9.

1
Convergence and Divergence of Sequences

A-
sequence { an } is a set of terms

0111021 0131 AL , n is
always a positive integer
• -
where it ends
-

can be denoted { an }n=k ✓ if not shown

,
n starts at 1
where it starts
,
to

E±
{ 1-11112^-3=4-4 -5,2 ¥ ¥}
±±{tÑn-2M}n=z=§ fir ¥2 }
-
-

-
, , ,
. . . .

, , ,

d d
n n¥z n=3 n=q ¥-5
012 23 04 95 06

E- backwards :

{ 2 ¥ £ , . . .
} EI { -1,12 ,
-

% ,
Fa -
¥0 ,
. . .

, ,

↳ same as

{÷ ,
I. Fa . . . .
} { Y Fa
-

i. ¥3s .
-

as }
:{ }
' + n
an

an-t-M.in:}
•
rn

2 4
E⇐ =
-_

suppose an
az

*
anti
=
Lan -

An -
n 1711515A RECURSIVE
SEQUENCE
as
=
2102 ) ( as) -

=
8-2
=
6 The series is :{
2,416,8110}
a = 2 -

Az
-

Az
,
=
2.6-4=8
as =
2. aa -

a} LIMITS PROPERTIES
as
=
2-8-6=10
1 .
Lim Can =
C Lim an
n → or
n → a

Limits A-
sequence {an} has the limit :
t.im an 2 . t.im/an+bn)--liman-limbn n →
n → ou
→• n→• a
n

•
if limit exists , then the
sequence
is
convergent 3 .
Iim Canton ) =
liman .

limbn
n→x n → ao n → a

if not
,
the
sequence is divergent
4. Iim
n→x (5) =

n
him
→ so

Iim
an

bn
n→ao

5. Iim (an)P= [liman]P

n → a n→x

an >
O P > 0
 Show divergence
convergence or

1. {I -

1)
n
} =

-1,1 ,
. .
will alternate forever
→
DIVERGENT

2. an
=

}÷ →
instead of listing terms we ,
can check if the limit exists

Iim
n→a
}¥=lim§É n→N

-1
' °
Is
L' hospital
rule
limit
n→•
-2
- -

convergent
as we run
through the
g.
2 sequence , values approach 2
2+1 1) n -

3. Arin

n
Iim
→ oo
2+n= 9=0 -
convergent
÷
4.am/nnn--1im1nnn--Ehim.a.h---- n → a
9- =D →
convergent

5. an
-
-
É -
I
idea
him F- rn * +
use the conjugate
. ,

n→oo
Tnt + A
middle terms cancel out
we can't subtract infinities , adding works
n -11

nli→m•¥=
Lim n
-

-
> 0
n -
a ☒+ A

ok SQUEEZET 02 Mma
E- an
=

IF →
n→•n¥
Iim → we can't do this limit without squeeze theorem

first thing I know is that is

positive D=
my sequence an

so I have the left side squeeze Now what

. can I
put to the right ?
0 ⇐
an ⇐

check some values 1 THOUGHT PROCESS

maybe
:=
=
an

¥2

( n=÷⇐n÷
?É
"
a2=
←
!

istrueforsvrefnn-nn-f.ie
n ⇐ n
I know that this
• 5-
}:} ±
3%-3 inequality n.n
n -
terms n -

terms
• a
aa=:::÷←÷÷ the last term

,µµµ
here is 1
always
¥
4! =
4.3.2.1
An _- ± - we can evaluate this limit 31=3-2.1
t
because 1 is always In n EN ,
,

¥
I can take
away from term from
Iim →
Lim the other side
-1
h → so
noooo nn .
n
-
n In 1) (n 2) I
-
n n -
. . .
-
'

. . .

n -
terms (n -

1) terms

Lim no
Gso
→

T ^
n -
Enn
-

n!
ao
we know
,
, ,, F- =
0 ,
, .mn ,mµµ , ,

÷n÷
n -
•

so :
0£
n¥= 0

By squeeze theorem , the limit of an is 0 .

 ABSOLUTE VALUE THOR M -

Ian 1=0
" "
"

Iim
"

Note If tim O
"
" "

an
__
:

) i" " ""

n → • now

,
,
" "

if you look just at the absolute

value instead of the back &

E-x-nlima.tn#
how can we know this
orange)
←
forth you'll get 0 too 1in
when it alternates between -

and -1

look if I 1 to 0
goes .

t.im/-1#/=limn--- 0 → Because the absolute value of the sentence

n→• n→•
has the limit 0 the limit of an isMS00 .

ftp.inz.an-f/L)Ex--bimesin' Lima flan)

If you have a continuous function and if the limit exists ,
then -

4) →
him sin / G)
=O_→ Limit exists
✗
c- is continuous →

near n→•
basin approaches O_0
sink )
en→•
Iim
= > e°= 1

Ex an
-
tan
- '

n
'
tan
-
'
✗ is continuous #-
¥
him n' =D SO INTERESTING !! !
noooo

/ 1in ) (a) TE
' ' " '
Iim tan tan tan
- -
→
→ =
n
n → *
n-o

MONOTONIC SEQUENCES :
A that is always
seq
:
.

we wanna show it a seq is

increasing :
as < a ,
<
as a
. . .

increasing or
decreasing or

decreasing an
: >
a ,
>
as >
. - .

E± show {1+7} is
increasing

L
show
n¥ ←
/ -4+17
(n -12 )
→ I can
only do this because n - 1

nln -12 ) ± In + 1) In -11 )

n' +
2h ⇐ n2+ 2h -11 →

obviously true

flx)=
¥y think of it as a
function
: ←
or

'

f- ( X) =
✗ .

( ✗ +15

f- 1×1 -_×¥ ¥p l×+¥z- ,¥y

'
-

✗ = = → this will never be

negative
 Ex
{ ÷} flx) =

¥ =
"% =

e×% 11¥ = ← 0
we say
✗
21
btw
our
for ✗ z y -
because
ns are pos .

this is !
negative integers
function is
decreasing
→

Bounded sequence :
the sequence is contained

For { an} :

Note :
bounded , monotonic sequence is
every
If an ⇐ M :
bounded above (ceiling)
M
(floor )
If an Z M : bounded below
/ m

If m ⇐ an ⇐ M :
bounded
limit as n approaches oo :
M

→
every monotonically increasing sequence that is
Ex show ¥} is
convergent
! bounded above will
converge
→
every monotonically decreasing sequence that 's bounded
an
=

¥ 3- -1 -8g ¥
,
, ,
,
below will
converge
ai '

al ds
ai da
If there
,
were no bounds we wouldn't know
→
decreasing but we haven't proved it yet !
for sure
if decreasing ,
then : an >_ an -11

An-11 ← An 1: an
an 21

02¥ a- 1 →
If this holds true , I've proven it

-11
2h
.
←
¥1 ¥ :

an.nn.la#Yyib-n+.2?-
"
2h
=
2- 1
2h In -11 ) !
.

£+1T
=

± 1
!

2,1¥
=
⇐ 1
,

n¥,
=
net
⇐ 1 → this is true for every

so
{2¥ } )
:

and bounded below by 0 ( because an is always +

is monotonically decreasing
due to the
values
gives
us
it is bounded above by 2 : 1
gives us 2 and
plugging
in

decreasing nature ever closer to 0 values .

bounded below it is
Because monotonic
decreasing + →
convergent

NOTE : { rn } converges if -1 <

r ← 1

r =
12
-4T€ /
"
gets ever smaller from the left and right
 9.2 Series , Geometric Series , Harmonic Series , and DivergenceTest
as A2 A3 014

add the elements of that have series

suppose you have sequence a
:
now
sequence but you you
→
a

{ an }
•
→
sequence ¥01k
E =
partial sum

E an
→
series
n =
1

SOME THEORY - l

dk=Sn
k= ,

Because n is finite , the sum Sn must exist .

For the next n
,

there will be a new partial sum .

This creates a sequence
of partial sums

Sr ,
Sz ,
53
+
J
/
sum of first term

sum of first two terms

sum of
first three terms

If {Sn} converges ,
Lim Sn =
5
,
then the series Ean
n → a

also
converges
and the sum is S .

Éiims
→
E an = lim s
n n •

KY
-
n → a

,
we said above
If this does
that for n a
exist llf the series
concrete sums
exists converges)

If {Sn } diverges ,
Ean diverges .

to
3) Find what happens as n
goes infinity
E± §? n
→
take
what this does
a limit as

is make
n → so

our
partial sum equal to our series
1) Find Partial Sum Now if we find the limit of the sum
,
we've found the limit of the series

nlirz.tn/nz#=ooSn=
1+2+3 +
. . .
+
n
→ The sequence of partial sums is
divergent This means . the series is also divergent .

2) Find a Formula for Sn

1+2+3-1 . . .
+
n =
n{n#
Sn =
nlnz→
 Ex
§ ¥3 ,
-

¥11
switch to
" "

here you should actually K instead of

" "
n
1. Find partial
=
sum

5<=(3--13)+(7--5) -11¥ F)
1<=1 1<=2 K =3
-
+
. . .

-4in ?y+z ¥+51) (2%-52*+1) ¥-3 -2¥

-
+ +

K n
k=n k=n
=

I
-2
-

k=n -2
simplify ( zn
t
.

,
-

zn
1
-
g) ¥ 2¥) / ¥3 ¥) + - -1 -

h =
n -
I

h=

NOW A LOT will cancel out

+1¥ # +1K¥ /
1<=1 1<=2 K =3

First fraction is cancelled by the second fraction in the second term

14¥ :# +01¥ :# .

would be gone
with the previous The only thing left over
:

-13 -12¥
Sn = -

b- ztnz+

This is called
Lim
I =-3 SCOPING SRIS
-

her

6 difference
-
. .

usually only works if you have a sum or

of two fractions
→

n.FI#3-zh+-1=-j-
Ex n§¥ →
we want to turnthis into a sum / difference of fractions to get a telescoping series

¥1 =•µn¥n+2) E- ÷ :É÷ -

¥ +2B¥
= >

A§T
B. 12h -
1)
= > +
2nF

A ( 2n +
2) + B 12h -

1) =
4
n=
-

E n -12
-
←
plug in values that make one factor 0
4=-213 4=2 A
B. =
-2 A =
2

Beatnik
 ¥¥¥ -

1) Now find Partial sum

Sn -
-

(-9--3)+15 -3-1+13--3=1-1 -1¥ . . .

-

+ ⇐ E) -

+1¥ -

¥,)
k=n -2 h=n I -

k=n

What is leftover is : 2- 2¥

-22+7=2 him =L
¥2,2
→

a GEOMETRIC SERIES is defined to be :

É a rn
-1
=
a + ar + ar
-
+ art . . . .

n=1 "
•

or
Earn
n=O

Geometric series converge when -144 or trial

If it were > 1 →

goes to infinity
→
diverges
If it were
< -1 → alternates back and forth →
diverges

If la 1 the
following values become smaller and smaller
:
-

r < .

Only numbers who decrease with

larger and
larger components are fractions
diverges Irl > 1
Really cool technique !
so

The is
sum
Earnt
•

00 1)
1-
÷
n=l
Earn
-

n=1 Partial Sum Sn=a+ar+ar'- +

ar
? . . .
+ arm
¥ Liz
, ¥3 ¥-4
I
k=n

This is an equation to which / can do anything / want Multiply by 1

→

>
't ar arn
2) Now do the limit of.sn ash →
gsn.ir
ar +
• = ar + →
we . . .

if -1<0-1 this from

rn )→r goes
to 0 subtract the partial sum
• (y -

Iim
n→xo
→ if Irl 1 > → r
goes
too
Sn -
Snr =
a
-

ar + ar
-
arn
. . .
.

Sn -
Snr =
a- arn ← This is leftover
=

¥ Snu -

r)
=
all -
rn ) / :(1- ) r

] limit is the sum of

Sn
aff.fr#n--
=

this series for -I<r< 1

Earn
¥
-1
=

I
 É É
'

§ Eg ¥ §
"

Ex 31 E) - Ed =
-
+
-

n= ,
an
n ,

is Exponent has to be l because -1 !

geometric series start at
→
a n we n
- -

-1 -
r < 1 Ian =

3- I ¥ ¥ )
.

I ÷ -

+ -

. . .
n = I

n= I →
n -
I ✓
E- an =
3£ / ¥ ⇐ ¥ F) .

-
+ -

h =L
a =3
'

If ;)
"

r = -

I →
CONVERGES
E- an =

n
-
-
l

-
I É 5- 1- %) ""

paraphrased the sum

←

¥
' =

Earn an we
-

= n= ,
n l
-
-

n -1
- into
looking explicitly
geometric
.IE
=

2 Because -1 rat the series

converges
= < .

5-
E-
"'

5- 1- 5) =
=
=
its =
§
1 +
§
great paraphrasing
sich
Ex § ;÷ ,
=
n-iej.tn?-=&:.-.le-)n-1=
I

use partial sum

=

limit formula

weird sum but it is one

=
e

313 -

e)

ARMONK SERIES
¥# ,
=
1+1-+31 4- + +
. . .

One would that the harmonic series approaches a value but that's It's actually divergent
assume
wrong .
.

If is
convergent any subsequence of { an} must also be
convergent
•
a
sequence ,
.

•
If a subsequence is divergent your entire sequence is divergent So to show ,
.
that a
sequence diverges, it
is
enough to show that a subsequence diverges
•
If a series converges n§, converges the limit of the sequence of terms has to equal 0 ,
:
tim an
-
-
O
n →•

/
This makes so much sense . Take nÉ÷ n1i→m•F=0 .
must be true because if your terms -
as
they move too -
don't approach 0
This will make to diverge
you
'll be constantly piling on terms .

your sum
go infinity ,
thus .

So , to show a series
diverges ,
it's enough to show that
him ,
an 10 ( or doesn't exist )

To show
divergence this is
enough To show convergence
.
it is
necessary though not sufficient .

* him an -0 does not necessarily mean convergence !

-

n→ •

"

00 the
divergence test : →
show
him ,
an +0
Divergence Test
 °

É limh
"" ②¥
Ex
}nn-, DivergenceTest n→•zn 1in weknow immediately that
-

n.no#-.ygn.=3-
: =

. -
, →
n= ,
the series is
divergent

Properties of convergent series : 1. nI Can=c§

t.IE?.4jnI/=EIn--Esnn--1Jn
an
,

2. Éan±bn=§?an±É bn my

n.FI#&-t/.z?-thislookslikeitcouldbean--l
A- I n= ,
y
each must be convergent ,
so if one
udone
immediately sticks out as divergent ,

Little shortcut :

&

weknow :

Earn -1=7-7
→
Thepointistoensurethatthefirst power geometric series lfitis.

•
equals Oso that the first term ish § 1 and Imus carat
>
-

Ear "
# You can make shortcuts with this idea as criteria
for convergence
" °
to hold
that ais always first term of your fails
series let's assume they were
convergent just to demonstrate
.

how to the proper form with n -101s

bring them into
F÷⇐)
"

the exponent
:

Totino has 293-1151

"
-
[ $-1.151m
out
your first power
a
your , A- I
g
n=l
to match the index . d
eh -1 ⇐
:É¥= j-z.sn#--e-.e-)n-1 this ain't
•
=
ex

¥g=2
A- I

Instead of doing these steps index 1

,
plugin
:¥= f- →

you got your a

this is
convergent

§?g÷ ,
=

j-2.gs?-z--e;.-.ez-)n-h-syougettousesum formula
here too .

The shortcut way :L →

3¥ ,
-
>
¥ is
your a. that which remains
heraushebe.mg?-
"

is
"

when you
-2
en is your r .

In ,
 9.3 Using the Integral Test for Convergence / Divergence of series ,P -

series
Integrals stuff series add up stuff
add up iff :

ourseoiesisafunctionffnf-
, .

we're that ) an , if fln) is continuous fln) has to be positive

gonna pretend
-

-
.

In ) must be decreasing
thenz
.

{ B
n ,
an & fix)dx will have the same result :
converge oroliverge

What is
practically happening is that the integral is
being our
upper bound

A- will not
give you the necessarily

"--.
sum

Convergence is not affected by addition / subtraction of a finite number of teomstoaseries .

E É
•

Wecanjuohgeshecomeogeof with or fflxlax

naan an
N
n=N

tweolonitwannastan-attnefirstlerm.ve can subtract

#
why Sometimes ?
the
without affecting convergence .
So we start a few terms

Iden doesn't work so

decreasing water, at N Yes # the SUM will be different ! But
well with .

our tirstfewierms we're not looking

.

for sum , we're checking convergence ,

!
divergence

EI n=&n¥ →

Always do divergence test first .

Limit is zero so we
,
cannot exclude that it's convergent .

↳ " "

you
can't factor it and break it up , telescoping won't help us here .

Let's try integral test

)= ¥ ,
1. It's decreasing .
2. It's positive .
3. Has no domain issues → continuous on our interval If it were

so oo " " "" ¥ we 'd

bing.LT
make
Iim [ tan "✗ ]!
,

• funchbn so :
fflx)d✗=!¥d× →
✗ 2+1 d×=
-
start
z!
at

ofx ! Replace 1 ↳ Improper b. → •

Integral
then
tan D= I ¥=¥
.

'
b- tan
'
lim
- -

decreasing
# Étheimproper integral
continuous "

°
1
⇐¥
→ →

¥ →
always positive [ okantnatonour
interval) was

profanes not the sum

convergent
[¥d×= Iim
b. → a
2- 3h14-131 ? =
of the series so , our series is

-
a - o
convergent
=
I lim[lnl2b -11 -
In (D)
b- •

not convergent ! Integral is

divergent
=

Integral upper bound when the series converges

is andlowerboundifit diverges .

Our series must

diverge too .

Nobutit 's SI interesting that ¥ diverges

, and ¥ , converges ! !
 PREP

E- n§ lnnlnl fix)=↳¥ that

%¥°"→¥t¥
bit positive ? Yes , on
,
bit continuous ? Yes the only would beat negative
, discontinuity values and 0 ,

bit decreasing ? This isn't obvious We must prove it .

.

"" = ""
"
3 ↳ we're
trying to show it 's decreasing

!im•§udu T.li?fu-Y
.

u=ln× x2 is never negative We must check ltnx

:b
.

du
EdX
-

0
-

so 1- thx ⇐

✗ =
✗ du const
1 In le
-

•
⇐
g. g. ✗

Lim ¥1b =
him [¥ -
' n'
1) e' ±
,
b- *
bro 3 ↳ this function will be
decreasing long as x >
as e
= •
So we must alter our bounds . fcxlis certainly decreasing on 4,0)
Improper integral is
divergent .
So our series H
is divergent .

P5ERtE5wr
[¥ changes p does
not ! P Series will when 1
converge
>
n
-

. . .
.
p
n= 1

and it will
£ ¥ =
It ¥ ¥ -1¥ + +
. . . .
diverge when p=1
n=1

When pis 1. we'd have 1+12+31-1 . . .

If p =L
:

Lim % (12-1--2)
This the harmonic series and it is n→•
is
divergent So if 1 it also
pis less than
,
is
divergent .

NPI will converge when 1 Ex

§¥
>
p
\ P Series
-

p=2 > 1
,
RGD on [ ya )
n= ,

converges
→

because < flx)

¥
É
--

÷ :p
of this ,

¥
we

do integral test Ex
my
→
I -
series
o
b
h=1 p= 13
/ ftp.dx-lim/Fdx
1
b → • ^

bounds
( don't
confuse
p
← 1
with p )
→
divergent
series

§ n→= > É¥ PM ,
so the series
a- 1
n =\
converges Integral test for Harmonic series
¥ f¥dx= limlnxl !
§ elln
=

/÷H ) geometric /arm )

b- a
←
not Ap series not we can =iimln( b) inch -_ • dir .

nap
-

, ,

try integral test

bro

integral test for p series

-

It's positive continuous let's check for

To
,

check
,

for decreasing ,
either show that
decreasing
anti < an or that §¥d×=bli1•÷l ! =

the derivative negative 0+1=1

=

is
convergent
→
.

flH=e =
-

t.eik.li?a-eM2X- =

= -
e' 1×11+2×1 ← 0 [1,0)
4
✗
-1
• b
b ,

|¥×dx= { ¥0k =/ den-F.ch/--btiIa#-.-Xdu=bliIafeib=lim-e%4b=-1+e

him e u=¥
b- • a b-a
✗ = ohexz ↳ series war .
9.4 The Comparison Test for series and The Limit ComparisonTest
Idea :
Compare one series to another where
you already know the
convergence / divergence .

/ we'll Series)
use
geometric harmonic . . .

Suppose we have Ean & Ebn .

Both are series with positive terms .

If an ←
bn for all n
,
and Ibn converges , then an also has to
converge .

. bn
0 bn is smaller has to follow suit
-

both are above getting An

-
- .
.

/
i

ai = kind of like theorem

squeeze
-

=
-

-
.
:

If bn diverges , an is not forced anywhere and we can make no assumption .

2 .
If an bn for all n and the
-
series of bn diverges , then { an also has to
diverge ,
since it

must be
larger /equal to bn .

¥? "

.
? an can do anything in this case .

÷
.

.
. .
. .

:
bn
.
.

i
- - -

- :
.

¥ £ ¥2 With series we
always want to check
divergence first .

test The sequence has to equal OQS

Divergence approaches
n=1 :
n 0 .

It does so our series the limit of the sequence weren't 0 , we

might converge If .

would know the series isn't

definitely convergent .

We know : 0 ← ¥2 ← since all terms are positive

If we
compare this to another series we need it to be the smaller series , that's how we can say
,

about its
something convergence .

series

⑦→
-

← this is
necessarily true for all n - 1

£7 # → P series ,
-

p=2 >
1
, convergent ,
so ¥ also
convergent
 E- n
.Éa¥ terms are
°← ¥ ±
¥
↳
always positive
Élan
d.
limit of
the
sequence
of pieces that are
holding you
is 0
.
back .

0 ←
¥ ⇐
¥
want to show this is

=É(£)n=y.(z)n-s=÷
↳ we
convergent

E
n= , na t
d
this doesn't
geometric series really matter,
when
you @ start n=1
we're
,
exponent has to ben -1
not
looking
for the sum

Irl =
f- < 1
↳ series
converges
→
so
by comparison test ,
É¥n converges .

n =\

of
E
rid it
on constant is holding us back we get
@
,

n, zn

0 ← ¥ ←
23¥
d Immer denom smaller number
23¥
→

has to be divergent , if it's not we can't say much about

É ?÷ =

:& (3-2)
"

we now know that 23¥ is divergent .

n =3 n
↳
geometric series
with r=
3-2
Irl =3 >
1 When ther of your geometric series is greater
than 1 , the series is
divergent
Ofc we could 've constant
So
, our given series §3n_
2h -4
is also divergent
just done l
'
hospital M
In n=z
(3) 3h
dir test
.
:
Lim }÷g →
→

Yn¥ ÷ =
him {÷ =
- o
↳ DIVERGENT

E. n¥ o ← ←
* =L
's
n
n =L
PE 1

n=§ ¥2 divergent
→

p=% ⇐ 1

divergent BUT this doesn't mean

my series
is divergent because ¥
is smaller than # and whether it
diverges / converges we cannot
say .

→
inconclusive series is less than something convergent
.

Only works if our

or more than something divergent . So we improve technique . . .
-LIMIT COMPARISONTEST _-

Idea :

if Ean & Ebn have positive terms & him ÷ exists

n→N
q
ratio .

If the limit exist , either both limits converge / diverge

him =L By definition of what a limit is / J÷ -

Ll <
e
,
9
YOU give me 0.000 -01 I can show
,
. .

that the difference

L is smaller
og
-

1%1--4 - e

I L and it's still true

can multiply by

1¥ Ll -

<
EL Back to where the
our
example
Then : comparison test didn't work Let's apply
÷÷¥
.

EL < < EL limit comparison

so we take the ratio and let n - ao

value so this relation

,
holds

add L
L -
EL <
I I÷ / < L +
EL
n§¥ an is always the series
factor L
you're given bn is always ,

( 1- e) L 4%-1<4 +
E) L what you're
trying to base
multiply with bn bn inequality 's not affected series on that you know
,
is pos ,
so
your
the
4 E) Lbn convergence of .

4- E) Lbn
+
<
an <

( 1- e) & 11 e)
+
are constants him ¥
n→ •

Convergence of bn is not affected ¥

If
"Ia¥¥-
bn an is less than that & converges him on
converges ,

n→o¥
→

If bn diverges , an is also greater than bn & diverges n

nhI•== 1 What this means is

our limits are so
that
close
together ,
that their
Because ?É¥ is
divergent ,
limit existed So .

they

§?¥ are either BOTH

is too
DIVERGENT or

BOTH CONVERGENT
4- doesn't mean it's automatically
It just
convergent .
means

has the same

your series
Full answer : since limit exists & £1 # diverges ( p series,p
-
-

1), result as what you're basing

( be it
§ your series on con v did
¥1
.

a- a also diverges .
 §?%¥YÉ →
think
2h2
of end behaviour of these
-

}¥- LET # { ¥
✓
isap
→

= = -
series
1
p
>

cogga.gg#getgtyiefybnsimi1art0wardsintinitY →

Now , if
convergent
limit comparison
both
test works , they're

nI%!÷÷¥_ iii.IN#.;ni-=iimzE.nsI:-=
convergent

1in
2n?/ +
n¥÷ =
him ±É =

I
no
t.IE her

&

Since the limit exists and É ¥ converges ,

our in initial series also
converges .

A =L

¥ §??n¥ I need

part .
to pick the term that decides end behavior aha
fastest
We can't tell which one is growing faster immediately ,
growing
Inn & Inn that is)
they're both
increasing

\
so f. 1×1 = A guy =
lnx

¥ MY ¥ guy 1-
= -
-

p series ,
-

convergent ¥ <
¥ after -4

, , ,na ,go.sn ,
www.negoeggzenyygw,
intima Ñ+1n)n
you
then
¥ does Therefore fix) increases faster than
glx) ,
m2 +1
.

because that which goes to 0 faster is that

which stops increasing sooner)

n→
him
go ¥¥Ñ Therefore , ¥ increases faster .

n→oo
am
÷:÷÷÷
1 1nnH-
→ heavenly
showed
: him Y¥ hospital F-
him +
that in In ) 's
"→ *

nlim-LI-n-nlima.hr?---nliIa.
n
nF growth is
¥}
, ,
1 -1
slower
but let's show
=
To the limit too

since the limit exists and our bn is convergent ,

an is dso_ convergent
9.5 Showing Convergence with the
Alternating SeriesTest Find Error of sums
:

series where sequential terms alternate signs

"

E± IF #^ = 1
, -1,13 ,
-
at ^5 , ,
. . .
→ E
n -1
f- 1)
" '
an
9

÷ - harmonic series
these series can
r
always
)
be written as
n -1
(1) another series
together, they
're the alternating
.

^"
as C- 1) is the
alternating part harmonic series .

§?¥?! =
-1 manes it negative

First four terms ¥ ÷ ÷ ¥ -2£ E.

ftp.anmmsmmt-lterna/-ingSeriesTes1-
: -
+ - + =

monomaniacs

§%
""

For some series that is

alternating
1- 1) an ( an itself is positive)
If ( if true for and Iim O
anti nun , then decreasing)
⇐
an
=

an
n → a

lair test
.

It your
sequence of positive terms passes the divergence test and
your sequence of positive terms is
decreasing for all n
, your series is
convergent .

1. Verify
you have an alternating series .
2) Check the limit of sequence of posterns Ian )
3. If that limit is 0 , check that it's decreasing 4) 1^2^3
go convergent →
.

( very logical as the numbers you add / subtract are ever smaller )
I 1 1111 1 I
1 1 I 1
O 54 Ss
53
Sz So 57 S,

S, :
you added
52 thenyou subtracted a smaller number ( 2nd term)
:

Ss :
added a smaller than 2nd term
:
:

I'm
getting these sums closer and closer together .

I
I
C- 1)n
£ 13 £ ↳
-

E± = 1- + - +

I
.
.
.

n= ,
By the alternating
1) Iim G- =
0 2) Decreasing ? series test because
,
n→•
⇐ <
f- 1. n any
=

# ⇐ In =

an it
passed the
or :
divergence test
¥ -
1 and because our

( funny that harmonicseries is

n an +1
decreasing sequence is
divergent
decreasing
,

but the
alternating one 's
convergent) ,
our series #
convergent .
 E C- 1)
"
¥-1
n,

our series is
divergent .
Shavit's decreasing anyways :

nkma.FI
ñ¥¥< ¥
,

¥_
him =

1- =/ 0
n→•¥n %¥-<a¥
( 2n -12714h -

1) < 8h2 + / On
EI
§?t_F 8h2 -16h 2 8h2 -110N
-
<

8h2 < 8h2 -14h +2

nz-izn-if-indeedcdecoeovnnoya.fi/)--x--FfYx)--lx-D#-
1) nk.IT# nlirz.FI
'
" <
-0 n

-0×+7 Chot that it matters)

(X -

1) 2

"" " "

-5
l×-1¥É
=

-
×

decreasing
=
=

2T¥ ( ✗ 2
=
-

1)
¥2 Lolenomalwauppos for ✗ 2 1

By alternating series best ,

our series is convergent .

I didn't do error of sums

 9.6 Absolute Convergence RatioTest ,
and Root Test for Series

Absolute Convergence
For Ian If Elan / →
=
la / + In / +
, . .
.

"
taking absolute value of the terms

If Slant is convergent ,
the series you got it from is ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT .

For É sin¥ not alternating not this is where absolute

always positive
=
we use
n =L
, , convergence

IT =§? / ¥7 / I
,
=

n -4
÷ →

convergent p
-
series
,
p
> 1
,
our

initial series absolutely converges

" "
the word matter ?
why does absolutely
Next example will illustrate .

"

£
"

we
already proved the alternating harmonic series was convergent But if take
→
. we
n=1
the absolute value we have In and that's
divergent .

You can have series that are convergent but not absolutely convergent . Absolute convergence is
stronger .

/
"

£ £1 E
"

Ing harmonic series

→
→
and it diverges Our .

original series is not absolutely

n ,
n=1 n=s
convergent .

You have absolutely convergent but that is

can
You call she's conditional
a series that is not
convergent .

convergence

we have 3 levels divergent convergent absolutely convergent

:

, ,

Abs . conv
stronger than con v.

If a series is abs.com
,
it is forsure conv .

I
sina.mn
=p

him
n→•
sM¥M_ =

airiest
0 →
not a
p
-
series ,
not a telescoping not geometric, not for integral test
, ,
. . .

not alternating as sin goes from so

+
continuously -

we can't do comparison best because our terms aren't

always positive .

&
^

n=1
I sinntf-fabs.am
Isin 2M
'
so :
⇐ 11 :
n ← iv. both by n
'

k- sin ✗ ⇐ y rIE¥ lsinn¥ ⇐

¥
I
comparison test

so
/ sin 12×1<-1
n= ,
¥p series
,
p
> 1
, converges

By the comparison best

,
[ sinn converges absolutely .

n =
1
 P I
-2£ -

Es
•-

7 you can't
me times

tiny / % /
1. 1 Ean do test ( factorials )
'

< → is abs.com .
v ,
. . .

,
skip it , 010 ratio
immediately
2.
n
him
- ao
/%/ > 1 →
Ean is air .

3.
n
him
→ •
/ %/ =L → Ean is inconclusive

E×= É 1- 1)
^"

( quick 1 hospital
nn1_ decreasing
'
tells us limit would This is also ,
so we could use
n=z
n' loses
equal 0 as power
,2ndoeshe alternating series test to show it's
not harmonic , not p series convergent
-

not limit is 0 it's decreasing

geometric , ,
continuous
function
But we wanna do ratio test

t.im 1%1+1-1 (-174+1)-+1

/
Cn+zL¥
/
=
2
"
him 2h In + 1) +
2h
h → to him 2h =
him =

(-11^-142+1)
No
2^+1.42+1 )
n;
h→• n → •

2h

um -

n
am
→
a
"÷ =
;
n → a

Limit of the ration is smaller than 1. so an is convergent .

( Bytheratiolest ,
. . . )

¥ Én!_ you
don't
really want to do Hiv test here .

n= ,
nn We could do comparison test .

By ratio

msn.nu#afFnn!n.HJI-)--n1i:Yn-:Yn:-. I.-=:i :•¥¥¥÷,=n↳zfE¥

→

n→mn=÷:( n÷Y
him
COOL
TRICK

µ =

him (F)
,
"
=

Limo n¥y
SUPER IMPORTANT
IECHNIQUT

Gnn→•wnxe"nÉ¥¥ mh¥H→eiim÷¥
'
" '
i*

¥÷É
→

→
earn → é

so
t.im#a.*-=e- <
1

By ratio test
,
E ¥ is
absolutely convergent
 § -%?÷
,
→
could do an
alternating series test , but again we'll do ratio .

|i m@Ff_zn-i-gn-Tn-nnE3I
| -ilimcnIFj-n.s
n
f- 5)
"
Cnt 't Jn 3h
2

am =
n

=
him
£157s
-
-

time 3%1=-3--5
Limit of ratio is 1 soit 's divergent
,

1200in
hmmmm
-

If you have factorials use ,

the ratio test .
-

If you have n
-

th
powers , use root test .

1.
n
him
→ 00
hIanÑ =L < 1 . . .

absolutely convergent

L 1
.

n1anT divergent
= >
2. him . . .

n - o

tant
"
3. him = 1 . . .
inconclusive
n- ao

n§t1Ynkn 1) wouldn't do
it's
pretty tough
alternating series
so show it's
cause

decreasing
2) Not integral test this ain't
:
a positive
term

3) You could take the absolute value and then

do one of these but
, you have to show
decreasing for both of them and that's
pretty annoying
a) comparison test you'd have to find something
:

bigger to show convergence or something smaller

to show divergence

5) do ratio / root test

" " "

2%7
"

n¥%Ñ+
=
him YÉ= him
n- =
0<1
n → •
I @ 1) n + n → to

↳
By the root test
•
→
,

she series is als.com .

 Summary
1.
tf him an -1-0 ,
Ean diverges
n →a

2.
By type
:

"
Earn if Irl 1 diverges it Irl at
geometric converges
: <
,

The sum is
¥
"
"
Use partial Sn
telescoping series :
fractions do
get a partial sum .

Then
high Sn

p
-
series :
Ent converges when p
> 1
, diverges if p ⇐ 1

3.
Integral Test :
fln ) and the function is positive , continuous,
=
an

decreasing on [ 1,00) ( you can start later than 1

too ) then we do
,
flx ) dx ( improper integral g-
,
I
.
. .

converges ,
can v.

E
diverges olio
.
- .
.

positive and acts like another known series , comparison

" "
4. tf an use
or limit comparison best .

a) if bn Ebn Ean
an
converges converges
a- →
,

b) if an bn Ibn
-
,
diverges →
San diverges
c) him
IT =L
n → so
series will have same results : both cord .

series)
"
( alternating
'
5. For Ect ) an El Dn
-

or
-

an

a) tiny an -0

b) show with derivative 1 am

has to be decreasing :
.
<
an

6) Ratio test :

her factorials & nm powers µm£%÷1 % ii. iii. <

8) Root test :

finger =L %? 9 >
,
= in
"
Examples

1. ¥ }n ,
airiest : tim =
3- to

2.
§? ¥ -

¥1) separate limits :

one is
geometric
⑦
n
1. 2.
The other is telescoping
Both parts have to converge

3. [ (F) e
÷ →
p
series w .

p
>
7
n =
I

4. ET
n= ,
n¥f Integral Tess

5. EMI
n =3
<
in comparison ten is

easy with single

terms

6.
÷E :÷E .

↳
comparison test with
multiple terms is harder
We base it on
leading terms

F- and do a limit

comparison test :
Lim ¥
7-
ET t¥¥
✓
alternating series , really easy to show it's decreasing .

Root or ration

8. In
w -
root :

manipulate n : n¥= ( n

Sinn
9. §
n=z 31¥
→
absolute value
1 Sinn I
always ← 1
then comparison