810 Corona ‘When at altenating potatial difference is appli scross two conductors whose spacing is large a8 ‘compared fo their diameters, there is no apparent change in the condition of atmospheric air sur- ‘rounding the wes ifthe applied voltage islow. However, when the applied vole exceeds a certain ‘value, clled critiealdismipive voltage, the conductors are surrounded by a faint violet glow ealled ‘The phenomenon of corona is accompanied by a hissing sound, production of ozone, powerloss and radio interference. The higherthe voltage i ised, the larger and higher the luminous envelope ‘becomes, and greater are the sound, the power loss and the radio apie. If the applied voltage is increased to breakdown value, a flash-over will occur berweea the canctors due to thebreakdown, ‘of air insulation. The phenomenon of violet glow, Missing notse and production of azone gas in an overhead “ansnussion lie known as corona. If the conductors are polished and smooth, the corona glow will be uniform throughout the length ofthe conductors, otuerwise the rough points will ppearbighter. With de. veluge, here is 182 Principles of Power System sflcencein the appearance of the two wires. The positive wire has uniform glow about it, while the ‘negative conducter bas spot glow. “Theory of corona formation. Some ionisation is lways presentin air dueto cosmic rays ultra- vioitradiations and radioactivity. Therefore, uder normal conditions, the air around the conductors ‘conians some fonised particles (Le, tree electors end *Ve tens) and neural molecules. When pd. applied between the conductors, potential gradient is setup in the air which will have maximum, ‘value atthe condustor surfaces. Under the influence of potential gradient, the exiting fee electrons ‘acqpite greatcr velocies. The graicr the applied voltage, the greater the potential gradict and ‘mores the velocity of fre electrons. ‘When the potential gradient atthe conductor eurfie reaches about 30 kV per cm (max. value), the veloity acquired by the free clectons is ulficiet wo strike ancutral molecule wit enough force todislogge one or more electrons from it. This produces another ion and one or moe fee electrons, “which is tum are acselerated unsil they ealide with ether neutral molecules, thus producing ether fons. Thus the processofionisatioa is cumulative. The result ofthis ionisation is thar ether socona formed or spark takes place between the conductors8.11 Factors Affecting Corona “The phenomenon of corona is affected by the physical state ofthe atmosphere as well as by the ‘conditions ofthe line. The fellowing ae the fictors upon which corona depends (0, Ainosphere. Ascoronais formed dueto ionsaton of airsurrounding the conductors there- fore its affected by the physical siateof atmosphere. Inthe stormy weather, the number of ‘ons is more than normal ard as such corona occarsat much less voltage as compared with aie weather, i) Condvetor sce. The corova effet depends upoa the shape and conditions ofthe conduc {ors The rongh and iregularsurfice will give rise to mote coma hecace ineverness of the surface decreases the value of breakdown voltage. Thus a stranded conductor has i- ‘regular surface and hence gives rise to more corona that slid conductor. (ii) Spacing between conductors. If he spacing between the conductors is made very large as ‘compared to their diameters, there may not he any corona effet. Its because lager dis- tanoe between conductors reduces the electro-stati stresses atthe conductor surface, thus avoiding corona formation. (iv) Line voliage. The line voltage greatly affects corona. If itis low there is nochange inthe ‘condition of tir surrounding the conductors and hence no corona is formed. However ifthe line Voltage has such a value that electrostatic stresses developed at the conductor surface ‘make the ar around the conductor conducting, then corona is formed 8.12 Important Terms “The phenomenon of corona plays an important role isthe design of an overhead transmission line. ‘Therefore iis profitable w consierthe followingterms much used inthe analysis of corona efits: (0, Critical disruptive voltage. 11 is the minimum phase-newtral voltage at which corona Consider two conductors of radi rem and spaced cm apart. 1f’s the phuse-neatral potential then potential gradient at the conductor surface is given by a og, = r In czde that corona is formed, the valve of ¢ must be made equa the beakdown suength of ait. Thebreakdown stength of aia 76 em pressure and temperature of 28°C is 30 kWVlem (mas) of21-2 Viem (rms) and ik denoted hy g,. IFT, isthe phase.nutsl potential roquited under those ‘conditions. then, log, where 4g = breakdown strength of air at 76 cm of mercury and 25°C = 30 kV/cm (max) or 21-2kViem (rms) aa a lg = aetna ‘Dien mp age ihe nc i Mac tg src ae ase aes ur noe as gen cya no, iiiererg bare papel oe aay. tas eater pops cate mht ered candied iecee ego Sou 8 = sirdemsity factor = 22 UUndor standard conditions, the value of 8~ 1 Critical distuptive volage, = s.8riog, 4 Correction must also be made forthe surface condition ofthe conductor. This is accounted for ‘by multiplying the above expression by irregularity factor m, edi Segway: = acai gg Sie where m, = | for polished conductors 6-98 100-92 for dirty conductors © 0:87 00°8 for stranded conductors (di) Visual critical voltage. 1£(5 the mininum phase-neutral voltage at which corona giow ‘appears all along the line conductors. thas been seca that in case of parallel conductors, the corona glow does not begin a the disrup- tive Voltage F” hutat ahigher voltage F,called visual ertical voltage. The phase-neutsal effective Value of visual critical Voltage i given by the following empirical formula he eee hie® 4 kviphase [09] med where m, is another irregularity factor having # value of 1-0 for polished conductors and 0-72 to 0-82 for rough conductors. Cie sas cia ras ria ai acca ec a whichis disspotedin the fora of light, heat, scund and chemical ation. When disruptive voltage is exceeded, the power loss dueto coronas given by : p= a2( £328) FF rater pe where f = supply frequency in Hz phase-neutral volage(rm.s) © disruptive voltage (ras) per phase8.13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Corona ‘Corona has many advantages and disadvantages. In the correct design fa high voltage overhead line,» balance shouldbe struck botween the advantages and disadvantages, Advantages () Ductocorons formation, the air surounding the condactor becomes conducting and hence viral diameter ofthe conducior is increased. The increased diameter reduces the elect _sati stresses herween the comsuctors (ii) Corona reduces the effects of transients produced by surges, Disndvantages (0, Coron is accompanied bya loss of energy. This affects the transmission efficiency ofthe line (id) Ozone is produced by corona and may cause corrosion of the conductor due to chemical ‘action. (diy The current drawn by the line due to corona is non-sinusoidal and hence nen-sinusoidal vokage drop occurs in the line. This may cause inductive interZerence with neighbouring ‘communication ines. 8.14 Methods of Reducing Corona fffect ttnas been sen tha tense cofons etects are observed ta working vllge ot 33 KV or above. ‘Taerefore, cart desgn shouldbe made to aoidconos onthe sub-satens bisa rated for 33 EV and tgher voltages thervse highly tonsed a ay cause fashrover inthe isulaton or between the phases, cusingcomsideable damage tthe euipaert. Thecoron efits can be reed bythe {ellowing methods (0) By increasing candstor sce. By creasing conductor size the voltage t which eorona ‘cur is rived and hence corona eis ae comidralyreGucsd, This one of the oid A ines HU ince meta lin ee Sion ies (ip Sp pg spicy my etl el Kin i: ae: ageat which corona occurs is isd end ence corona ffctsca be eliminate However ‘pacing cannot be icreasel to much oerwise the est of supporting struct big {ercrots ams and supports) may increase ta considerable extent ‘Example 813. A 3-phase lme has conductors 2 cmin diameter spaced equilaterally | m apart. ‘Yohediecric stregi fas 3041 (max) perm, find the dsraptine eral voluge forthe lie. “ake air dents factor 8~ 0983 an regula firm, 09 Solution. ‘Conductor radius, r= 2261em Conductorspacing, d= {m= 100em Diciectic strengis ofr, g, = S0AV/em max.) 21-2 KV (cars) por em Disruptive critical voltage, V, = m, g, 8¢ log, (dif) KV "iphase rms. value) 095212 095201 log, 10011 = 83.64 KViphase Line votage (rms) = J5 x $364 146 8kYExample 814. A 1324 line with 1-956 om dia. conductors is built so that corona akes place ete voltage excends 210 (rms, th vue of potential grado a wich onan ‘occurs cun be taken as 3OAV per em, find the spacing berweem the As g, taken inkViem, rere 7 willbe in bY. Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines 185 Solution. Assume the line is 3-phase. Conductor radius, r= 1-9562 = 0-978 em Dielectric reagth of aie, ~ 30/42 ~21-2kV Gms) ped cme Disnptvevotage/piase, = 210/3 = 12125 KY Assume sooth condiciones fate, 1 and standard pressure and tempera: ture for which sir density factor 8~ 1. Let dem be the spacing between the conductors. Disruptive vollage (em.s) per phase is r © 1,5 8 log, (dir) KY = TRV 2x1 KOSTER 08, wr) or 12125 = 20-733 0g (ary or = 212 ose 20-733 o 2dlogy dh = 5-848 o logigdir ~ 5848/23 ~ 25426 o dr = Antiog2 5426 o dr = 3488 + Conducterspucing, d= 348'8xr=348'8x 0978 341 emTerk lhienbatntok (renin ate Now O~ SRI or ~ pssnzt 2x 06524 1 xg, 20715-2598 Suptyvolipe perp, 1 = Zo/iB 12TH Svein hove ale wet es = 2c ES rms naa - BE 750-000 «1-21 <10° AWihmipne = salemawanpine Tornoe rere fr he se example B16. Acer Sphnc ira amin inh ftalcoen lr of 55. etal cze ira H09 18 Wok pt Ma ene oaensar? ( Principe of raver Sytem “Thepoverbe i tocrmaS shniseny = e222 Ef arta ‘Aap Brant dae ae fhe ee PAO efit P= S2RW ad T= 10S = 81-28 Fc ne P=98AW and = 10 9f =O seu 0 a a 1 ” Dinas NOL west(uy Dividing [(uNy(d)}. we get, W = (127 x53= BSKW TUTORIAL PROBLEMS 1. Bstinate the comma los for tree phase 110 kV, 50H, 150 kas long tmnsmisson line consising off ‘tee conductors each of 10 am dumetcr and spaced 2S m span inan equiateal rangle formation | ‘Thotorapertre of sre IAC andthe atmoopherc preaure = 750 mm of mercary. Take svegulany ‘keto 0-5. lonisation of air may be asimed to tke place at a maximum roltegepradien of 30 4V) =. [316-3 kW) 2 Taking the delet strength of ir tobe 30kViemcavult the dsuptveerticl voltage fora 3-phase| Seyi cdl beard gether) WRN eat cng 3.3 pe 290 EY 0 le tn se ec ne 2 wn ‘comets of ax eqlaral rangle. Calcelatthecarnalossperkimof te line. The coadition of ke wie| [smoothly wesered andthe weuhers fir with temperature of 20°C and barotre pssre of 722 mot Hy D1 KW)