First 2nd Draft of Probosal M.dahir

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE
HOUSEHOLD FOOD INSECURITY AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS

AMONG PASTORALISTS IN GORO BEKEKSA DISTRIC,SOMALI
REGIONAL STATE,ETHIPIA,2022.
MOHAMED DAHIR ABDI
College: Health and Medical Sciences

School/Department: Public Health
Program: Public Health Nutrition
Major Advisor: Dr. KADIR TEJI (PhD, Associate Professor)
Co-advisor: Mr. BEHRE(MPH, Assistant Professor)
AUGUST, 2022
JIG-JIGA, ETHIOIA
i
Acknowledgment
First, I would like to thank Allah who help me the preparation of this proposal Secondly, I
would like to extend my gratitude to my advisors kedir teji roba (PHD) and Barehe
(BSc, associated professor) for their constructive comments, suggestions and correction
throughout preparing this proposal Also, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and
thanks to Haramaya University, School of Public Health, and Department of Nutrition for the
provision of the chance to do this proposal preparation. Last but not the least; I would like to
express my heartfelt gratitude to my family for their extended support throughout this work.
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Summary
Background: Food security exists when all individuals have physical social and economic access
to adequate safe and nutritious food at all times to meet their dietary needs for their activity and
well-being, Food insecurity is public health problem which is under recognized for social
determinant of health and cause to the society a problem through health care and social cost
which lasts consuming a nutrient poor diet that leads to malnutrition and chronic diseases. Food
insecurity is a “nutrition gap,” essentially a health inequity that we must address if we hope to
reach our nation’s targets for achieving healthful diets and reducing chronic disease
Objective: To asses Household food insecurity and associated factors among pastoralists in goro
bekeksa district, Somali regional state, Ethiopia, 2022.
Methods: community based cross-sectional study will be employed, data will be collect using
structured and semi structured questionnaire adopted from other literatures and the nine question
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, a sample size of 415 will be required, and systematic
sampling method will be used to obtain the sample of the study.Data will be entered in EPI data
version 3.1 and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis, both Bivariate and multivariate
analysis will be done
Work plan and budget: The work plan will be from June 2022 to December /2022 and the grand
total budget required is 34465 ETB
Key words: Household Food Insecurity, pastoralist, gora bekeksa, jigjiga.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment........................................................................................................................................iii
Summary.....................................................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents.........................................................................................................................................v
List of tables...............................................................................................................................................vii
List of figures............................................................................................................................................viii
Acronyms and abbreviations......................................................................................................................ix
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................................3
1.3. Significance of the Study..................................................................................................................6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................7
2.1 Household food insecurity status.......................................................................................................7
2.2 Associated Factors.............................................................................................................................8
2.3 conceptual frame work....................................................................................................................11
3. OBJECTIVE..........................................................................................................................................12
3.1. General objectives..........................................................................................................................12
3.2. Specific objectives...........................................................................................................................12
4. METHOD AND MATERIALS.............................................................................................................13
4.1. Study area and period.....................................................................................................................13
4.2 study design.....................................................................................................................................13
4.3. Source and study population...........................................................................................................13
4.3.1. Source population....................................................................................................................13
4.3.2. Study population......................................................................................................................13
4.4. Inclusion and exclusion criteria..................................................................................................13
4.4.1 Inclusion criteria.......................................................................................................................13
4.4.2 Exclusion criteria......................................................................................................................13
4.5 Sample size determination...............................................................................................................13
Where,...................................................................................................................................................14
4.6 Sampling technique and procedure..................................................................................................15
4.7 Data collection method....................................................................................................................15
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4.8 study variables.................................................................................................................................16
4.8.1 Dependent variables..................................................................................................................16
4.8.2 Independent variables...............................................................................................................16
4.9 Operational Definition.....................................................................................................................17
4.10 Data Quality control......................................................................................................................18
4.11 Data processing analysis................................................................................................................18
4.12 Ethical consideration.....................................................................................................................19
4.13 Publication for dissemination and communication of the result...................................................19
5. Work plan..............................................................................................................................................20
6. Budget breakdown................................................................................................................................21
8. Annexes.................................................................................................................................................24
8.1 Questionnaire in English..................................................................................................................24
8.2 waydiimaha qaybta somaliga..........................................................................................................33
v
List of abbreviations and Acronyms
AOR adjust odd ratio
BSC Bachelor of Science
CI confidence interval
FAO food Agricultural Organization
HFIAS Household Food Insecurity Access Scale
HH Household Head
HIV/AIDS Human Immune virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
IGAD Inter Governmental Authority Development
PSNP Productive Safety Net Programmer
SDG sustainable development goal
SNNP south nation nationality people
SPSS Statically Package for Social Science
UN United State
UNDPUnited Nation Development Program
USAIDUnited State Agency forInternationalDevelopment
USDAUnited StateDevelopmentalAgriculture
WHO World Health Organization
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
According Food Agriculture Organization last revised definition in 2001 food security exists
when all individuals have physical social and economic access to adequate safe and nutritious
food at all times to meet their dietary needs for their activity and well-being (2). The World
Health Organization (WHO) categorized food security in to three main parts which are first food
availability: having a sufficient supply of food available on a regular basis. Second food access:
having sufficient resources to get appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Third food utilization: or
consuming a nutritious diet. This means appropriate use of foods, based on knowledge of basic
nutrition and care, and have access to water and sanitation for preparing food and maintaining
proper hygiene(3).
Household food insecurity refers to access of inadequate food at all times ,roughly in line with
the world food summit definition but security means just inadequacy of food intake(4). In
general household food insecurity can be either chronic or transitory as type Chronic food
insecurity is constant and it can be considered to be a continuous state of issue, while transitory
food insecurity is a temporary and refers to short time of decline in a household’s availability and
access to needed food(5).
Study done in Ethiopia on Household food insecurity and associated factors among households,

found about 37.6% households were food insecure, which 10.8% were mildly food insecure, 23.2
and 3.6% households were moderately and severely food insecure, respectively. and associated
factors were marital status (single household head) ,greater than two dependent members,
households headed with daily laborers higher monthly income and low monthly food expenditure
(6).
Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2- Zero Hunger) highlights the importance of food
security and nutrition within the wider SDG agenda and calls on Member States to ' end hunger,
achieve food security and improve nutrition, and foster sustainable agriculture ' by 2030(7)
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The elimination of food insecurity in the Horn of Africa must be think through a long-term
development goal that can be achieved by developing through a number of challenging, so far
achievable targets were verified during the international conferences and summits held in the
1990s, the most crucial for food security being the 1996 World Food Summit, which determined
to decrease the number of undernourished people by 2015. This responsibility has been taken by
Heads of State and Government attending the World Food Summit, was repeated in the UN
Millennium Summit Declaration of September 2000. For achieving this goal, it will demand a
reduction in their total number of chronically undernourished people from 70 to 35 million.
However, the problem of food insecurity cannot be solved in separation. Equivalent progress
needs to be made with relation to international goals set in other important areas, including
poverty alleviation; education and literacy; reductions in infant, child and maternal mortality;
improved reproductive health; and environmental protection. The countries of the region can
now establish their own regional and national goals as well as associated factors on the basis of
these global goals(8)
Ethiopia country has long history of food security challenges linked to rural food insecurity is
currently facing relatively new challenges related to urban food insecurity(9)
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1.2 Statement of the problem
In the last two decades, food insecurity had become widely recognized in the developed world as
a serious public health issue(10). Food insecurity is public health problem which is under
recognized for social determinant of health and cause to the society a problem through health
care and social cost which lasts consuming a nutrient poor diet that leads to malnutrition and
chronic diseases(11, 12).
The sequence of food in security and chronic disease begins when person or family cannot get
enough nutritious food (13). Food insecurity is a “nutrition gap,” essentially a health inequity
that we must address if we hope to reach our nation’s targets for achieving healthful diets and
reducing chronic disease(14).
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization shows that 925 million people in the
world are undernourished(7). The hugest number of undernourished people lives in Asia and the
Pacific Islands, followed by Sub-Saharan Africa. Although, there’s enough food in the world
today for everyone to have the nourishment they need for a healthy and productive life. A main
factor in focusing the world's food security challenges is expanding the availability, access, and
utilization of food across global communities(3).Household food insecurity, hunger and under
nutrition remain critical issues; the poor nutritional status of women and children has been a
consistent problem in Ethiopia. (15).
Research done in US shows that food insecure individuals face disproportionately higher rates of
chronic diseases, like diabetes mellitus and HIV/ AIDS, and therefore accrue more healthcare
costs, This puts into motion a cycle of disease and expense that furthers disparities between food
secure and insecure patient(16).
According to Food and Agriculture Organization billion people around the world are
experiencing the effects of food insecurity, in 2018 a report on food security and nutrition by
FAO revealed that prevalence of moderate food insecurity is 17.2% (1.3 billion people) that they
didn’t have regular access to nutritious and sufficient food.Whereas sever food insecurity is
accounted 9.2%, this implies reductions in the quantity of food consumed to the extent that they
may have possibly experienced hunger. Both moderate and sever food insecurity amounts 26.4%
of global population (2billion people) (17).
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According to recent data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), about
14.7% of households in the united State experience in low or very low food security(3). And
2018 was the first time decreased the prevalence of food insecure to pre-recession level of 11.1%
(14.3 million household) the decrease from 2017 which was 11.8% which was statically
significant and continued decline from 14.9% in 2011, Food-insecure households had difficulty
at some time during the year giving enough food for all their members due to a lack of
resources.4.3% of U.S. households (5.6 million households) had very low food security, not
much different from 4.5 % in 2017. Furthermore range of food insecurity, the food intake of
some household members was limited and normal eating were interrupted at times during the
year due to in adequate resources(14).
According to USAID report over 800 million people worldwide are going to bed hungry every
night and nearly 75% of poor people in developing countries live in rural areas(18)
Horn of Africa is one of the most food-insecure regions in the world. In the region as a whole,
more than 40% of people are malnourished, and in Eritrea and Somalia the percentage increases
to 70%. While Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda - have total
population of 160 million people, 70 million of whom live in this areas are susceptible to sever
food shortages. In the past 30 years, these countries, which are all members of the
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), have been exposed by famine at least
once in each decade(19).
In2019 Global Hunger Index grade, Ethiopia 97th out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score
of 28.9, which suffers from a serious level of hunger (20).Food security analysis conducted in six
regions of Ethiopia( Afar , Somali, Tigray, SNNP, Oromia and Amhara) shows that, despite
ongoing assistance, an estimated 8 million people (27% of the 28.7 million people analyzed)
were severely food insecure or worse, about 6.1 million people were classified in Crisis and
about 1.9 million people in Emergency(21).
According to food and agriculture organization of united nation (FAO) report in 2016, 10.2
million People in Ethiopia were food insecure (22). And over the past twenty years, Ethiopia has
made significant progress in improving health, nutrition, education, and other human
development indicators. Yet for millions of Ethiopians, poverty, vulnerability and food insecurity
4
remain major problem, and are exacerbated by climate change and other factor. Ethiopia has also
made significant progress in reducing hunger, with a 39.24% reduction in the Global Hunger
Index from 1990 to 2013. The percentage of the population below a minimum level of dietary
energy consumption dropped dramatically from 74.8% in 1990 to 32% in 2015, although the
total undernourished population remains high (31.6 million, down from 37.3 million in 1990)
((15, 23)
The level of food security in Ethiopia can also be measured based on child growth, which is
"internationally recognized as an important indicator of nutritional status and health in
populations." the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) developed the Food Security
Recovery Project, which is intended to "contribute to the achievement of food security The
World Bank also supports development of food security in Ethiopia to support, and improved
food security". The Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) is the second largest social
transfer program in Africa (after South Africa). Its goal is to "tackle chronic food insecurity and
break Ethiopia's dependence on food aid" Traditionally, food insecurity in Ethiopia was
primarily addressed by deployments of "emergency" food aid. However, over the last decade
these "emergencies" have become a chronic, rather than transitory(24).
Understanding the major of causes and associating factors of food insecurity is important for
reducing or minimizing hunger and malnutrition which are the main challenge of this time and
the aim of this study is to assess household food insecurity and to identify associated factors
among households.
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1.3. Significance of the Study
This study will be important to all the concerned sectors which will implement food security
projects in the study area, especially government, NGOs and those who are interested as
donation to house hold food insecure. The results of the study can also be made ready and
documented at district level so that it will give more information about related offices.
It will serve as an input to community organizers, non-profit leaders, policy-makers, and

government officials to communicate to each other and work together to create strategies that
will improve overall access to food, safety, and wellness.
Finally, the results of this study will serve as a baseline data for the post graduate students and
researchers who are interested in similar study upon publication.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Household food insecurity status
According to US in 2018 the prevalence of food insecurity 11.1% (14.3 million households)
were food insecure. The decrease from 2017 (11.8 percent) was statistically significant and
continued a decline from a high of 14.9 percent in 2011. 4.3% of U.S. households (5.6 million
households) had very low food security, not much different from 4.5 % in 2017(14).
Study conducted in urban setting of India found that high number of households (77.2%) were
food-insecure, with 49.2% households being mildly food-insecure, 18.8% of the households
being moderately food-insecure, and 9.2% of the households being severely food- insecure. (25).
And study conducted in Vietnam also showed that Food insecurity (HFIAS) scores were 6.7 (5.7
SD) out of 27 classifying 51% as having severe, 15% as moderate and 19% as mild food
insecurity. Significantly higher levels of food insecurity, were correlated with low maternal
education (26). Another Study conducted in Malaysia showed that More than 50% of the
households experienced some degree of food insecurity and the food insecure households (27).
According to study conducted in Nigeria from 416 households showed that, the prevalence of
food insecurity was 61.8% (28). Another research conducted in Ghana showed that majority of
the households surveyed (79%)were found to be food insecure (29).
A study done in Addis Ababa found that 75% of households were food insecure and 23% were in
a state of hunger (78).
Study done in walitasodo town on Household food insecurity and associated factors

among households from total of 609 households, found about 37.6% households were food
insecure, which 10.8% were mildly food insecure, 23.2 and 3.6% households were moderately
and severely food insecure, respectively (6). An also Study done in west abaya district in south
Ethiopia on household food insecurity and associated factors from 779 households shows
prevalence of household food insecurity was 38.1%(30).
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A comparative study done in gojjam from the total 4110 households, the total prevalence of food
insecurity was 55.3 % (95 % CI: 53.8, 56.8). To compare food insecurity levels between the two
zones, nearly sixty percent, 59.2 % (95 % CI: 57 %, 61.4 %) of the East Gojjam and 51.3 %
(95 % CI: 49.1 %, 53.5) of West Gojjam households were food insecure(31).
A survey result of study done in jigjiga district releaved that from total of 160 ruler households
37 percent of households found to be food in secure (36).
2.2 Associated Factors
World Food Program stated that the common factors that cause household food-insecurity are:
household size, age of household head, sex of household head, marital status of household,
education level of household, dependency ratio, access to credit, ownership of saving account,
total income per adult equivalent, expenditure level (food and non-food), asset possession, access
to social services, owner of home garden, access to subsidized food, sources of food, availability
of food commodities, and supply of food commodities(32).
A study connected in Guatemala as they compared food secure households and food insecure
households they found that food insecure households are more likely to be in ruler, have more
household members, as well as more members of under 5 children and as they compared to
women from food-secure households, women from households experiencing food insecurity
were more likely to have completed only primary education or less(33).
Study conducted in India Higher education of the women handling food and number of earning
members in the household were associated with lesser chance/odds of being food-insecure, The
mean amount spent monthly on food by food-secure households was higher than that spent by
food-insecure households, having primary or middle school education and secondary or senior
secondary school education had less chances of being food-insecure compared to those
households where the respondent was non-literate and With a unit increase in the number of
working members in a household, the chances of being food-insecure decreased (25).
Study conducted in Vietnam also showed that Food insecurity (HFIAS) scores were correlated
with low maternal education(26). Another Study conducted in Malaysia were characterized by
larger household size, more children, school-going children and mothers as housewives were
significantly associated with household food security (27)
8
According to study conducted in Nigeria showed that Food insecurity was higher among
households with younger heads, female headed households and those with larger households.
Lower education status and lower household income were the significant factors affecting food
insecurity(28).
A research connected in Ghana about household food insecurity and its determinants from 10
variables that considered five were found to have significant impact on household which are
marital status, household size, farm size, off-farm income activity and credit card.(29).
Several studies in the past have indicated that people of Ethiopia have experienced long periods
of food insecurity which may be ascribed to several factors, Food insecurity in Ethiopia
determine by different factor, according to previous study the main factor that affect food
security conditions were family size, age of the household head, annual income, food
expenditure pattern, income per adult equivalent, land size ,number of livestock owned,
cultivated area ,amount of credit received , status of education, farming system, access to
market ,food consumption expenditure pattern ,off-farm income per adult equivalent ,sex of
household head, access to credit ,marital status of household head, dependency ratio ,low annual
production ,attitude on food aid ,poor wealth status ,land holding ,rain fall and land and market
accessibility (34, 35)
A study done in Addis Ababa indicated that having a lower monthly income was independently
associated with food insecurity. In addition, household heads who were uneducated, daily
laborers and government employee were more likely to have higher food insecurity. On the other
hand those households living in government rental houses were less likely to be food insecure,
compared to other residential houses (35).
Study done in walitasodo town the associated factors with household food security were
marital status (single household head) greater than two dependent members), households headed
with daily laborers, higher monthly income and low monthly food in the study area.(6)
Study done in abya district of south Ethiopia Households headed by female were more likely to
be food insecure than households headed by males ‘.’ House-holds headed by persons aged >65
years were 6.5 times more likely of being food insecure compared to household headed by
persons aged 18–44 years. The odd of households with larger family size to be food insecure was
9
higher than households with smaller family sizes. Owning smaller farm land increases the risk of
being food insecure nearly by 2 times compared to larger land size. Besides, households headed
by uncoupled were likely to be food insecure than married (30).
The survey results of the study in Jigjiga district revealed that six were found to be statistically
significant determinants of household food security. Variables such as: total household income,
fertilizer use, extension service, access to credit and veterinary service were found to have
positive influence(31).
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2.3 conceptual frame work
Sociodemographic
Wealth status Food related factors
factors
Poor wealth status Access to subsidized food
Age and sex of HH head
Farm and land size Sources of food
Educational status
Number of livestock owned Availability of food commodities
Marital status
Cultivated areas Supply of food commodities
Family size
Farming system Food expenditure
Dependency ratio Asset possession Attitude of food aid
Residential Owner ship of household Annual production

Land holding
Climate factors
Social factors Food insecurity Rain fall

Availability of safety net
Access to credit
Market availability
Socio economic status
Support system
Relative abroad
Total income
Off farm income
Figure 1: Conceptual Frame Work of Household Food Insecurity among pastoralist

Sources: developed by reviewing different literature
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3. OBJECTIVE
3.1. General objectives
To asses Household food insecurity and associated factors among pastoralists in goro
bekeksa district, Somali regional state, Ethiopia, 2022.
3.2. Specific objectives
To assess house hold food insecurity among pastoralist household
To determine associated factors among pastoralist household food in security
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4. METHOD AND MATERIALS
4.1. Study area and period
The study will be conducted in goro bekeksa from June -October 1-30, 2022. Goro bekeksa is
one of district in liban zone, Somali regional state. Far from 1000 kilometres of Jigjiga, the
capital of Somali regional state, Based on the 2007 census conducted by the central statistical
agency of Ethiopia. (CSA). This woreda has a total population of 65271 of whom 38,370 are
men and 26,901 women.
4.2 study design
Community based cross-sectional study design will be conduct.
4.3. Source and study population
4.3.1. Source population
All household’s head in pastoralist areas of goro bekeksa district
4.3.2. Study population
All household’s head in pastoralist areas and selected kebeles in goro bekeksa district
4.4. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
4.4.1 Inclusion criteria
All household heads that were residential for the more than 6 months from selected households
during data collection will be included
4.4.2 Exclusion criteria

Those who were not able to speak and those who are seriously ill will are excluded.
Those who were refused to participate the study will be exclusion
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4.5 Sample size determination
4.5.1. For the first objective
The sample size will be calculated by using prevalence of household food insecurity in shinile
district of Somali region is (56%) by Single proportion formula using with the fallowing
assumption (CI: 95% margin of error 5%)
n = Z (α/2)2*P (Q)
d2
Where,
n = Sample size
p= Proportion of household food insecurity (56%)
Q= 1-p
d=0.05 (margin of error)
n = (1.96)2*(O.56) (0.44) = 378
(0.05)2
With Non response rate = 10%
n= 378+10% non-response rate= 415
4.5.2. For the second objective
By using Epi-info version 7.2 with the assumption of 95% CI: and power of 80% and using
exposed and unexposed we calculated for the second objectives
Table 1: sample size calculation for associated factors
Variable Exposed Non CI Power OR Final Reference

exposed sample
size
Sex of Male (28.3%) (71.7%)
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household Female (81.8%) (18.2%) 95 80 2.02 412 (27)
head
Marital Married 21.3 78.7 95 80 3.9 252 (3)
status Unmarrie
d
By comparing the sample size that we are calculated 415, 412, 251 we take the largest sample
size which is 415 and our final sample will be 415 for the study.
4.6 Sampling technique and procedure
Goro bekeksa consists 15 kebeles , From the 5 kebele in goro bekeksa 4 will be selected using
simple random sampling technique (lottery method) and a proportional allocation of sample size
will be employed to each kebele, depending on their list of number of house hold in each kebele,
and finally the study participants will be selected using systematic random sampling method with
K intervals, by spinning pen at the center of the kebeles and going to counter clock wise of
direction until the sample size will be filled if the selected household is ineligible the next
household will select, if there are two one will be selected by lottery method. If the respondent is
not willing or absent in 2 days it will be record as non-response.
4.7 Data collection method
The data will be collected by interviewing household head using structured questionnaire which
will be developed based on the study objectives. First the questionnaire will be prepared in
English and then translated in to Somali language. Back translation to English will be done to
verify its consistency and contents And the nine question Household Food Insecurity Access
Scale (HFIAS) that has been authorized in several countries will be used to assess household
food security and In order to adapt the phrases, definitions to the local context and to ensure that
questions are understood appropriately, 2 diploma nurses as data collectors and 1 BSc health
officers as supervisors were recruited from gora bekeksa district
based on their previous experience in data collection, it will be reviewed by the key informants,
in depth interview guidelines and the others will be adapted from different literature that have
15
similar study objective in English language will be used. Information will be collected from the
household head.
4.8 study variables
4.8.1 Dependent variables
Household food insecure
4.8.2 Independent variables
 Socio demographic
 Age of HH head
 Sex of HH head
 educational status
 Marital status
 Family size
 Dependency ratio
 Residential
 Socio economic status
 support system
 relative abroad
 total income
 off farm income
 wealth index
 poor wealth status
 farm size
 land size
 number of livestock owned
 cultivated areas
 farming system
 asset possession
 owner ship of household
16
 land holding
 food related factors
 access to subsidized food
 sources of food
 availability of food commodities
 supply of food commodities
 Food expenditure
 Attitude of food aid
 Annual production
 Social factors
 Availability of safety net
 Access to credit
 Market availability
 Climate factors
 Rain fall
4.9 Operational Definition
Food secure Household: Household experiences none of the food insecurity (access) conditions,
or just experiences worry, but rarely(6).
Mildly food insecure (access) Household: worries about not having enough food sometimes or
often, and/or is unable to eat preferred foods, and/or eats a more monotonous diet than desired
and/or some foods considered undesirable, but only rarely. But it does not cut back on quantity
nor experience any of three most severe conditions(6).
Moderately food insecure household: sacrifices quality more frequently, by eating a
monotonous diet or undesirable foods sometimes or often, and/or has started to cut back on
quantity by reducing the size of meals or number of meals, rarely or sometimes. But it does not
experience any of the three most severe conditions(6).
A severely food insecure Household: has forced to cutting back on meal size or number of
meals often, and/or experiences any of the three most severe conditions (running out of food,
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going to bed hungry, or going a whole day and night without eating), even as infrequently as
rarely(6).
Head of Household: A head of a Household is a person who economically supports or manages
the Household or for reasons of age or respect, is considered as head by members of the
Household or declares himself as head of a Household(3).
Young dependency ratio: is the number of dependent to those who are aged from 0-15year(36).
Old dependency ratio: is the number of dependent those aged 65yers old and above(36).
Off-farm income: refers to portion of farm household income obtained off farm including
nonfarm wages and salaries, pensions, and interest income earned by farm families
4.10 Data Quality control
To ensure the quality of data control the Questionnaire prepared in English will translated into
local language. Then enumerators and supervisors will be trained for 1 day, one week before the
collecting data on study objective, key highlights in methods to assess household food insecurity,
data collection and interviewing approach. Then after 5% of pre-test will be done on non-
sampled household from non selected kebels and data will strictly be supervised in daily After
the collection of data it will be checked from completeness and consistency before data entry.
The interviewed data will be transcribed and translated to English under selected themes based
on the question.
4.11 Data processing analysis
The Data will be checked for completeness and consistency before data entry and cleaning. Data
will be coded and entered in to Epi data version 3.1.Then; the data will be exported to SPSS
version 20 program for analysis. Households will be classified based on responses to the nine
severity items in the HFIAS and coded 0 for no and 1for yes. The standard procedure for scoring
will be used as follows: zero will be attributed if the event described by the question never
occurred, 1 if it occurred during the previous 30 days. With regard to the occurrence, 1 will be
Attributed if the events rarely occur, 2 sometimes and 3 often. Therefore, responses on the nine
HFIAS questions will be summed using the SPSS 20 program to create the food security score,
with a minimum of 0 and a maximum score of 27. According to the score the higher the score,
the more the household is vulnerable to food insecurity. The lower the score, the less food
18
insecurity a household experienced. Therefore, HFIAS score of 0-1 is categorized as food secure,
2 and above were considered as food insecure. Then, households scored 2–7, 8–14and 15–27
will be categorized to be mildly, moderately and severely food insecure households respectively.
Descriptive summary statistics like frequencies, proportions, mean, graph and table will be used
to present study results.
Bivariate and Multivariable logistic regression analyses will computed to assess the association
Between the study variables and to control for all possible confounding factors. All the variables
significantly associated during Bivariate analysis with the P-value less than or equal to 0.25 were
candidate for multivariable analysis. P-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically
significant. Both crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were reported to
show the strength of association between study variables
4.12 Ethical consideration
The study will be conduct after getting later from Haramaya University, Ethics Review
Committee college of medicine and health Science department of master of public health
nutrition. And will be delivered to gora bekesa district administration and their official
authorization will be obtained letters in arrange to local authority of selected kebeles. Informed
verbal consent will be obtained from all study participants. Each respondent will be informed
about the objective of the study; Confidentiality will be kept at each step of data collection and
processing. The participants will be assured that they have full right to participate or withdraw
from the study.
4.13 Publication for dissemination and communication of the result
Finally the result of the study will be submitted to Haramaya University, school of graduate
studies, department of public health for the partial fulfilment of the degree in master of public
health in nutrition. And furthermore; it will be disseminated through publication in local and
international reputable journals and presented on scientific conferences.
19
5. Work plan
Table 2 work plan of research proposal on the Household food insecurity and associated factors
among pastoralists in goro bekeksa district, Somali regional state, Ethiopia, 2022.
NO Activities Responsi Timeline

June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ble body
1 Topic selection Dep’t
2 Proposal development P.I

3 First draft submission P.I & AD
4 Final draft proposal P.I.& AD
submission
5 Proposal defense
6
Pre-test DC & PI
7 Data collection DC & P.I
8 Data analysis and report P.I
writing
9 First Draft thesis P.I & AD
submission
P.I & AD
10
Second draft thesis
submission
11
Final draft thesis P.I & AD
submission
12
Thesis defense
20
Key words: - P.I:- Principle investigator. AD: - Advisors. DC: - Data collectors. Dep’t:- department
6. Budget breakdown
Table 3 budget break down of research proposal on the Household food insecurity and associated
factors among pastoralists in goro bekeksa district, Somali regional state, Ethiopia, 2022.
Budget category Unit cost Multiplying factors Total cost in ETB
1.personal cost Daily periderm Personal cost x
working days
Principal 200 1 x 200 x 30 6000
investigator (1
person)
Data collectors (3 200 3x 150 x 30 13500
person)
Training 1 200 x3 600
Refreshment 70 70 x 3 210
Sub-total Personal costs total 20310
2.travelling costs Cost per trips Person x cost x Total cost in ETB
Working days
Principal investigator Jigjiga to goro go 6000

and back
Data collectors Bajaj goro to 200 x30 6000

pastoralist go and
21
back
Sub-total Travelling cost total 12000
3.Supply costs Cost per item Number Total cost in ETB
Flash disc 400 1x400 400
Questionnaires 2 2 x415 830

duplication
Printing 5 5x5 25
Binding 30 30 x3 900
Sub total Subtotal supply cost 2155
Grand total 34465 ETB
Reference
1. Workneh Negatu. Reasons for Food Insecurity of Farm Households in South Wollo, Ethiopia:
Explanations at Grassroots. Institute of Development Research (IDR), Addis Ababa University CRSP
(Collaborative research support programme). 2004.
2. . !!! INVALID CITATION !!! (2-7).

3. merriam-webstar. head of household. 1828.
4. Warr P. Food insecurity and its determinants. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource
Economics. 2014;58(4):519-37.
5. Alem H, editor Transitory food insecurity and Coping strategies in north western Ethiopia. Sixth
international conference in agricultural statistics; 2013.
6. Tantu AT, Gamebo TD, Sheno BK, Kabalo MY. Household food insecurity and associated factors
among households in Wolaita Sodo town, 2015. Agriculture & Food Security. 2017;6(1):19.
7. Organization WH. The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2018: building climate
resilience for food security and nutrition: Food & Agriculture Org.; 2018.
8. FAO. The elimination of food insecurity in the Horn of Africa
9. al be. urban food insecurity in the context of high food price
10. Tarasuk V. A critical examination of community-based responses to household food insecurity in
Canada. Health Education & Behavior. 2001;28(4):487-99.
11. Heerman W, Wallston K, Osborn C, Bian A, Schlundt D, Barto S, et al. Food insecurity is
associated with diabetes self‐care behaviours and glycaemic control. Diabetic Medicine. 2016;33(6):844-
50.
12. Seligman HK, Schillinger D. Hunger and socioeconomic disparities in chronic disease. N Engl J
Med. 2010;363(1):6-9.
22
13. huger +healrh. 2019.
14. Coleman-Jensen A, Gregory C, Singh A. Household food security in the United States in 2013.
USDA-ERS Economic Research Report. 2014(173).
15. USAID:. Food Security Country Framework for Ethiopia: United States Agency for International
Development: 2015. 2015.
16. DOMINIC DECKER M, MS; MARY FLYNN, PhD, RD, LDN. Food Insecurity and Chronic Disease:
Addressing Food Access as a Healthcare Issue. 2018.
17. . The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World - FAO. 2019. 2019.
18. USID 2018.
19. FAO food insecurity elimination in horn of africa. 2018.
20. global hunger index ethiopia. 2019.
21. Ethiopia IPC Acute Food Insecurity Analysis 2019.
22. FAO IaW. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2014.
Strengthening the enabling environment for food security and nutrition. Rome, FAO. 2014.
23. UNICEF:. Ethiopia Humanitarian Situation Report. United nation children fund: 2015. 2015.
24. food insecurity in ethiopia 2019.
25. Chinnakali P, Upadhyay RP, Shokeen D, Singh K, Kaur M, Singh AK, et al. Prevalence of
household-level food insecurity and its determinants in an urban resettlement colony in north India.
Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2014;32(2):227.
26. Brown. MR. Underweight Status, Household Food Security and Associated Characteristics among
Women >18y in Bình Phước Province, Vietnam. 2007.
27. Shariff ZM, Khor GL. Household food insecurity and coping strategies in a poor rural community
in Malaysia. Nutrition research and practice. 2008;2(1):26-34.
28. Omuemu VO, Otasowie EM, Onyiriuka U. Prevalence of food insecurity in Egor local government
area of Edo State, Nigeria. Annals of African medicine. 2012;11(3):139.
29. Aidoo R, Mensah JO, Tuffour T. Determinants of household food security in the Sekyere-Afram
plains district of Ghana. European Scientific Journal. 2013;9(21).
30. Kabalo B. Household food insecurity and associated factors in West Abaya district, Southern
Ethiopia, 2015. 2018.
31. Hussein W, Janekarnkij P. Determinants of rural household food security in Jigjiga district of
Ethiopia. Kasetsart J(Soc Sci). 2013;34:171-80.
32. FAO. The State of Food Insecurity in the World. 2015. 2015.
33. Chaparro C. Household Food Insecurity and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age
and Children under 5 Years of Age in Five Departments of the Western Highlands of Guatemala: An
Analysis of Data from the National Maternal-Infant Health Survey 2008–09 of Guatemala. Washington,
DC: FHI 360/FANTA-2 Bridge. 2012.
34. Birara Endalew MM ST. Assessment of food security situation in Ethiopia. Asian journal of
agricultural research 2015; 9(2 ):55-68. 2015.
35. G. G. Determinants of Food Insecurity among Households in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia.
Interdiscip Descr Complex Sys.2012; 10(2): 159-73. 2012.
36. amadeo k. depedency ratio and how it affects you. 2020.
23
8. Annexes
8.1 Questionnaire in English
I am Mohamed dahir iam going to do research on household food insecurity and associated factors
among pastoralist households in goro bekeksa district from haramaya university master of public
health nutrition student
Your participation will help to identify food insecurity and associated factors. We would like to
assure you that whatever information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not
be shown to any other person or used for any other purpose other than this study. Your
participation in this study is completely voluntary and you have the right not to answer any
question you don’t want to and you may end this interview any time you want to how ever your
honest response to these questions will help us understand the associated factors among
households. Do you have any question? If you want to know more information you can contact
the principal investigator by the following address below.
Mohamed dahir (BSc human nutrition, mph nutrition candidate)

Cell phone: +251910759529
E-mail:Mohameddahir@gmail.com
May interview you questions that are related to the study?
Yes
No
Participant code _________________
Name of data collector ______________________________Signature ______
24
Part I: Questions on socio-demographic and socio economic factors characteristics
25
1 Sex of household head a. Male
b. Female
2 Age of household head
3 marital status of household head a. Married

b. Divorced
c. Widowed
d. Single
4 Marital ststus form of household head a. Monogamous
b. Polygamous
5 Family size
6 How many of your household members
are < 15 years old
7 How many of your household members
are >65 years old
8 education level of mother a. unable to read to write
b. Primary school
c. Secondary school
d. Collage and above
e. Non formal education
9 educational level of father f. unable to read to write
a. Primary school
b. Secondary school
c. Collage and above
d. Non formal education
10 occupation of household head a. Government employee
b. NGO
c. Daily labour
d. Self-employee
e. None
11 How much is your monthly Income
12 Off farm income a. Yes
b. no
13 Did you get any Family supportive a. yes
system b. no
14 If yes question 13 , from where a. local family
b. abroad family
c. government
26
d. NGO
15 Is there any safety net available a. yes
b. no
Part II: Questions to measure Household wealth index
Asset type Response
Domestic animals
Cattle 1. Yes 2. No
Sheep 1. Yes 2. No
Camel 1. Yes 2. No
Goat 1. Yes 2. No
Hen 1. Yes 2. No
Donkey 1. Yes 2. No
Chickens 1.yes 2.No
Housing characteristics
What is your source of 1. Pipe /protected 2. unprotected well
water well
Type of floor 1. Cement/wood 2. sand
Type of wall 1. Cement 2. Mud
Type of roof 1. Concrete 2. Iron sheet
Types of latrine 1.sanitary/improved 2.traditional latrine
pit latrine
27
Part III: Questions to measure the household food security condition (HFIAS)
Example
1. In the past four weeks, did you worry that your household would not have enough food?
If answer is 0 = No (skip to Q2)
1 = Yes
1. A. How often did this happen?
1 = rarely (once or twice in the past four weeks)
2 = Sometimes (three to ten times in the past four weeks)
3 = Often (more than ten times in the past four weeks)
No- Questions Response option SKIP TO

1a In the past four weeks, did you worry that Yes =1 If the answer is no
your household would not have enough No= 0 skip to Q 602a
food?
1b If yes, how often did this happen? 1. A. How often did
this happen?
1 = rarely (1or 2 times
in the past four weeks)
2 = Sometimes (3 to
10 times in the past
four weeks)
3 = Often (>10 times
2a In the past four weeks, were you or any If the answer is no

household member eat limited variety of skip to Q to Q
food due to lack of resources? 603a
this happen?
1 = rarely (1 or 2 times
28
2 = Sometimes (3 to
four weeks)
3 = Often ( >10 times
3a In the past four weeks, did you or any Yes =1 If the answer is no
household member have to eat a limited No= 0 skip to Q Q 604a
variety of foods due to a lack of resources?
3b If yes, how often did this happen 1. A. How often did
this happen?
2 = Sometimes (3 to
four weeks)
4a In the past four weeks, did you or any If the answer is no

household member have to eat some foods skip to Q 605a
that you really did not want to eat because of
a lack of resources to obtain other types of
food?
this happen?
1 = rarely 1 once or 2
times the past four
weeks)
29
2 = Sometimes (3 to
four weeks)
5a In the past four weeks, did you or any If the answer is no

household member have to eat a smaller skip to Q 606a
meal than you felt you needed because there
was not enough food?
this happen?
2 = Sometimes (3 to
four weeks)
6a In the past four weeks, did you or any other Yes =1 If the answer is no
House hold member have to eat fewer meals No= 0 skip to Q 607a
in a day because there was not enough food?
this happen?
2 = Sometimes (3 to
four weeks)
30
7a In the past four weeks, was there ever no Yes =1 If the answer is no
food to eat of any kind in your household No= 0 skip to Q 608a
because of lack of resources to get food?
this happen?
2 = Sometimes (3 to
four weeks)
household member go to sleep at night No= 0 skip to Q 608a
hungry because there was not enough food?
this happen?
2 = Sometimes (3 to
four weeks)
31
household member go a whole day and night skip to Q 609a
without eating anything because there was No= 0
not enough food
this happen?
2 = Sometimes (3to 10
times in the past four
weeks)
8.2 waydiimaha qaynta somaliga

Waxaan ahay Mohamed dahir waxaan samaynayaa cilmi baaris ku aadan xaalada cunno yari ee
reerka iyo qodobo laxiriira qoysaska reer badiyaha ah ee kuyaala magaalada gora bekesa ee
jaamacada haramaya qaybta ardayada caafimaadka nafaqada.
Kaqeybgalkaagu wuxuu gacan ka geysan doonaa sidii loo garan lahaa heerka sugnaanta cunno
iyo waxyaabaha la xiriira.Waxaan jeclaan lahayn inaan kuu xaqiijinno in wixii macluumaad ah
ee aad bixiso si qarsoodi ah loo xafidi doono oo aan loo muujin doonin qof kale ama loo
adeegsan doonin ujeedo kale oo aan ka ahayn daraasaddan.Kaqaybgalkaaga daraasaddan gebi
ahaanba waa ikhtiyaari oo waxaad xaq u leedahay inaadan ka jawaabin su'aal kasta oo aadan
dooneynin waxaadna ku soo afjari kartaa wareysiga markasta oo aad rabto inaad sida ugu
habboon ee jawaabtaada daacadnimo ee su'aalahan ay nooga caawiso fahanka arrimaha la xiriira
qoysaska dhexdooda. Ma haysaa wax su’aal ah? Hadaad rabto inaad ogaato macluumaad dheeri
ah waxaad kala xiriiri kartaa madaxa baaraha cinwaanka hoos ku xusan.
Mohamed dahir (BSC human nutrition,mph nutrition musharrax)
Telefoonka gacantu: +251910759529
32
E-mayl: mohameddahir@gmail.com
Ma wareysi kaa qaadi karaa su'aalaha la xiriira daraasadda?
Haa
Maya
Nambarka ka qeybqaataha _________________
Magaca wareystaha _______________________________Saxeex _____________
QAYBTA 1AAD : Su'aalaha ku saabsan astaamaha dhaqan-nololeed-bulsheedka iyo arrimaha

dhaqan-dhaqaale
1. sinjiga e madaxa qoyska
A. Lab
B. Dhedig
2. Da'da madaxa qoyska ___________________
3. xaaladda guurka ee madaxa qoyska
A. Waa la qabaa
B. Furiin
C. Carmal
D. Kalinimo
4. Nooca guurka ee madaxa qoyska
A. hal xaasle
B. Naago badan
5. Tirada qoyska __________________
33
6. Imisa xubnood oo ka tirsan qoyskaaga ayaa jira 15 jira ama ka yar __________________
7. Imisa xubnood oo reerkaaga ka mid ah ayaa 65 sano jira amaka wayn

_________________
8. heerka waxbarasho ee hooyada
A. Aan waxna qorin
B. Dugsiga hoose
C. Dugsi Sare
D. Koleej iyo wixii ka sareeya
E. Waxbarashada aan tooska ahyn
9. heerka waxbarasho ee aabaha
A. Aan waxna qorin
B. Dugsiga hoose
C. Dugsi Sare
D. Koleej iyo wixii ka sareeya
E. Waxbarashada aan tooska ahyn
10. shaqada guriga ee madaxa qoyska
A. Shaqaalaha dowladda
B. NGO
C. Shaqda maalinlaha ah
D. Iskii u shaqeyste ama gancsade
E. Midkoodna
34
11. Waa imisa dakhliga ku soo gala bishii__________________
12. Dakhliga beeraha ka baxsan
A. Haa
B. maya
13. Ma jiraa nidaam taageero qoys ah ood heshan
A. haa
B. maya
14. Hadday haa tahay su'aasha 13, xaggee
A. Tolka ama qaraabo dalka gudihisa ah
B. Tolka ama qaraabo dalka dibadisa ah
C. Dawlada
D. Hayadaha
15. Ma ka jiraa xagiina mashruuca PSNP ama safteynetka
A. Haa
B. Maya
16. Hadday haa tahay su'aasha 15, Ma waxaad xubin ka tahay ka-faa'iideystayaasha
A. Haa
B. Maya
17. Ma u leedahay marinka kaarka deynta
A. haa
B. maya
18. Ma suuq baa tuuladaada ku yaal
35
A. Haa
B. Maya
19. Waa maxay noloshaadu
A. xoolo dhaqato
B. xoola-dhaqatada isku qasan
20. Biyo xaged ka heshan
A. Qoyska tuubada
B. Dhismaha dadweynaha
21. Lahaanshaha guriga
A. Kirada
B. gaar ahaaneed
22. Beer miyaad beero
A. haa
B. maya
23. Hadday haa tahay su'aasha 22, cabirka Beeraha hectorahaan ______________
24. Cabbirka dhulka ee qoyska gudaha ______________________________________
Qeybta II: Su'aalaha lagu cabiro tusaha hantida qoyska
Xayawaanka guryaha
25. Lo'da
1. Haa
2. Maya
26. Idaha
1. Haa
2. Maya
27. geel
1. Haa
2. Maya
28. ri
1. Haa
36
2. Maya
29. digaagad
1. Haa
2. Maya
30. Dameero
1. Haa
2. Maya
Sifooyinka guryaha
31. Waa maxay isha biyahaagu?
1. Pipe / si wanaagsan loo ilaaliyo
2. si wanaagsan loo ilaalin
32. Nooca dabaqa
1. Sibidh / alwaax
2. ciid
33. nooca darbiga
1. Sibidh
2. Mud
34. Nooca saqafka
1. Shuruud
2. Xaashi bir ah
35. Noocyada musqulaha

1. Musqusha / nadaafad-wanaagga / horumarsan
2. dhismo musqusha
37
qaybti 3aad Su'aalaha lagu cabiro xaaladda sugnaanta cuntada ee qoyska (HFIAS)
Tusaale
1. Afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad ka walwalaysay in reerkaagu aysan haysanin

cunto ku filan?
Haddii jawaabtu tahay 0 = Maya (u gudub Q2)
1 = Haa
1. A. Immisa jeer ayay taasi dhacday?
1 = dhif (mar ama laba jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
2 = Mararka qaar (seddex ilaa toban jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
3 = Badanaa (in ka badan toban jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
1a. Afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad ka walwal qabeen in qoyskaaga uusan haysan
cunto ku filan?
Haa = 1
Maya = 0
Hadday jawaabtu tahay maya ku bood suaasha 2a hadii ay haa tahayna 1b
1b. Hadday haa tahay, intee jeer sidan dhacday?
1 = dhif (1 ama 2 jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
2 = Mararka qaar (3 ilaa 10 jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
3 = Badanaa (> 10 jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
2a. Afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, adiga ama xubin reerka ka mid ah ma waxaad cunteen
cunno kala duwan oo kooban xadidan awgood dhaqale laan awgeed ?
38
Hadday jawaabtu tahay maya u bood illaa suaasha 3a hadii ay haa tahayna 2b
2bHadday haa tahay, intee jeer sidan dhacday?
3aAfartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafey, miyaad adiga ama xubin reerka ka tirsan ah ku
qasbanaateen inaad cuntid cunnooyin kala duwan oo xaddidan sababtoo ah ilaha la'aantooda?
Haa = 1
Maya = 0
3bHadday haa tahay, intee jeer ayaa taasi dhacday
4aAfartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad adiga ama xubin reerka ka tirsan ah ku
qasbanaateen inaad cuntid cunnooyin aadan runtii dooneynin inaad cuntid sababtoo ah ilaha
la'aantiis si aad u hesho noocyo kale oo cunto ah?
39
1 = dhif 1 mar ama 2 jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
5aAfartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad adiga ama xubin reerka ka mid ah aad cunteen
cunno ka yar inta aad dareentay inaad u baahan tahay sababtoo ah cunno ku filan majirto?
6a Afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, ma dhacday ama adiga ama qof kale oo guriga joogo
inuu cunaa cunno yar maalintiiba maxaa yeelay ma jirin cunno ku filan?
6b. Hadday haa tahay, intee jeer sidan dhacday?
7aAfartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, ma jirtay inan raashin lagu cuno nooc uun oo qoyskaaga
ah sababtoo ah ilaha dhaqaale ee lagu helo cuntada?
40
8aAfartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, adiga ama xubin reerka ka tirsan miyaad seexdeen
habeenkii isagoo gaajaysan maxaa yeelay cunno ku filan ma haysata?
8b Hadday haa tahay, intee jeer sidan dhacday?
9aAfartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, adiga ama xubin reerka ka tirsan miyaa wada socday
maalin dhan iyo habeen adigoon wax cunin maxaa yeelay cuno ku filan ma jirin
Hadday jawaabtu tahay haa tahayna 9b
2 = Mararka qaar (3to 10 jeer afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay)
41

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HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE

HOUSEHOLD FOOD INSECURITY AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS

MOHAMED DAHIR ABDI

College: Health and Medical Sciences

Key words: Household Food Insecurity, pastoralist, gora bekeksa, jigjiga.

AOR adjust odd ratio

BSC Bachelor of Science

FAO food Agricultural Organization

HFIAS Household Food Insecurity Access Scale

HIV/AIDS Human Immune virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

IGAD Inter Governmental Authority Development

PSNP Productive Safety Net Programmer

SDG sustainable development goal

SNNP south nation nationality people

SPSS Statically Package for Social Science

UNDPUnited Nation Development Program

USAIDUnited State Agency forInternationalDevelopment

WHO World Health Organization

Study done in Ethiopia on Household food insecurity and associated factors among households,

It will serve as an input to community organizers, non-profit leaders, policy-makers, and

2.1 Household food insecurity status

Study done in walitasodo town on Household food insecurity and associated factors

2.2 Associated Factors

Residential Owner ship of household Annual production

Social factors Food insecurity Rain fall

Socio economic status

Off farm income

Figure 1: Conceptual Frame Work of Household Food Insecurity among pastoralist

3.1. General objectives

3.2. Specific objectives

To assess house hold food insecurity among pastoralist household

To determine associated factors among pastoralist household food in security

4.1. Study area and period

4.2 study design

Community based cross-sectional study design will be conduct.

4.3. Source and study population

4.3.1. Source population

All household’s head in pastoralist areas of goro bekeksa district

4.3.2. Study population

4.4. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

4.4.1 Inclusion criteria

4.4.2 Exclusion criteria

Those who were refused to participate the study will be exclusion

4.5.1. For the first objective

p= Proportion of household food insecurity (56%)

d=0.05 (margin of error)

n = (1.96)2*(O.56) (0.44) = 378

With Non response rate = 10%

n= 378+10% non-response rate= 415

4.5.2. For the second objective

Table 1: sample size calculation for associated factors

Variable Exposed Non CI Power OR Final Reference

4.6 Sampling technique and procedure

4.7 Data collection method

4.8 study variables

4.8.1 Dependent variables

Household food insecure

4.8.2 Independent variables

4.9 Operational Definition

4.10 Data Quality control

4.11 Data processing analysis

4.12 Ethical consideration

Name of data collector ________________________Signature

Magaca wareystaha ___________________Saxeex _