = pV US — sa pt abies! jpadl inle ta Je gb Za N4AN port dies slyalan Raat / gapgaal aleeASI ing oda Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry cabal Douglas A. Skoog Donald M.West §) Stanford tnversy San Jose Slate University t & 3rd Edition, 1976 t pl Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Holt - Saunders {nternatioasl Edition) 1963 SY! tat 1969 indie — AUS! dat 1976 inde — wl inlligt r oe iad! 21 \r Sl Jot tied \o oS Js td VA Jest Sb be ASM pall and pe —2 v4 Bad GS 5 Ye Say Gill BL SH bir i ts oe to Sill Cob UL ber ae —3 “ sk : isl De tw gill Oe Shaw o. 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A bai OS Cys ob Je ey AAS! OY cet ob AL ay Ob Mg yae a (EW) Talal B5yl Gel O! SN ball ajgll eal ON aad DLW FLAS eal dpe 1,5 «pe 58.44 (22.99 + 35.45) a NaCl Sy ob 2.016 (1.008x2) 2 H BW opry pe dopey Gly rl gl tala il Bl yd LY Sax (Gmw) lal got! gl clas FRA! a Gps ien fo ob ey AL LS Pad a pb ae Luigi Gt eal op Ce ies ety pb 2.016 geal aval Oy ye Hy SI el oP Shadi cle SY pls — gue SL a ei gt 1°Nat Jini Qgght ab pW sly ob ALM oy SU LLM j els TABLA SH USI ge ada BY ( 92 35.45) CI” 3 pe 22.59 OM oy Yay tala GMI ONL yeu ol Ce ole ab Jar Opy ) eC adakaw ply ill clbaall Le ot oe petty civl all ahh BOM op 710K 6.02 fo spt Plaid) oly ght ayy ot jy Ob tay ply JAY Ub Lege UG 2.50) ade Oly c Plan OU ow SE tie SP a LS ial Oley 7310x6.02 Jie tall he SU taevall Daly sel = NA males oe eo Ha pS 2 2S 124 moles x 02% 1H molecules 7.47 x 10% molecules Hz mole Nal oy diy 8 sre BES, ~ 0.428 tw Necl C1” Jy 0.428 y Na* Sys 0.428 Ja lly Bang Bae Ohy LAE Bypass tig gh! Diy Dal Oy on ATV if Ue HO ep eS Oy ce Sle BE eek ASU an JO) pb BOIS OF ot ala sel g Ol (Se Ubs Gel Paty HJO*.OH HYO) ox» S29 (aniw) plat yall 5 DVY ee aed Joel We qadt OLS ot iL Cie Boe y ress Shale Je eas (mmok) Hy il JI He SG EEL SU God tl inte Gb She Teall Obigh ote eat F lly sill oF Slat 5583! gllod Og fe Me calle ell Lia poy SUG «Jp oy tly dg doll Lat ol 2 OgAL op alle J dopegll Gall nNEB) Je 250 JN LUE ats ell § 24 Bah 2H,0 op gi 4.57 it JL C1, BaCh,.2H,0 oy JSS Sly pill 53 ple Lame yp Spel St al igh pose oF 4.57 g BaCl, - 2H;0 no. miw BaCh- 24,0 = Sar Bac aiOiabs @ 1873 F = Domb BaCle = 2H20 18.73 mW 9.0749 miw/mi mil 250 mi no. mfw CI- = 2 x no. mfw BaCl,: 2,0 Therefore, Feir = 2 X Fesctg-anzo = 2 x 0.0749 = 0.1498 miw/mt Bt yt OM ote Ge as Mc UNALI Ob galt S31 yh By Bc GALL IS Nya ate gh lal» A JS hai Mi Hcbtee NL fans FOS gl Ml) Sle gdll Sail of cats! ALY Une onalse cal Be Gy or ph 230 Ge ppt Sle (1) J SU ADL Wayyil 2138# ot Ses Fp Se (my 6 UNA» 3.50. (46.1 = gf GHLOH « Jyteht y aang 10.0 j C1,CCOOH (163 = gh) LLY parle sy ylF IE pile 285 . (GU dag J 73 Yaga oF eis) Gud pm 2800 CaHSOH Yt. 0.0143 titer © * 46.1 9 CzH,OH/fw * 3.50 liters eA LS sayeth Guill pls ob Jeeps Gur guar g(t) -t) Jad CHsOH 230 9 CHs0H i - FET g CagOH mole ~ FBO iners ~ 00143 molesiner 4S $2 CCCOOH Y! pS HA pawl, Oy 288mgHA 163 mg HAJmtw * YD mi HjOT 3! Ge 82 tel CCCOCH Be ay = Healy CCCOOH Jt SNL FI jlony ClCCOO™ = 0.175 mfw/nt ry ‘|(285 x 0.27) mg HA _1 763mg HA/mmole * 10.0 mi Mas = = 0.0472 mmote/m! Seas SAN Sh ye C1yCCOO JI ali, HjO* JN GNA ot co gt NSE ge at 5 Lasts ala Mugot = Ma- = 0.175 — 0.0472 = 0.128 mmole/ml © SNA Syed Ob ae at Lyle 48 Ol agli gy ol ctl aos ey ee IY OS J Gp Upbdley LEG 6S J Ol Baise pes My 5S 10 Slog GSP Cb ILLS GU SAN OF YE HS ae Geoy pally Le as yo gill Jat pare ISG pe Gan SG yaa ey .MOI7S i eel) M-0.047 Pla 57 9) USE ge al M-0.047 Je lp asll oa 5G AN cli dabeds GIS Gbylall of GL) J GES SE eet Se cS acti fey OM plE GN Sab aeaé Job GY AL onal Oigly SWAN pat ad Thee op MY Sl 5 F-0.100 oy 2 prt LAS ie. Se fy NasCO, ter igh aah Bot pl Ni x 2.00 iners = 0.200 ne fw Ne;CO, needed = 0.100 a NasCcy = 9.200 tw x 196 BNE 21.2 62 2.003) WE ity ell J NagCOy gy gf 21.2 hy LH GB Nag003 oye Na*M = 0.100 oy 5 2.00 pat Lee te Je mole Na* 1 fw NazCOy 16 fw NayCO3 needed = 0100552” x 200 Ners x FO Nae = 0.100 Na605 ‘5 naxc0s = 0.100 w x 105 28402 _ 196 (32.00 $i Gite f opy el! j NagCOg op ge 10.6 Fe Et La all oe Ot ghastlySigh yg SHA» Af tapell GUM G SUI ose fe ee Cele Jail J OB a+ « ISL ad pl Sblnes 5S gemtl shall Gar gett shal hes) libs Ob SA oe te poe Pye Jelis ye Sina! T bel Got Sp got ep OS Lae Maa INE Te Bp ce olpel Opt oy ebpel gl op elpeh Stnllnas SIA! oF pal Jel ill 9 S19 x a ae Ssh Oy Wat G 1OX 1 yp Ya, OKT pare Leet SY! Lt Be Gy cr elpel clase Legh pegs (PPD) pl ebb gS OSS (Del Ob fae ue GIN ST ly Call yo lll OS Lacey (PPH) Gil ob | pb 1.00 oS Jylet els Sus All ba oll oy Se orn om yey TK GEE(CN)g c+ PPm-63.3 Je ope gle GT St DM & de fo | pe 1.00 a lA BUS Ob ptt 63.3 ppm K,Fe(CN), = 63.3 mg KeFe(CN) g/liter 1 “4 moles K* = 833mg KeFe(CNe yyy ¢ x = Tier mg * 368 q KaFe(CN)g/w * 1 fw K,Fe(CN)« = 6.88 x 10-4 yl SY Sab oe pd) Gy bl Gan Gb tel ye ol POT PP Ms jal py Dll Sid WLI Sigpléy gl obnlheac M PH = —log [H,0"] "2Bee Sm pdt Os GU GSA ye BW oy qlleall ol PMs ould big oltt fail Kee prt bey SL a soll GES Ol. ey py WEN op A ae el op pr pis SI Ba AS ogy Lal yw doll erst O5yIl te: LL pe AT (aS gh ony Uh BUS Ob cagA ll Jy Pe elle gl a py Rey Ew rll Bil ob Ge! wc bllaall God Qaly Seny Re! il I Lily cole! ape Ut may LYE oo |p 1.00 Walaa BUS 6 Ph se GLO! ay Lead el agny oe sept dighy BUT II Je gal (let a GPW Yu ily ped balla jf Jal oe Lats apt pay - = eA Uhl A DUS on pLIW fp Gat Eel ada ob Ledley Sy yll Zl SAI Se oo Ualy pai OI Se allyl Ll) Gl SEALS) Ja paaiasy ttt gy al 5 A me 100 x - Aaj Syl Lt 100 x Rend gall Zt Splat tg, FE PAN SN pty pele ada oy osl G plill Ol yp alin Ce by hg Je OLY gat Ut ob JE al ey ced Sy A em fh cplilly katt oy pets See ol Cll BUS a det! yl Lt ob DUI plat yy CI) pal Ly Oley Gy ol fayll Ll ob US Yo ely iI anys Ge ae eb pee Ub bats Oi) ae So yl SW GANS SF ge pall pS ZY woos A deerdh — Sigil iy Ll TeHINO, oy pe 70 cst GIG oF gy Uiay 70 Ju ply th ail egal ot pe 100 J! Yoel US old rl Ue prod ae yd Gale p25 TA Lal OLS ce 5 Ob clin Ebel ASU east UU ad A op IE LS GQ Leal Ns oy pb SUL pam gill SpA J! dsl op + 100 eh US gg Aad wy Ol yyy of wb OLE) ny Dh Bp Byer pe Clelall ole CIE tel ol Eyl oP Bye dota pg ole oy 6 sl ai Ol le pI AM Syl ty Ob. SN GAS + NHGF 4 oy fo 250 pied ay GS iw . Site ANH 27 ce fy 0.90 yo ge diph the eg gol NHy Jl Je Big SI Big St let ASN ary are iy ot Lye «eal 6.0 mwNHs | 0.0179 Q NH, required = 250 mt x = 255 ml intw NH gNH, _ 0.90gsoiln | 27gNHy infeoned soln = misoin * 100g soln ~ 9749 mi coned soln = 28.5.0 Nis = 105 0.243 g NH3/mi.coned soln 2 be 250 She St SM GUS oy fo 105 ae an Be, GUL SAN oyyS5 Ol TH Gen Slat aE pag Gi eke patty 5,55 SW AED pnd olnlleas OLS! 1:4 Sb 1ASe cycles Dealy oY og fealy OS pe Ob ait ate og ely pee SS alll oe game ayl Je ge HCL dle Spe 557 Nee SY CF Mill ae adyelll SUN Usa GSW pa! fad, Hy Lats aot Leal SY pa 2c ble Uy gil ry) seoeal line Ay ll (tga Obigh y 32M et Bll AS dott o! FBatalt Ob ales UgAlyy Joli fj Wall att oy 2NaCI(aq) + Pb(NOs)2(aq) = PbCi.(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) Soy iy CH Gl Le J Olin papal Su op Heal esiy ob ons lS op por hy By UB ge eS pled Obs oy baal y AEA pydpall OS oy Ob]y Lal alo Oy Olrllenas Fale bale Spat a fie LAA ot ONAL I GUY CobAl COlIA Je olay U 5S) cdl! SAY 8 AT Se diy Sets a ot ey gill GLAS Ee RN Lee Ge Gj Lid aah Rall Obs! olin I ants CO le dole gall gl Obey JI Ohya! dlel YUL! 93-2 Spd f Lar ila LAS EA op Gage LAL lb OS Gl ISL fat Gye Gybel alan oe AST gh cuit lI ol 2-2 wel US (22.33 Jord oll (170 = gw) ABNO, tal W Lal igh ot Sie «(216 = sf) Ag,CO, J! (106 = gfw) Ne,CO, . no. fw AgNOs required = 2 x no. fw NazCO3 w 2iw AgNO, | 2.33 9N@3COs 22 Jatt « FTO q AgNOs/iw ™ TwNe,CO; * 105gNa,CO/tw Y™ Sete ww OX 2 x 233 ioe = 7.479 AgNO, Bea aya Jeli et Jade ob Bed 201m) + POM (00) = POEL (a) 5 (0) yy WD Abey (La Une Fy Mata abl Sigel DI GLAS Le Une f bet Je Ml Lally UAL Sg EI SH a rtITssF* (bom) 6 ein (open 6 rer (ong) ire instr 0001 WF int | CooT are 160 IT = IO ITEP are Fine inet . if ines 1 iprr are i690 ine = are fine inet oct 16 7 Ie | oot ae RS = 1 OP ee are Fine ie 16 OP ei 16 pe pee are Ke = are Fine inet 001 . 6 (ree ii | 001 are G0 ee A = peter i are gine inst a lo reer i 60 porter i are 0 oe = are Fin inst Fe fae Ae a Km re erin ihe AP Feri inser HEP 2-7 IA 9 Lo Afhariem instap Ay lary gp ola yb Ui OYE 24 aienSih Chie 5S gp elt SR tt Oh esl tag gp oH Mee a Dn cllmal! _ Fe Teall Obl He - -F F ¢ ply sil GAA Raga Oy aa BN oe A) SLs ae SgAL jist one SeAlAdll Qe!) Obyh ade 1000 | yids Baquall jy X glAl eyelite sae weld Sle ate SAI lp ne NL ae -M M «ns AIAN abl ong 26 dala JB oe PL SULA oe AL jth oe is Nyaglll ae 1000 | pial garb! oil dylAl oily ae MM le ake Opal mize one BIEL oe ISN ogg x Spal JW ase lA eles one pal dl oe SIS oe 1900 | 4 JISLI egg X pl elas mae gl Dials one rtNa,COs + pF 0.348 Jyond AGNOs F-0.0669 oy UM CA ate ya F . Site 148,00, Jt ish Gy fase el ig Je WL fs ot Pa op lb SH Ally V pratt Ot eee Ma dagall bigl oy ‘2 mtw AgNO 10, mw AgNO, = LER ROS? x no. miw NesCOs 0.0869 miw AgNO, , , _ 2mfw AGNOs 0.348 9 Na,COs mi AgNO3 © InfwNa.CO, ™ 0.106 g NazCO3/miw Na,COs _ 03489 1 Y= 2 x D706 gimiw * 010669 miw/ml = 98.1 mi AgNOS $0.0 e+ F-0.200 ABNO so» Jo 25.0 ey cr OSes ACOs djy gale . Slee $F-0.800 Na,COs cy BS 238 Gye Baill aie Mlb ky sagell Metall oll cas Sy Lake Ce SicSI no. mfw AgNO, = 25.0 ml x 0.200 mtw/ml = 5.00 no. mfw NazCO, = 50.0 ml x 0.0800 mfw/ml = 4.00 no. miw AGNOs required = 2 x°no. mfw Na,CO3 4 AGNOs, Si iu ef obj sue dandy ae Jotisl ob Aey 5.00 no. mfw AgaCOs = ~>~ = 2.50 miw 0.276 9 A003 ~ 9 690 9 w = 2.50 miw x =joi ad Bape dane JM dbigh ote 0 f5 taal dhl oe pF —1 29M 1,0, op pé 3.7.2 (1) MBF; 163 8) ¢Na,B,0,-F-0.0400 -» 1 6.92 (¢) ¢HgCl,-F-"10 x 2.00 -» J+ 10.0 (2) -$80,, PPm-143 cle spt Gls le cy J 10.0 (+) od dopegll Gaeadll Objg) 2ae 2 $5 taal Obs! oe pf 2 LEMB;PLO, op pale 23.4 (1) -(CO,) GL asl ey gé 100 () NACI 5p 1.0010 (z) Lf hip SU jase F- 0.0525 vy 1 7.50 (>) ay SMI ale Je F-0.0300 p+ J+ 0.500 (+) .$(176 = gfw) dae bial cueryp F —3S . 6€ CO) gp My 2.00 (1) ©§ (18.1 = gf) cypal cy mfw-l.84 () -{ NaOH ,y fw-40 (¢) $342.3 = gfW) jy > F0.12) oy 6.24 (2) (¢ F12.2HCI yp wid 3.33 (») 2h dopa) Obl all ase pres € Br gy dy 0.842 (1) dye GQ dageye © Udy GALL MEM op ell 9) ALY ye © tS mn= Na,SO, .. mfw-7.35 () | «9 F-0.200K,Cr,0, -+ J 135 (¢) gb spyll (68.1 = gfw) dy=-1 F-0.600 -» old 250(>) | fie Se -£ KCI-F-°"10 x 2.00 - f+ 1.00 (+) Sh adds ¢ oyy alll G MBCI gy p= 242 Ub oy Je par — 5 ree. J 2.00 MgCl J! Slysill 32 chy CH SA SAI) - MgCl; J! emt! — tijy!l Yl Hl (<) ae let BUS ob Cate 13) MgCl, St dy all LI (2) ob] pe 1.01 cg Je 25.0 Gj MB*? JI Mpalll oe (4) Adds fy Ul J KPO (CN g or pF 1.68 451 ep le p> — 6 ot fe 500 JI bY LK Fe(CN), J} Jus 5411) US o& egal ol ZAK SI OILS) LK Fe (CN), J Gent! — ipl Gl Il (E ) BUS O1 cake lal KJFe (CN), J! Hig — tijp!! Bll LN (>) bl oe 1.008 pes SAL ye fe 16.0 j Fe(cN)e I AYLI sue (A) the pot op pull cle US Jae ol 7 ry— pall PPm 55,1 paas PPm jp ee cr 1.90 x 10* ca 4.00 x 10? Na 1.08 x 10* K 3.80 x 10? Mg 1.27 x 109 Br 651 x 10! s 884 x 10 C(inorganic) 2.80 x 10° Se 1.30 x 10° Pt rth UU tee OHI pase JS) Sloyill 553 ol =e | pb 1.024 “bE poly po hae het igh) 551A Jame o — 8 ogi 2 100/_Ale Sct ot 2 100/ pale 551 Net 335 HCO 164 Kt 19 c- 370 Cor 10 PO. 10 Mg? 27 80,7 19 SL ode oe JS Nl Sal od SO, jase gy 25.0 IS gi Slt Sly yd! 555 $1 9 LAD Lyle dey OLS Ay CuSO, p+ (W/W) %12.0 5 Slt Syyill 55) a! — 10 AB alain peg 59 dally pl .PPmIS o Wi Wel J (SiO) Li 55 Jaw ol — 11" 1 é 1.00 gyi oll GUS ol ppb pall Sly yal 5.52 th AN 5S) ple PPm-55 yo Mls bet j Cat? 555 Jam ol — 12 oF fe | ge 1.00 yo gl BLS Ol ody AM oA pal LS pat pe GS ae 13" TA«Nj SS ple cy (W/V) %010 3 J. 200 ¢ 1) GU SIS gle op (W/W) 10 op 9 200 (>) GUN SBE Se ey (V/V) %01.0 5 J+ 200 (@) 1S at & GS Go — = SPL Ly (W/V) 101.0 dye op» J. 500 (1) «Jp GI gy (W/W) 01.0 Jyle op 9 500) QUI SsEM Sgt oa (W/W) 101.0 vy J+ 500 (¢ ) SE at & GS Ge — -s-LallBaCl, ~ 2H,0 plunl, BaCl, ~ F-0.400. 4525 (1) ball KyS0, plane K* —M0.200 oy» id 2.30 (Wy CU 5G i dye pune) ABNO,F-0.100 5. 100 (¢) .F-0.441 pt plane, KMnO, oy Jple %1.00(W/¥) 3 J 500 (3) -KMnO, 5 F-1.21 : ES et & GS ae — cc, 3 § coal oy Fe 10 x 1.00 Sle ye oy ogy pludek «gebaall BaCl,.2H,0 pln ClM-0.150 oy 1) 3.00 (3) H,SO,-F-6.10 planl) HySO-F-0.100 op J- 1500 (¢ F-0.800 Jple lunz-l, ABNO,M% 1.00(W/V) + 250 (>) ARNO, op ple (lade NH op PPM-10.0 cope Spe oy Wid 6.00 (») NH, .- F-0.116 SE xt pp GS ae — weal UU oy K,Cr,0,-F-0.172 op» Je 750 (1) rs 14 15"F-0.100 yo NaSO, 557 3 4S dole ox A 50.0 (H) Lali Na,SO, plas M-0.015 a Nat 557 3 OS dle ep AA 2.00(¢) hall NaCl phil (lane, M-0.202 a Na* GF GOS dye J 20.0 (>) ANA,SO, op F-2.42 5 djl laden, M-0.150 a Na* 557 43 YS dle ex A 2.00 >) Lali Na,SO, SE wet w GS ae — 18 fliheel, KgFe(CN), c+ M-0.0150 55 Jsle ox 750 (1) hall K,Fe(CN), plane M0.0150 ya K* JI 555 3 OS Soe A 3.0 >) hall K,Fe (CN), cline M0.0150 a K* JN 557 3 OS Je J 300 (<) Lali KyFe (CN), M-0.0150 a Kt + Ji-j57 G6 WS Sle F 5.00.(>) JF0,100 yr K,SOy 555 <3 OS dle (lanek flared F-0.0200 ya BaCh 55) «3 OS dle J 16.0 () « gis BaCl,.2H,0 LHNO(W/W)-%069 1.42 sais oy jy SI thal att — 19° LAWN a op p+ 500 gj daynghl HINO, JI OUI Z oe sale ( iy igi F-0.20 alate 557 J Se fp 800 pad a GS ae (~) SM gaat plane HNO, yp LABS pp GSAN Ay Addl ard pep ojpit ol 20 -(W/W)-036.5lege gpl (S.TAP ace Letall ) HCI jW cildll ate gale ( iy BAN oy 31.00 5 wae 55 B GAL op J 150 pak US GS Go () ) LAS eo US Jolis GF UPN! La(NO)), CULE ae pl (c) .1 KIO, -» ra OF pe 2.00 Lae Lite OS ll LalOy), cIZ oe gal (>) 21 KIO, cy pe 3.00 « La(NOy), or be 20.0 bl Late Se ph Lally), OIf our ple (+) .t La(NO,)-F-0.0200 ¢y + 12.0 a NalO,-F-0.100 Tort) ABASO, Ged CeeM Owl Qe Laill Oy! Jeliy — 24 «(463 = gfw) Oly cr 96.00 a Jeli Gy gl AENO, y pl (1) ff (208 = gfw) NaAsO, or WWD ye OS Ob ye gh AB ASO, By pl (L) .Na,ASO,of pe 2.15 belts Lite Sx By gil AgsAsOy d53 pl-(e) t -¥ Na,AsO, - 6.50 a» AgNO, of A 2.00 Lit Lane oS gill ABsAsO, By pl (>) LT NaAsO,-F-0.212 op J 1.50 a ANO,-F-0.303 ELS Jolin Spl F-0.600 557 93 ABNOS pmm pl (+) .T Na,AsO, oy ob 5.64 BS go US Joli SD cd QU apa J ayraHl BUI ox F— 25° oT SI ages Gj dalll ge Bel (a) 18.0 mfw H,S0, (2) g KOH (b) 5.00 mfw H2S0, (b) ml of 0.150-F KOH {c) 6.00 g B(OH). (c) ml of 0.200-F HCI {d) 23.0 mi of 0.292-F Bi (4) ml of 0.100-F AgNO (e) 10 mi HCl, sp (e) mi of 0.0666-F Ba(OH)2 % HCI (w/w) LS po US Jolin SH Gul art gd jayrgll alll» F — 26 © SM ayant tall oe aed) (8) 11.2 mtw 8a(OH)2 (a) g HCI (b) 11.2 mw 8a(OH); (b) ml 0.200-F HCI (c) 1.419 Pb(NO,), io @ KCI en fe SOP” Ee Cad yb BaCh,2H,0 ob ase ale — 27" ¢ F-0.160 557 53 H,SO, .» A 2.00 j BaSO,200 op E959 Cath eel DM Lill Ls OL F oe ple — 28 =K,Cr20, cy F-0.0800 557 35 ple K,C1.0; + AAg* + Ha + 2Ag:CiO. + 2H* + 2K° 24 2500 A py ISN MG! GF Lane Juul Jolesl ose — 29° CaC,0, + CaCO, + CO Pe ND Sp se 9S Gill CACO, ¥y pl (1) -$ CaCO, AP CAC;O, cp pb 20.2 Gp se diy J lua) ple () « lst felis! Bae Ca(HCO,), J» ue — 30 Ca(HCOs), + CaCO, + H20 + COz of E10 dp ey 285 AICO, Oly ae pecly .f Ca(HCO,), oe 2 Sp Oy GU Syl Go oladdl pl WY © .1 CafHCO,),Jail 3 Oj) Cab lL baw (oe SSI psd De SN dey Glen SU) Je ayy call Ale pine tnd hayes Catty Tad ELI ably Jebel Gg AL aA cee ase gl TSU rele Ue Joti oye Halse Hee yt CA atl ode ae ol Shetty plea) AIAY Lele Jeti So fy) 08 I LS ay Ol oe hob Elec Coat ll ells Gabe fe fant Gye all iy il GALy ete slghh S17 ded Ayer Naber >. Osbpll Ca pols Log) Cab Yew doe 1ST thal GAVE Hell Glas fo op PAN lal Oly ye Slab! bla A GS) Ga of C4y soled Oily Mab apse Al AW Gad al ULL! Gay) ya pail Mie Spe il op etal aa ll ball Lobe! dle Gob 0} as Lela! Jpadll JU DestOss Ie JE od ops Lh ol ZY 2Fe3* + 31> = 2Fe®* + 15° (1-3) oo Ae tng OI SE nal gf adh Juay gall sally Jelisl Mia Julae ot SN lag yl ey lal G Ley cal ja Big Spl dase. Hee OS Jelisl J aymll cA SUN ob Ibi 0355 oS Luss ) Se oe ASTD yah oy BW Gel SU oer ab LL yh BE OG i) A3U ay LT jae Ul Oppel sys oye MEWS coy AaB cay GOUT aM Oy 557 Ob cae Se ed eo AL eemat Ogll BH Ol Se Clay J 557 J WIG ) oll Be J LL Jule ot Lay ag Joe yt oy MEW] Gs (ID) yall oye fw-2 Lal danly ed Sree Opi BLY Gobet JULI fe by 2Fe2* + 1g~ zt 2Fe2* + 3)- (2-3) J pines of Lis Gb Jess lye a pute pH! Gtolél ke, ¢ a oly Sa ] JS oF ye tell Lytil o Lgicy € cell cnlelisl oy lapel Se Je Ces Sel OU gles lad ow Ball LSI ob Jel oo J oe TSI All ual! dljgh ate x 2 = Fe2t oF MAA Gell Oy! oe 1 op lal Gall Obs) ste x 2/3 = Fe* J} All avail Sli) sue 200= FEY oe pl ll anal Shy) one + Ft oy (Alaa eawall Objg) oe DLAI oe pat ON Se enya Fall fuleaa ML Syl ot als Slee raycp MEW 0.4 (ID) ysl gy mw— 1.2, (I) aah 4» mfw-0.8 SE oS Sl egeligdl Susy gp EW — 1.8 JIE Logil Oy! Bh) DSU yl ue Se) Ue aos TL UM ot LGlydl De Gl Yelis) Juay belay cll tiple fo dasa ( ailall dye pllsdl fe slg! daha dandy piss OUI oda Ob any Gel ye oy GP cies gf Metidl oill so} 06 LI) acl SLA1 pis US ley oS Slgidl oe ob dletidl sill AY JS 55 a) Coble GAS ol dye Ok qavad al able J ie bey Ugblnt jaky OW aley alge! WS 0 Dh! MI yooh ell ZY 2 Lit Gay Ob ca) b1 Golanl S sah gal AYE 5S al olde pe AIAN tayo ea gtll he uel IS pene tH oe Yelisl OLS fad bavall Q dalyih EH SI flail oY Lal aS Sheol We a cle Jubd pally gemal a EW I iby) GUAT gob ce abel op yabiall Ke by « felis OG LT As Gye GE lp aley Leal FLW Gp Adel SI ake Beal GH Op! OSG LUIS oylll B44 Hy 5 Gy (IID yak Lot ge gh 4B oSe CU) yah LA! Ob sh tg oy AD) ayahly elisd G GLAM al Sol da pa deely a oil J GLA gl AEN fd oil ey OA Spb ttl Gull ue lle Gand SAY of M3, ON. Oiyll We dey oe GIT Ops paz Bagel Lal! oy Jalal pital 2a crlelich June glad te ge ciyealll 5S) De Spt SAS ile ASA WLI pp olay og Sally Old! CYB lays GE Cage filed Ci IB Lal ty Sal bb Gey of Jett» pling coh) GU pats BAT AS cbaleas Healy GLAS asl bye tyBel gp take BA CI Neb cagA Allyl Sys op Cath Bl Je A ey «Glee SU Jolisl JUS ZL Just GLAS ses Le AL Jang gles lye oY Gilg Cab yl ob Me yall op « Jetist eed Wyedall dae cuthewall Sol th ol Ke ome felis oihell Cal peat of FE le OS gl all I (BLE Halal pad ey 29 ot pill Net ae UE Lyi Gell pun dayte yt wells any AFI poll Gb Aaykll oiled cal Ges! ge UPL cho, di 3) Dal ght oe sl oN Jal ya GSI Ob oats Sie Oats eae Op LG flail o» sl Ob Lin oily be de (dye (SEM Jom fo) 13 Wally J jay gill Jobe BU sglAl Lai SI glee OS lel aa ois De Je CIN) yal ayl oat ov GAT ( tale Wl clays ble og Ld OS golly Lae tae Folie ye GAM JP int Go OSs aly Be alg ae Ops litt gh ug 4b GUL cs all (GLU gly Slat ST phat BL a LSAT OF Ul gh JAS Jy ae lhe os Bl Gla SI Bel be achyl ot (ih GEN oily) Mata Dalal opis Osh yl gl ple mM + nN = pP + gQ G-3) “ al ay IGEN WAS Lal & SS a BE ee tAti Ob Q ep Nye GP oy My PSI N oy Ny 0 Joli M oy Peles Lid oglu n= LPO imyn(Nye agght yall f AAW bya) QI GST A BF ALY cw GypHt Ob eae abl Gk GAN ob caple ga Debit ahh a8 131 ( gpght danally y daze BLS YN aU ye Gade Cab pty HIAN te Up teen (43) Gj HE abl SU ea Bale ag CSF LU ald ST Ob aint SANE 35 a5 SI edn 5SF IF Ob WS died pall J Jeuis NailySl Gast ll Gill alae J Plvaill dlls thvall ly il aml GG GUM ait ob op fe Saalagstl epee ox 43 Doball Glict! xs Aye She plas Jeti! (43) cp) tale OSG 43 Talal ot ose Cats Seeplayspt gale! alls Hie JST ets Jp pay. aA SAI gle gil SUSU Gd Se ah lel ES ayslygpl pled lineal Gall ASU fey ple iy Le Jel peal tall 5 frail PIPM op SU talph Olylall ee Se gh Maa Dp NN che ah SU ye le cat ls Slat! SAM LY LS Yall 557 a al ela ow JF ll OF abl Sa oy ae (ll J ANN LAN Yale iN AN J pate all Ne dr ee SAU a BA at Jp IA lay andy ir Sag ¢ “25 SH win Ob yo CPD SN Spell aD Lage Ee ela elle jl SF pill Sar DI Sp 1.00 J pds A UP) OB dim Spy Ung og ale leh Cal HIS he GES Sole PY TA dpa 2 LK. Nash, Elements of Classical and Statttcal Thermodynamics, Book 1, pp. 124-130. eeding. Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979, 4 tah inst ertyOped YS WLI puledl els abst J Gels i obi WLI Ay Lhe ebl lin Gd a Ge = AYLAll Sill) aE pelesd abla! any Ginoyy ol Sas SSrtdly ppd igh op WE OLS Yo Ute A WE goat Sich Jolid mes $3) 2H20 = H30* + OH- 63) 43 Wolall J coe © dey ol Se Jelasl Lid oll Cab ot x = (430°) [0H") (H20)? ISP Bie In OS Wh 5S ob tail TFL LIE Gy BR op ye Dad yp 11 SI Jame ey «tes sb soe Ot Sty SULT = (g/ fw ~ 18.0) | 2 1000) oll yp any A J cory! ays Sale pr Gp 53 Wald: cad gil obb [ (HO - fw ~ 55.6 dle ches 55.7 Mi 55.6 oe aby ye cla Ball Oljs! ade Ob GL! ke) Dye alll SF OB ca tale A Syst AAl are LS YP ON Se My HE GAS pony 5-3 Vaal J (HO) Ob Mian. dhynle LS Ss K(H20}? = Ke = (Hs0*)(0H7] (6-3) By AD Gah Jott yay Gole pel dhl K, 4abt QW ob Valais dye LO ct all Set ob ¢ 928 ale inp M10 XT Laladiny dyislh Rall Catt bel “10x 1.01ened odie SF 43 Ualall OI .a5lpdd Ga AScadlagefll pill lls is 41 pits Yo portly . ad JU J atl) Gayisl OSI | De Spe a cabpl Gad ESepalygtl piled dlimeal Glesll GSD J pal gy Wael eM gt Septtl Hall Ob 5 pal IAM op SB Asp lag BAN days eo Ky 5A cnt 13 Jor 100 48 x 10-4 SSAAl sh ppc Onl pF whem Se elall Qs poll yo Hl Meld 100 5 225 Be ges dl La Jelly pyar Ol IF eet le e cpl UySe Ol ce WASP DU Sai alll SE ye HOT y OHS corm + ay {h,0°) = (0H-] pet 63 Wald ayely (Hs0*}? = [OH-]? = kK, (H,0*) = [0H] = VK ¢ °RS ky (Hy0*} = (OH-} = YTOOX 10% 1.00 x 10-7 (H30*] = (OH-] = 49 x 10° = 7.0 x 10-7 09109 ee ey eaereGUI NAOH - F-0.200 g JS ppd Os! SV et de jE x JS 3h Oy! in 98 GF AED » pray AeSyte 3 ays AAS propel oy) SS big! OS, A JSS Sy 0,200 yaate US Sind Waly ll ISH or {OH-} = 0.200 + (H30*} ill yp A LSA Ob oF oad 1H,0*] ol o> 5 0.200 go oss base JU 046 ello» OH” GO [oH pay! Onl ed 63 Wall pureed ESE 1.00 x 10-4 jot) = LO2% 107" _ 5.00 x 10-4 tH,0r] = SEE = 5.00 x 10 ed dk ae = 0.200 + 5.00 x 10>" = 0.200 wld the a J OE a 5 ygADl ALB ALa) ALN Nigh cps pl et ee ASN gh dots Lee Gb byl ome lt Ge doe gy bee OS Lal AylS OG SEM Jem es _ bill AgCi(s) = AgCl(aq) AgCK(aq) = Ag’ + Cl” feted Sig CA OF Jel gb Sill fat ABC ag OF Sm pe as SDM x = FASC TAsCi), 0-3)aslall J ABCL SF ce BLE gl [ARCH clleal! ot eae Sy gill all WL GF SM 5S OL ay HP OK Leal 7-3 Wolall Ob aey (1.00 ya Cull Lia UG db 4g cy cl Pull y ) oe KAQCl], = ky = [AgCl].g (8-3) Sa ye coll SHAT Gf ABCH 557 Ob 83 Wobll 5 alts sigle i> dep gl Maly slow GW! Joti oxiyll 246 ot = Ags i[cl-] > “Tagcl Diy) oS Wpy 9-3 Volkl 83 Dokl ow Nop ail Mi ey a o [Asc], (9:3) Kika = Kip = (Ag?) [Cl] (10-3) pele cule ctl ple oe foe oy gill KK, Ctl ye Lich Dad Oily OU ya UY fol Ca ol UY 2) » AgCl(s) = Ag* + Cl- antl JE fo bibs 10-3, 8-3 cabal Ob 505 OI pgll oy CAM pli OF IU pe ELall alll oy BY @ le OS lly ph ASU JA G USGI AU L-LI f SG Oly dll Et! dyaewl LGM SF SI ee tall 9 OS US Fe CUM 5 ot dE) Lad shes c Oly) fe Gat felis dar Ob Gy ll ole os, See (3 GA fail y pach OAM land SUSY Gf dai UY ote ESF pyylll layh gp Eth MEI ob pas GS Wah ey als pp acgl Gil ob LU, BalO™, y) jLuti ¢ Ba(lO,), orBe(105)2(s) = Ba?* + 2103~ SN cst GD tang cl ga Ge Ma ly gl Catt Ob ON glide [Ba*][105-} = Ky dee abd kA Nae er yy Ul aA ol 8S cahaed B ep8d ge gel Aida 4151 Vp £25 se po 500 Lal SE Al ub cate OLE ae Fe (3 geld ) 2710 1.57 2 BoO,), J) AY Juste CU Ot Ba(iO5)2(s) + Ba? + 2105- a [Bs#*]{1057}? = 1.57 x 10-8 =, HD lle OS BP? gy an dye ol bet nek gl alll oo on aces Bal), op Gare 9 formal solubility of Ba(IO3), = (B2?*) ogi yd ON gt payldl Opt ae p58 Cagle Ob Halll co 6 LSE (1057) = 2(Ba?*) SF Bit cal peal bl oyrsy (Be2*}(2(Be2*})? @ 1.57 x-10-* pee" = 73% 10-4 [Bet] = ( solubility = 7.3 x 10°F Hay Si SE Jp 500 JES hall Be LO), St yl Je Sports ot, bw Ba(lOa)z 9 solubility = 7.3 x 107 —a x 500 mi x 0.487 mmiw Ba(IOs)2 0178 1500 ml Ba(lO,), J! tenet po oy 2 0.487 OI oa BY AN casey HLS J ae op e gel! Hall OM tal -Ba(NO,), gj F-0.200 Jz j Ba(lO,), J! Uys Qi at de lens ang ot Ke Sy TBAT SN pee 5 Ot SAY HM OF ell Le (O16 Lay (10, J solubility of Ba(IOs)2 = 3[103~) Fly Ba(IO,),, Ba(NO,), 4 ona Ub pull tig! ob ty BUS SH glen ge op att Nar M2. 0200 2 ltl Sia op @itll ell Qyl OF sey V2" 3) 3) adil (Ba?*) = 0.0200 + 4{10,-} ee UN ele pa ARS oe ayy (0.0200 + $[105-3){105"}? = 1157 x 10-* uaa A at Cg S5 Ualae gente 10,7] J! goat JAN OL UUM Jot Syed aout Leal OI. goth Ht deed GN yal of onl GF Be PA Spill op HDD iS dp Ba 0,), J! AEY ob cA LBuNO,), cp G2! 551 I Aaah Su BAO), UI ep GAL! egy bt! Oyl 30.0200 1/2 105} digg 0.0200 + 4[193-] = 0.0200 Shag ot Se GLA dolall ot 0.0200{10,-]? = 1.57 x 107° [1057] = 2:80 x 10-4(0.0200 + } x 2.80 x 10°) = 0.0200 ay al AN cy 0.0200 oy 7.0.7 3S Gl clad I ony fy that oo} TNO MWS op Bh ga abel OB ISI eae ya gpl a oe 1S OI pani Ope wy solubility of Ba(I03)2 = 31057] = 4 x 280 x 10-4 = 1.40 x 10-46 yi 5p Spb 6 BS AM Gh pyylll Saag UIST go Han ode iB IB Slade le, Ba(lO,), J) eyyil LIM faite Bye atl OW oy Ju Ba(NO3)y, cp Jp 200 Sale op gat ple gj Ba(lO,), U5) LL ot Je FF VS sot Sy bale Ce Leny Nal, — F-0.100 c+ Jp 100 F-0.0100 siaky yey Jelidh J WEL aL aot oy 200 mi x 0.0100 mfw/ml = 2.00 100 mi x 0.100 mfw/ml = 10.00 no. mfw Ba2* no. mfw 105 Ls Ballo), 4S ov (36 excess 103” = 10.0 — 2(2.00) = 6.00 miw adey 6.00 miw Fray = 222.RH - 00200 formal solubility of Ba(IO3)2 = [Ba?* OM Je UIDs") = 0.0200 + 2{882*) Je ide ey AM Onl 5S SI AUN tS flee Jef 20Ba?*) 420 oF > PPE De ALR lye Je Spall ole [1037} = 0.0200 ob WH solubilty of Ba(IOy}, = (882*) = Me, m= LT 10 og aoe (10,77? ~ (0.0200) onep Be dpe SULT ola fell atl Nia ol py ail Jl J igi jst ft abd y BY ory Ol og pM aS gis teal) big! o- Ball i ayry ox Bal), J ddpuall Selyily jaslyel USA Gani iad pe SG Sah coll j Than Bae gh ale 3) ae 1 AS Se jy {H30°}INOs"} (HNO; al gah fa! US Oo Ky ol or Sol Se Gow tell 1S INHe*}[0H7] (NH) ab GG MSU ey gt Gd (TH,O] y lt 557 Oo! cp Se tk oe Uh a aS tile apie Guill 57 OW AL Gal peu Ky Koil oly HNO, + H,0 #H;0° +NO2 Ky = OG ales diy dey 5 NH, + H,0 # NH.’ + OH" OK, Set pp) A Raa a pst gr) CS alt Toi BS Se Leng «pgp Oy! «pull aedtly pW Sat NH, + H,0 # NH,’ + OH x, = INH TOR) (NHs} and NHe 4,0 st NH, + H,0° x, = INHDILHO") pee GAYE boty Oil OU oe pall ple py x, ~ WBIHLO') (NH JLOH) _ (H,0°)(0H } oe Ne) (45) a {Hs0°J[OH-] = Ke Jui Kika = Ke (al-3) oyGoh Ol AML Belly — Gaal Chil Qa Ue a BWI ola oF ately Go IST I IS fe PSY US ois Jtutt (11-3) Datel oye Atel hae fel ope OY. cabelill cary) CN- + H,0 = HCN + OH- eli Ky no ale. Sie ONT SES gh ad lb (tell US CAI) S alll Joi we 1hey 9710 2.1.5 HON JNK, in 0 4 lll ds Se gt HCN)J[OH~} Ke TON") ~ Kuew 1.00 x 10°" = Ox 10-6 Kee Toe = 48 * 10 aL oe std USGI Calg ol. pal SH Calyd oUdd cL Ged Ub ly key Cull ode 4 Gall! G due WSL) Laval! + SeSartl Onl 5! pxigyhel tinal Lelyll g) garlyhl Jule 5513 HA Gps ale iil we Fal felis ot Stl fo fey aS So ell HA + H,0 #H,0° + A> Ky = eee Ose ge Ll pyeigptehl Obi! J! SLAY 2H,0 = H,0- + OH- SSG Aa Gye SM felis op ZU ppp byl OW gale oy Fy hall he ge Je Gt Sbily eeigtll 5e5p SAL Se ab lll oF Ay Onl Gee le pall ISG ONE om Gy Ol ght Gyybill ode H,O* oy! JU AM (H30*] & [A-] (12-3) Wal Gety Gall fala QUI STAI ¢ pe Ob US cy Jad oAStab Je get YSN Ob amy parle gil Al pben Ol cote Ar pals Aly Fux = (Ar) + (HA) (13-3) De Naty 13-3 all 9 12-3 ata ayy | (HA) = Fas ~ (30°) (143) | EGS peas O16 143 y 12-3 caclablly (HA) 9 (AM 6b oF ays ey om eld (H,0+)?_ Fea = THO] ~ (15-3) SSN qed 15-3 Dotall 37 lel & [Hs0+]? + K,[H30*] ~ KeFua = 0 OS try Uolall oda Jo ot (H,0°] = cp 85: Bh THO" oF pe ly 15-3 Bab bes Sal oy peal af Sad Faq (HOD 6, bas Fay (16-3) [H30°} = VKFaa (17-3) GF Cred US. slay Gye tee oe op etl HS ol gf Redd call US peak 6 ASV ey Gast) JS oy Sub att! Lasse WO.S fim ala, 21M Lia oy pert! edt of dee 23 Jud 10 Fu/K, Hi OS ie Sb P10 Ll as Le 1.6 > J ett aby o8a 13 JSM ng 10 3,55 Lasse WIT Jl ly 710 O55 ne %5 Ci gh aly add SG Lace Meany gt ayy lest ypu Peas ep aS Sigler ced rill IAI oy ppdaytll Ol 55 ob whe CH gall tte QS SN ooh, apts We Ob J ogy ends fae Ed de ued Ulan by gf ON te Lyle EI le pay Hy a8 ISB 15-3 Wall GF Fay eo Mayle SX Jil (H,07] 5S Gt ULL he opel Tab oy i ES THAD 57 at Segre el Jef Ss Gey Shae JE hel Sy «Upp! IMHO 5)/10 THO*] Sal ta SVS Jo Sparel ill Lepil c+ Wolall 200 ar 10.0 y e o 50 a Wall J Fy, pFiag ~ FH07) Ob ps! op gull peo! {abt 1-3 yout 15-3