1.

The British Standard Pipe thread (BSP thread) is a family of standard screw thread types that has been adopted internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread.

2.National Pipe Thread Tapered Thread (NPT) is a U.S. standard for tapered threads used on threaded pipes and fittings. The taper rate for all NPT threads is 116 (34 inch per foot) measured by the change of diameter (of the pipe thread) over distance. The angle between the taper and the center axis of the pipe is 1 47 24 (1.7899). Commonly-used sizes are 18, 14, 38, 12, 34, 1, 1 14, 1 12, and 2 inch, appearing on pipes and fittings by most U.S. suppliers. Sizes smaller than 18 are occasionally used for compressed air, while sizes larger than 2 in are uncommon, due to the use of alternative methods of joining that are used with these larger sizes. NPT is defined by ANSI/ASME standard B1.20.1.[1] Sometimes NPT threads are referred to as MPT ('Male Pipe Thread'), MNPT, or NPT(M) for male (external) threads; and FPT ('Female Pipe Thread'), FNPT, or NPT(F) for female (internal) threads. An equivalent designation is MIP (Male iron pipe) and FIP (Female iron pipe). Also the terms NPS and NPSM are sometimes used to designate a straight, not tapered, thread. (this should not be confused with NPS meaning Nominal Pipe Size) 3.The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's official mission is to:[1] Promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.

4.FS = Full Scale Suppose you have a scale that spans 0-100N (newtons). Full scale is 100N. Accuracy is 0.2% x 100N = 0.2N That accuracy can apply over the entire range of the scale. So if the scale indicates 25N, the measurement is: 25N +/- 0.2N

5.Impulse refers to the process medium pressure (usually) and tubing that directly connects this sensing process tapping to the sensor/transmitters/transducer is called impulse tubing. Usually the tubing needs to consider the pressure to determine its wall thickness for applications. These can be 1/4" 0.035" thick to 1/2" 0.083" thick. It varies. Tubing is just a broad material term. It can be pneumatic signal tubing, impulse tubing or drain tubing or such

6. AWG - American Wire Gauge - is used as a standard method of denoting wire diameter, measuring the diameter of the conductor (the bare wire) with the insulation removed. AWG is sometimes also known as Brown and Sharpe (B&S) Wire Gauge. The AWG table below is for a single, solid, round conductor. Because of the small gaps between the strands in a stranded wire, a stranded wire with the same current-carrying capacity and electrical resistance as a solid wire, always have a slightly larger overall diameter. The higher the number - the thinner the wire. Typical household wiring is AWG number 12 or 14. For telephone wires there are common with AWG 22, 24, or 26. The higher the gauge number, the smaller the diameter, and the thinner the wire. Because of less electrical resistance a thick wire will carry more current with less voltage drop than a thin wire. For a long distance it may be necessary to increase the wire diameter - reducing the gauge - to limit the voltage drop.

7.HVAC- Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems

8. Range: The region between the limits within which a quantity is measured, received

ortransmitted. It is expressed by stating the lower and upper range values Span: The algebraic difference between the upper and lower range values expressed in the same units as the range

9.ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials

10. A punch list is generally a list of tasks or "to-do" items. In the U.S. construction industry, a punch list is the name of a contract document used in the architecture and building trades to organize the completion of a construction project. In the United States construction industry, contract agreements are usually written to allow the owner to withhold (retain) the final payment to the general contractor as "retainage". The contractor is bound by the contract to complete a punch list of uncompleted contract items in order to receive final payment from the owner. The designer (typically a licensed Professional Architect or Engineer), is usually also incorporated into the contract as the owner's design representative and agent, to verify that completed contract work has complied with the design.

. What is SCADA? SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition and refers to the collection and management of data that can be used to develop process management criteria.The acquisition and control of data is essential to any SCADA process. Along with the task of acquiring the data, there also has to be a means of controlling the data. It is this supervisory component that helps to make sense of the acquired data and allow for its application in a number of different ways. A sound SCADA system will allow for quick and easy retrieval of the data as it relates to a number of different scenarios, such as market research, quality control, and even something as simple as marketing and sales brochure development.FAST/TOOLS is Yokogawas SCADA package 2. What is a HMI? A human-machine interface (HMI) displays the process data that a human operator needs to control a process.A HMI is usually linked to a SCADA system's databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information. Such information includes scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for particular field sensors, and expert-system troubleshooting guides. 3. What is a RTU? A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a device or system that interfaces with other equipment. Typically, a RTU converts electrical signals from the equipment to digital values that represent such items as the open/closed status of a switch or valve and measurement values for pressure, flow, voltage, and current. By converting these electrical signals and sending the digital values out to the equipment, the RTU can initiate control sequences such as opening or closing a switch or valve, and setting the speed of a pump.STARDOM is Yokogawas RTU solution.

Control network, Vnet/IP

In 2004, Yokogawa introduced the Vnet/IP control network for production control systems. Achilles Level 1+ Robustness Against Cyber Attack Yokogawa has received Achilles Level 1+ certification for Vnet/IP controllers.

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What is Required in a Control Network?

Our users require the ability to incorporate commercially available communication devices in their network systems while maintaining the high reliability, real-time control capability, and stable communications that are the hallmarks of conventional control networks.

The aim is not just to benefit from general-purpose technologies, but to create a common platform that can connect with a variety of equipment.

Users are looking to reduce network configuration costs by utilizing the latest commercially available network equipment.

A wider selection of communications media must be available and network configuration must be more flexible.

Control Network Innovation (Vnet/IP)

A new control network protocol that incorporates general communication functions and enables highly reliable, real-time, and stable communications is now available.

Name: Vnet/IP This new control network protocol is called Vnet/IP because it is compatible with Vnet and used the IP Internet protocol for general-purpose communications. Vnet/IP is a 1-Gbps control network that is functionally compatible with V net and is based on the Ethernet protocol. The Vnet/IP control network conforms to CPF-10 of the Real-Time Ethernet(RTE) communication profile defined in IEC 61784-2.

How Does Vnet/IP Compare to V net?

Vnet/IP has all the advantages of V net, which remains an excellent control network, while offering substantially higher throughput.

Compatibility Supports V net-compatible protocols and incorporates all V net communications functions Reliability (Redundant bus configuration) Features a robust redundant configuration that switches buses quickly in event of failure equivalent to V net Performance Response times are equivalent to V nets, but throughput is up to ten times greater, depending on the performance of the communications station.

Reliability (functional compatibility)

Vnet/IP incorporates all current V net services.

Performance

Same fast response times of V net Throughput approximately ten times greater(*) than V net Monitoring of station status (updating live list) at 1-second intervals, same as with V net

Time synchronization accuracy of 1 millisecond within the same domain Note:(*)The actual throughput depends on the performance of the communication station.

RS485 shileded twisted pair Always use shielded cable, regardless of distance. Yes, shielded, twisted pair cable. Distance is going to be a function of voltage drop (your 4-20mA loop is powered by a 24 vdc supply for instance). You have to consider the gauge of the wire and the voltage drop over the length of the wire. Noise is also the reason why we always advise to use FTP (foiled twisted pair) cabling for industrial ethernet in stead of STP (shielded twisted pair). Profibus cable has a second advantage: it is of a rather large gauge, so there certainly is no voltage drop issue at all. Profibus cable or FTP Process transmitters are designed to drive a 20 ma signal into 1000 ohms load with a 24 vdc supply. The usual input resistance of the receiving device is 250 ohms. Therefore you have 750 ohms of suplus capacity. With the low resistance of copper wiring you can drive a 4-20 ma signal 10,000 feet. Normally 16 awg twisted/shielded pairs are used for 4-20 ma signals. For long runs steel conduit should also be used. For signal distances under a 1000 ft no special precautions needed.

n telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is the traditional name for a series of standards for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data CircuitTerminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.

Foundation Fieldbus (FF), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and Underwriters Laboratory (UL)

Interlocking is a method of preventing undesired states in a state machine, which in a general sense can include any electrical, electronic, or mechanical device or system. In most applications an interlock is a device used to help prevent a machine from harming its operator or damaging itself by stopping the machine when tripped. Household microwave ovens are equipped with interlock switches which disable the magnetron if the door is opened. Similarly household washing machines will interrupt the spin cycle when the lid is open. Interlocks also serve as important safety devices in industrial settings, where they protect employees from devices such as robots, presses, and hammers. While interlocks can be something as sophisticated as curtains of infrared beams and photodetectors, they are often just switches.

In plumbing and piping, a nipple is a fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings. The length of the nipple is usually specified by the overall length with threads. It may have a hex section in the center for wrench to grasp. A "close nipple" has no unthreaded area; when screwed tightly between two female fittings, very little of the nipple remains exposed. A close nipple can only be unscrewed by gripping one threaded end with a pipe wrench which will damage the threads and necessitate replacing the nipple, or by using a specialty tool known as a nipple wrench (or known as an internal pipe wrench) which grips the inside of the pipe, leaving the threads undamaged. When the ends are of two different sizes it is called a reducer or unequal nipple. A barrel nipple or a pipe nipple is one which is usually made from pipe and is threaded only at both ends.