Period 3 Study Guide Maria Sismon P3

French and Indian War - Conflict between Great Britain and French over territories, trade, religious
differences.etc caused the war. Began in 1754 and ended in 1763 due to The treaty of Paris. Provided
great gain for British in terms of territory but led them into debt ( a significant reason for American
Revolution)
George Washington - During the Revolution, he led the small militia of armed forces sent by the
governor of virginia. They won and Washington troops surrendered to superior forces of Frenchmen and
American Indian allies which began the final war for the empire.
Albany Plan of Union - British government called representatives from several colonies to meet in
congress at Albany, NY. Delegates from 7 colonies adopted an agreement - Albany Plan of Union- made
by Benjamin Franklin for intercolonial government and system for recruiting troops/ collecting taxes from
colonies for common defense. Basically a plan to place British colonies under a more centralized
government.
Paris Peace Treaty 1763 - British prime minister William Pitt planned to capture Canada. Was
accomplished by: Retaking of Louisburg, Surrender of Quebec to James Wolfe and taking of Montreal.
European powers negotiated this treaty as a part of the British winning. To compensate for the Spanish
loss of Florida, France gave up Louisiana to the Spanish.
Salutary Neglect - British government had exercised little direct control over the colonies and had not
enforced its navigation acts regulating colonial trade. This earlier policy of salutary neglect was
abandoned as the British took more forceful policies for taking control over their expanded North
American colonies.
Proclamation of 1763 - Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains; colonists
were unhappy because they thought they’d get access to western land after the French and Indian War;
many colonists ignored the proclamation and moved west anyways.
Patrick Henry - Patrick Henry was known for his inspirational speeches. His most famous speech
said,”Give me liberty, or give me death!”. That speech fired up America’s fight for freedom.
Stamp Act Congress - Introduced by King George lll, The stamp act was an attempt for the parliament to
raise money through direct taxation for the first time. Even though it was wildly hated by colonists, it still
came into effect. The act was quickly repealed but the series of events that it started was a leading cause
to the American Revolution. Continental Congress of 1765. The first meeting of elected representatives
from the American colonies.
Sons and Daughters of Liberty - An organization formed by Samuel Adams during the summer of 1765
in the colonies, to oppose the Stamp Act.
John Dickinson - Enacted new duties known as The townshend acts collected on colonial imports which
would be used to pay crown officials in colonies. Later people started protesting about the new duties .
They did accept parliament's right to regulate trade as legitimate but they rejected taxation without
Representation as a violation of an essential principle of English law. John Dickinson made these points in
Letters from a farmer in pennsylvania.
Samuel Adams - An influential leader who publicly criticized the British government for taxing the
colonies. He also was a governor of Massachusetts and the leader of the Sons of Liberty
Committees of Correspondence - Samuel Adams and a few others believed that the British government
were undermining colonial liberties and they spread this idea through the Committees of Correspondence
initiated by John Adams.
Intolerable Acts - Boston Tea Party angered King George III, Lord North, and members of Parliament so
they enacted a series of punitive acts and a separation act dealing with french Canada- The Coercive Acts
and The Quebec act- which was later identified as intolerable acts because colonist hated it.
Parliament - The group of people that represented the people of that area.
King George III - Applied taxes to the colonies to pay for the French and Indian War; Monarch during
the Revolutionary war
Lord North - Was the British Prime Minister during the American revolution
Sugar Act - Act that placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. Companion law provided stricter
enforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop smuggling. It reduced the rate by 50% while increasing
measures to enforce tax. These incidents increased colonist concern about the intent of the British
Parliament leading to being one of the causes for the American Revolution.
Quartering Act - This act allowed British soldiers to use private homes as their living quarters. The
homeowners were also required to provide food and water.
Stamp Act - British Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act or Duties in American Colonies Act. It
required colonists to pay taxes on every page of printed paper they used. The tax also included fees for
playing cards, dice, and newspapers. The reaction in the colonies was immediate anger.
Declaratory Act - Act that asserted Parliament rights to tax and make laws for the colonies. Soon led to
the conflict between the colonists and the British government.
Townshend Acts - A series of acts the british parliament passed during the time period of 1767 and 1768.
These acts aimed at putting money into the British treasury instead of regulating trade. These duties
included glass, led, paint, paper, and tea imported to colonies.
Boston Massacre - Bostonians resented British troops quartered in the city to protect customs officials
from attacks by the Sons and Daughters of Liberty. *Incomplete
Tea Act - British parliament giving all rights to the East Indian Company to deliver tea and its control
Coercive Acts - After the Boston Tea Party, this act came into play stating that all boston harbor to shut
down until all tea was paid for. Part of the intolerable acts.
Quebec Act - Passed with the coercive acts 1774. Law that restored land owned by the French and
established roman catholicism as official religion. Set up a government without representation and
extended it to ohio. colonists viewed this act as an attack on American colonies and taking away their
lands. Also feared the British would enforce these laws upon them.
Enlightenment - John Locke was the greatest philosopher of the enlightenment. This was an idea that
believed in reason rather than blind faith.
Deism - Belief in God as one who created natural laws in the universe. God sets rules but people have
choices. God will punish or reward people's choices based on these natural governing rights.
Rationalism - Trusted human reason. Most were christians but there trust in reason led them to study
science and human behavior rather than follow traditional interpretations of the bible.
Social Contract - concept of people to form a government to promote liberty and equality. This
distinguished the idea that monarchy ruled because they were chosen by God. According to this, power
came from ‘below’ and not ‘above’. Derived from John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
John Locke - Founder of the Enlightenment thoughts (natural rights, social contract, separation of
powers).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Known for reconceiving the social contract ideas
Thomas Paine - Argued that the only rational way for the Americas to move forward was Independence
from Great Britain. Wrote ‘Common Sense’ which connected text from the bible and structured with
enlightenment principles. Shaped the way to independence. Spread like fire.
First Continental Congress - Relationship between Americans and Britain weren’t so smooth so they
joined together as a part of reconciliation. Everyone had different opinions but all agreed that colonies
needed to resist further violations of liberty. They never had plans during this time to part away from
Britain.
John Jay - Delegate of New York at the congress. Was a conservative delegate
Second Continental Congress - Most were delighted by the idea of independence. Meet in Philadelphia.
Congress was divided in the idea of independence.
Olive Branch Petition - petition sent to King George III where they pledged loyalty and asked king to
intercede with parliament to secure peace and the protection of colonial rights.
Thomas Jefferson - 1 of the 5 delegates that formed a committee to write a statement in support of Lee’s
resolution. The primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
Declaration of Independence - The 2nd continental congress agreed upon to declare independence for
America by separating with the British.
Paul Revere - American silversmith and Patriot who risked his life to warn patriot leaders who were
hiding in Lexington. During the Revolutionary war, he helped Boston against possible British attack,
which later due to his defensive posting, was assigned to campaigns against the enemy.
William Dawes - A leader of the Sons of Liberty who rode with Paul Revere to Lexington to warn them
that the British were coming.
Lexington-Concord - Signaled the beginning of the Revolutionary War
Bunker Hill - Was the first major war of the revolutionary war series. Very violent war for british but
they still won.
Trenton-Princeton - The most crucial 10 days of the war. Gave America hope and Britian lost hope of
ending war soon.
Valley Forge - Event where George Washigtons army faced severe winters and lost many force.
Saratoga - First victory of the British in NY which helped get support of the French in the war.
Yorktown - Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. American victory against British
Treaty of Paris 1783 - Officially ended the Revolutionary War. Peace treaty made between colonies and
Great Britain, declaring the USA as an independent country.
Loyalist - The people who wanted to stay loyal to the British crown and did not support the movement of
Independence.
Patriots - Colonists who supported the American Revolution. The people who were rebelling against
Britain during the war, they were considered traitors to the British Empire, and their goal was to fight
against the oppression of England.
Minutemen - nickname given to local militia men who fought against the British during the
Revolutionary War
Republican Motherhood - The theory stating that women should be educated in order to teach their
children.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - Organization of the new chuck of land gained (Ohio, Indian, Wisconsin,
Michigan, Illinois) and gridded it (townships)
Shays’s Rebellion - A Rebellion led by Daniel Shay, A farmer who fell into debt after The Revolutionary
War. Rebellion ran by farmers showing the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.
Articles of Confederation - After declaring independence on July 4th, what they needed was a new
system and that's why they made the Articles of government, a weak central government with all power
on the legislative branch (No president) which they believed would be accountable to the people. There
was no president because they were still under the “monarchy hangover” from Britain.
James Madison - Important person who influenced the making of the new constitution. Was a federalist
but later joined the Democratic-Republicans party. One of the people who wrote the federalist paper
during the ratification of the new constitution. Primary author of the Bill of Rights and know as the Father
of Confederation.
Alexander Hamilton - Assistance of George Washiton and had great influence on his presidency. Drafted
the idea of a national bank and also one of the authors of the federalist papers like James Madison and
John Jay. Brought forth the idea of “Assumption” (how the federal government would consume all state
debts).
Federalist - The people who wanted a liberal and strong government
Anti-Federalist - Unlike federalists they wanted the weak central government (Articles of
Confederation).
Constitution Convention - The meeting that was held in Philadelphia in order to revise the Articles of
Confederation.
Federalism - Sharing of Power between the national government and state governments. Basically the
same territory governed by 2 branches of government.
Separation of Powers - Separating the government into 3 branches, Executive, Legislative, and
Judicanal. The Legislative makes laws, Executive enforces laws and Judicial interprets laws.
Checks and Balances - All 3 branches of government corresponded with each other. If the president
makes a rule then the senate has to approve and the court needs to analyze.
Virginia Plan - A bicameral system with Lower house (House of representatives) and upper house
(Senates) which were all determined upon population. Favored Larger States.
3/5 Compromise - The Compromise considering slavery during the making of the constution was a
debate between South and North where south wanted to count there enslaved population which North
didnt. The compromise was counting them as 3/5 of a person when coming to the House of
Representatives where population determined the number of seats.
Bill of Rights - Written by James Madison on the new constitution written by Benjamin Franklin, this
was the first 10 amendments in the new constitution. This also helped gather Anti-Federalist and get the
constitution ratified with 9-13 votes, with New Hampshire voting 9th.
Bank of the United States - Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, this was a system of creating a national
bank of the country. The federal government would consume the amount of debt owned by each state
(Assumption). Some plp were against this and the group led by Thomas Jefferson agreed to this deal after
making the capital of the country between Maryland and Virginia, later named after Washigton.
Cabinet - A system of government created by George Washiton where secretaries were hired in executive
departments who would directly communicate with the president regarding their department. Basically
backbones of the president.
Judiciary Act of 1789 - Establishment of a legal judicial system including the Supreme Court and official
attorney.
Democrat-Republican Party - Consisting mainly of Anti-Federalist. Leaders were Thomas Jefferson and
James Madison. They wanted a strict weak central government (Articles of Confederation). Were
Pro-French, wanted a small peaceful army and navy. Economic Policy favored agriculture, opposed
national banks and high tariffs. Their supporters were skilled workers, small farmers and plantation
owners.
Alien Act- Alien Acts was a Naturalized act, which increased from 5 to 14 years required for immigrants
to qualify as US citizens. All aimed at french immigrants living in the USA especially cause these
immigrants were mainly supporters of the Democratic-Republican party.
Sedition Acts - Made it a crime to publish anything scandalous against the government will be thrown in
jail; Freedom of speech is disobeyed. Americans react b/c this is what means of overreach. Backfires on
Federalists and they become increasingly unpopular.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - Argue that since power comes from the states, the states have the
right to not follow federal law. Wanted nullifying laws where States don't need to follow federal law, if
they don't believe in it . What's dangerous about this theory is that the Federal government would have
less power and “state sovereignty'' could come back; States could simply choose not to follow federal law.
Jay Treaty - Treaty with Britain. Limited trade relations established. Treaty between Great Britain and
US where Britain agreed to move forts from Northwest.
Pinckney Treaty - Treaty with Spain. Allowed the US to use New Orleans for trade along the Mississippi
river.
XYZ Affair - During John Adams presidency, 1 of the major problems he faced was the french
revolution. Adams sent delegates to Paris to negotiate with the French government. French ministers,
identified as XYZ, requested bribes for entering negotiations. American refused. Adams tried to keep it a
secret to avoid another war but news leaked. The French got lots of hate as well as the
Democratic-Repubic party who were Pro-French supporters.
Battle of Fallen Timbers - Conflicts erupted after westward expansion into the Ohio river valley causing
conflict with American Indians. Began the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The US army clashed with a
confederacy of the American Indian tribes and defeated them. Effect was Indians giving up this land to
Americans (Treaty of Greenville).
Eli Whitney - The person who invented the cotton gin
Cotton Gin - A device to separate cotton fiber from seeds.
Explain a historical context for the changing relationship between the American colonists and
British government following the Seven Years’ War.
● Colonists not impressed with poorly trained American militia/leaders.
● Shift of British government on colonial policies including abandoning Salutary Neglect
● Heavy taxing on colonies due to the war debt
● Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited colonists to move west of Appalachian Mountains to
avoid conflict with Native Americans even though this land was the reward for their hard work.
Explain a historical context for the development of new constitutions and declarations of rights by
American political leaders after 1776.
● After the first and second continental congress meetings and heated debates over ratification,
taxation without representation, representation, and treaties, the Articles of Confederation was
removed from the system of government. A new government with checks and balances,
separation of powers and bicameral representation was presented. Alexander Hamilton and James
Madison were the ideal figures who led the creation of the new government while the founding
fathers such as John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were founders of the Articles of confederation.
Explain a historical context for understanding the regional differences over economic, political,
social and foreign issues that continued along with the formation of the new U.S. cultural and
political institutions.
● Immigration into new lands, especially Ohio River Valley, caused conflict with Native Americans
and as less enforcement on borders between states took place, it spread a vast collection of culture
which was only identified after 1800. The USA had to defend its borders on land and its ships at
sea in order to protect its economic and diplomatic interests.
Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years’ War.
● This war gained the British more land in the American territories (especially west of Ohio river
valley) which later brought laws like the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade colonists to move
west into the Appalachian Mountains, leading colonists to be angry at the British government.
Led them into massive debt which they try hard to conquer later. Also a key event that led to the
American Revolution.
Explain how the changes in British policies toward the colonies led them to rebellion.
● British government regulations including:
- Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Acts, Corrective
Acts, Quebec Acts.etc,
● Led rebellions such as
- Stamp Act Congress (Sons/Daughters of Liberty), Boycotting British goods, Boston Tea
Party, Boston Massacre, Repeal of Townshend Acts. etc.
● b/c the colonies were taxed and were presented with the idea of virtual representation.
Explain the new colonial views of the individual and government and the reasons for this in the
times leading to the American Revolution.
● The Enlightenment ideas, presented mainly by John Locke, was one of the main philosophical
foundations of the American Revolution. Events such as Social Contract (John Locke,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau) and Common Sense by Thomas Paine, pursued people to want
Independence from Great Britain. Events such as the Intolerable Acts, Boston massacre, Boston
Tea Party, Quartering Acts, Sugar Acts, Stamp Act. etc also influenced the people and mainly the
government to part away from the British empire and form a new independent country.
Explain the factors that resulted in the American success against Britain.
● Many events such as the:
- Battle of Saratoga and British Defeat at Yorktown with Washigtons smart moves in their
first victory at the Delaware River on Christmas eve
● Led to many different groups supporting the Americans:
- The French, Spanish, Holland, African Americans (after promising their freedom for
participate).etc. Also with the support of vast amount of Patriots.
Explain the different ways that the American Revolution affected society and the world.
● Political participation increased as the right to vote spread more rapidly among vast communities.
Religious Freedom was granted to all people and slavery was banned from most states. It affected
the world because other countries started copying and wanted the same style for their country.
Explain how during the American Revolution different forms of government arose and adjusted to
the ideals and demands of the Revolution.
● As the American Revolution was happening 2 groups with different viewpoints formed;
Federalists and Anti-Federalists; People who believed in a strong central government and the
opposite. They made compromises to each other to make sure it was fair. Like the Bill of rights
written by James Madison to ensure the Anti-Federalist protection over tyranny. Regulations like
Separation of powers, checks and balances, electoral college, office-holding to events like Shays
Rebellions convoluted ways they worked together to adjust with each other's perspectives.
Explain the competing philosophical views on the organization and tasks of the new government.
● Federalist and Anti-Federalist organized and made compromises in government formations such
as the creation of New Constitution, ratification, represnation, slavery, trade and presidency.
Explain what stayed the same and what changed in the form and the workings of the government
under the new Constitution compared to government under the Articles of Confederation.
● Under the Articles of Confederation, we had a weak and central government while under the new
constitution we had a strong central government. The New constitution also introduced
Federalism where power was divided between the federal and state governments. It introduced
the Bill of Rights with amendments like the 19th amendment in 1920 which protected the right of
women to vote. In the Articles of Confederation all power was put upon the legislative branch
while the new government separated powers into 3 branches Executive (President/Cabinets),
Legislative (Congress) and Judicanal (Supreme Court) by using the checks and balances method.
Explain how and why disagreements deepened struggles among peoples and nations from
1754-1800.
● Political parties formed causing conflicts and degrading each other (making small mistakes into
large events for their benefits). This made it hard to work together as a team and make just
decisions that favored the country more than our political gain/perspective. Ratification on
treaties and acts became difficult to ratify. Branches of government failed to work together in
situations (checks and balances). In the Alien and Sedition acts situation, states refused federal
laws and tried bringing nullifying laws and “state sovereignty”.
Explain what stayed the same and what was altered in American culture in the period from
1754-1800.
● America was truly different from countries like Britain and the rest of Europe because we gained
our own culture through regional differences. Things like nobility and feudal practice (where the
eldest son would inherit property) were disembodied. While most of Europe stayed loyal to the
church, the Americans argued that religious taxes should be removed in the separation of church
and state clause because America by this time gave religious freedom. Political parties also
became a huge part because they defined what the country wanted, mostly because geographic
differences were present. Charles Wilson Peale’s first art gallery, Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s
designing of Washington, D.C and Gilbert Stuart’s painting on national leaders are examples of
development inculture in America. What stayed was the basic British background the colonist
held.
Explain the reasons and ways the movement to and within North America caused rivalries and
clashes during this period.
● Immigartion was an important event that took place after the settlement of America. As the
population grew due to European migration, Enslaved African immigrants and mostly birth rates
exceeding death rates, conflict with Native Americans took place because of movement onto their
lands. Slavery was opposed after the American Revolution, but after Eli Whitney introduced the
cotton gin, the enslaved african population grew more rigid than ever before.
Explain the extent to which the ideas that inspired the revolution changed society while maintaining
much of British culture.
● The Enlightenment ideas of Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness presented by John Locke
inspired the revolution and changed American society because it recognized freedom of religion
and honored all groups disregarding their beliefs. Examples like how religious taxation was cut
down even though people still held strong beliefs in chritianity.
Explain how the independence efforts supported efforts to protect individual freedoms while still
continuing to limit some rights.
● The right to vote was a major example of the independence effort but still limited some rights.
Though the Bill of Rights granted people the right to vote, it indeed only allowed white men with
property that privilege. This is an example of the governmnet granting independece but to a
certain limit only which discrimination all other catergories like enslaved africans and women.