ocr ny ae Don't have to and Should Ven presentiand future Explanations + Don't have to refers (o an absence of obligation. You don’t have to work tomorrow + Must aoe sefess to an obligation not to do something You must not lave the coom beter the end of te test. Where *should appears, ought o can also be used. + Expectation This film ‘should be really good. + Recommendation T think you *should talk itover with your parents. In writing, should can be used to express a stroug obligation politely. Guests should vacate their rooms by middoy. + Criticism of an action You *shouldn'teat so mich late at night + Uncertainty Should I leave these papers on your desk? + Should and verbs of thinking Should is often used with verbs of thinking, to make an opinion less direct. I should think that mode! would sell quite wel. + With he and adjectives describing chance This group of adjectives includes odd, strange, funny (odd) and the expression Whata coincidence. Tes strange thatyou should be steying in the same hotel! + After in case (o emphasise unlikelihood Tin taking an umbrella in case it should rain. See Grammar 8 for similar uses in conditional sentences. + Could is used to express possibility or uncertainty This could be the house. + Could is used with comparative adjectives to express possibility or ‘impossibility The situation couldn't be worse, Iecould be better. 6ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Must and can’ May and might shail wit + Could is used to make suggestions We could go tothatnow restauraat opposite the cinema, + Could is used to express unwillingness. J couldn't possibly leave Tim here on his own. + Can with be is used to make criticisms You can be reelly annoying, you know! + Canis also used with be to refer to capability. Winter here can be really cold. These refer to present time only. (See bound to). In expressing certainty, they are opposites. This must be our stop. ('m sure it is.) This can'tbe cur stop. ('m sue it isn't) May can be used to express although clauses: She may be the boss, but thet is no excuse for shouting like that See also Grammar 14 Emphasis + Mayimight as well This describes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not enthusiastic: about, Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home. + May and might both express possibility or uncertainty. May is more common in formal language Tre peace conference my find a solution to the problem + There is an idiomatic expression with ty, using may or present reference. and might for past reference Tey as I might, [could not pass my driving test (Chis means although I tried hard, I could not pass my driving test.) + Shalt cau be used with all persons to emplusise something which the speaker feels is certain to happen or wants to happen | shall defnitely give up smoking this year We shall win! (shall is stressed in this sentence) + Similarly, shal/ is used in formal rules and regulations. ‘No player shall knowingly pick up or move the bail ofanother player. + Will can be used to express an assumption A The phone's ringing. B: That'll be for me.Related ‘non-modal expressions GRAMMAR 11 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTURE + Witliwon'tcan be used emphatically to tell someone of the speaker's intention, or to forbid an action, in response to a will expression. PV take the money anyway, so there! You won't! Twill! Similarly / won't can mean { refuse, and / will can mean J insist A: Twon'tdo it B: Yes, you wil! Would is offen used in situations where a conditional sease is understood but not stated. Nobody would agree with that idea, (ifwe asked them) Life woulin'é be worth living without you. GE you werent there) think Jim would be the bestcandidate, (ifhe was under consideration for the jod) Sue wouldn't do that, surely! (kf yoU think she's capable of doing that) + Need to 15 a modal auilary, and behaves like a normal verb. Do yeu need to use the photocopier? + Need is 2 modal ausiliary, but mainly in question and negative forms. Need you make so much noise? See Grammar 7 for need doing + Had better This is a recommendation and refers only to the present or future. You better notphone her again. + Be tound to This makes a future prediction of certaiat 1s boundto rain tomorrow. 876 | Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. 2) Tdon't think you coula/should tell anyone yet. ) I coultn ¢éhoutdn tpossibly leave without paying. ©) That musen'/can ‘be the hovel Jane told us about. 4) There are times when the traffic here cantcouldbe really heavy. ©) We are enjoying ovr holiday, though the weather could/mustbe better. 4) You coulda i/shouldint really be sitting here 2) You couldimaybe older than me, but that doesn't mean you're dleverer, 1) You mightshould like to look over these papers if you have time. 4) T'm affaid that nobody shouldwould help me in that kind of situation, J) No member of the association must/shall remove official documents from these premises without written permission Put one suitable word in each space. Contractions (can't) count as one word. Bill: This (1) MAS... be the house, Isuppose, number 16 Elland Wey Jane: 1 pletured itas being much bigger, from the estate agent's description. Bill: Well, we'd Q) 0 side Jane: We (3). as well. Wait a minute. T (4), fo just find my glasses. I see a thing without then, Bill: I don't think much of it from the outside, to be honest. Jane: Yes, it (©. certainly do with a coat of paiat or two. Bill: Rather you than me! I (7), {ike to have to paint it all! And the gutters (8) replacing Jane: 1), think they haven't been replaced since the house was built. Bill: They (10), seally be replaced every four years ideally Jane: And I con't like that big ivy plant growing up the side. Ivy ay get in the brickwork and cause all scrte of damage. Bill: I wonder ifthere's a lock on that big downstairs window? Tt looks very easy to break i to. Jane: There's (12). to be one, surely Bill: Well, (13) swe go inside? Jane: Do we (14) 107 I think I've seen enough aleady. T ay. possibly live hereComplete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. ) Icouldn't be happier at the moment. could Tamas happy..as.could, be. ) Although I tied hard, I couldn’ lift the suitcase might Try. ©) Tm sure that Peter won't be late bound Peter, 4) Fancy you and I having the same sumame! should Ts oda ©) I think you should take up jogging. were EL, 1) Is possible that this kind of snake is potsonous could This snake, 2) You can't borrow my car! wont 1 hb) Im sure this isn't how you get to Norwich! can't This 4) Itmakes no difference to me ifwe call it off may at the momeat. T couldn't lift the suitease on time, the same sumamel take up jogging she poisonous kinds. borrow my car! way to Norwich! We call it off 4) Although it’s summer, the temperature is more like winter, may It the temperature is more like winterADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4 Choose the sentence A or B that is closest in meaning to the sentence given, a) Its possible that welll know the answers tomorrow. ...A,, A We may know the answers tomorrow. B We should know the answers tomorrow. ) I don't think you should ring him now. Its rather late A You might not ring him now. Its rather late. B You'é better not ring him now. It's rather late. ©) You needn't come if you don't want to. A You wont come if you dox't want to. B You dont have to come if you don't want to 4) I think it's wrong for you to work so hard A You don't have to work so hard. B You shouldn't work so hare. ) Pechaps these are the keys A These might be the keys, B These must be the keys ) It would be wrong for us to lock the cat in the house for a week, A Weld better not lock the cat in the house for a week: B We can't lock the cat in the house for a week, g) Ifs possible thar the decision will be announced next week A The decision might be announced next week. B The decision will be announced next week, ‘h) Although I try hard, I can never solve The Times' crossword A Try a6 I may, I can never solve The Times’ crossword. B Try as I can, Imay never solve The Times’ crossword, i) Tknow. Why don't we go out to eat instead”, Al now. We must go out to eat instead. BI know. We could go cut to eat instead.GRAMMAR 11 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTURE 5 Complete each sentence with one of the phrases from the box. a) The heating comes on automatically. You ) Ofcourse TU help! 1. Jet you do st on your own. ©) Ito a lovely hotel. And the staff, more helpful ) George. it there ifhe has stayed there for so long ©) Yotssienseienn sight, but Im still not convinced. D We. go in this museum. Taere's nothing else to do. 2) Tove these trees. Without them the garden, she hh) There's the phone call I was expecting. It, i) Thanks. And now you just, D Tyas... George west seaenrneSign on the dotted line. I simply couldn't open the lid, 6 In most lines of this text there is an extra word, Write the word, or put a tick if the line is correct. T may as well be admit it - Tm 2 secret admirer of all things connected 1 be ‘with tans! [fs not with something you would want to admit t your 2. fiends, but I cant imsgine life poasitly without my collection of model 3... trains and train memorabilia. You're probably thinking Imustbe done 4,, some kind of nerd who stands around on chilly platforms all day. 5. 6 1 8. 9 collecting train numbers, aud yes, Ihave to admit for Ive done my fair share of that, but that's only a small part of it. Icam just love the feel of| snulway stations, and Ioan cheerfully spend a whole of afternoon in ‘one, just walking around scaling up tothe atmosphere of the place, looking for things for my collection, and taking photos of new engizes. 10. - (Call me might a wierdo, bur T far rather spend a day in station IL - ‘tan ou the begch by sunning myself. Td be too busy taking de wan down the coast - soastil res can be an absalstely spectacular There's @ convention for those ralbvay lovers on the south coast soon rest assured that I shall be there. I woulda't miss it forall the world! 15 . 1GRAMMAR 12 Had to and must nave Should have and ought to have Couldhave Could n Modals: past Explanations Had tois tae past form of must and refers to a past obligation. Sorry I'm late, I had W post some leters ‘The negative form is didn't have to and refers to an absence of obligation. Mast have sefers to past certainty, (see below) Where ‘shouldappeats, ought to is also possible. + Expectation Should have refers to something which was supposed to happen. The parcel [sent you “should have arrived by now. + Criticism of an action You *shoulda't have eaten so much last night + Should have and verbs of thinking ‘The past form Anew in the example is an unreal verb form, and the should ‘have form is used according to 'sequeace cf verb forms’. See Grammar 9. ‘should have though you knew. + With be and adjectives describing chance Tewas strange that you should have heen staving in the same hotel lastyear. + As 1 polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or a favour Tre done the washing up for you. - Oh, you wally shouldn't have! The intonation should be friendly, as this is not a criticism. + Could have sefess to past possibility or uncertainty David could have won the race ifhe had «ied, (possivitity’atity) Tecould have been Sue, Isuppose. (uncertainty) + Coukin't have is also possible for both meanings + Couldn't have caa be weed with comparative adjectives We couldn't have heen happier in those days. *+ Could have can also express unwillingness. She could have gone to the party with ker friends, (but she diéa't) We couliin'( ave left the dogon its own. (50 we did't) + Could refers to past permission o past ability. When I was sixteen Icould stay our tll 11.00. (was allowed to) Mary could swim when she was three, (she actually did) + Compare: ‘Mary could have swum when she was three. (but she dida't)May have and might have Must have and ‘can’t nave Would not Would have Needa't have and didn't need to ‘Adverbs and modals + Might have refers to past possibility which did not happen. You might have drowned! Might have and may have refer to uacestainty suppose I may have been rather critical. + Both can be used in the negative to express uncertainty, They might not have received our letter yet + Might have is wsed to express annoyance at someone's failure to do something. There is strong stress on the words underlined You might have fold me my trousers weve split! + (might have known + would is an idiom by which the speaker expresses ironically that an action was typical of someone else. / might have known that he would be Late AS Tevwas Jack who broke the vase. B: / might have known! + These refer to the speaker's certainty about a past action Someone must have taken it. (am sure they ¢is) You can’t have lost it. (1am sure you dida't) + Both can also be used with surely in exclamstions Surely you can't have esten all oft! Surely you must have neticed it! + This expresses an unwillingness in the past. Everyone was angry because Sam wouldnt {urn offthe television + Would have can refer to events in the past which did not actually happen. J would have accepted this job, but I didn't want to move hous. + Assumptions about the past are also possible with would have. A: Someone called after you left but did't leave a message. B: That would have been Cathy, probably. Needn't have done refers to an unnecessary action which was actually done You needn't have paid all at once, (you did pay) Dit’ need co sefers to an uanecessary action which was not done didn't need to go to the dentist again, luckily. Adverbs suchas well, easily. obviously. cealy,justare often used to emphasise modal expressions, in bot present and past time Yau could easily have been killed. Lmiighewell decide to come. She obviously must have left You couldnt really have managed without me. Tmightjust take you up on that.ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4 acta tes 1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a) That can thave been/shouldn t have been Nickthat you saw. 1) You must have givew/ight have given me a hand! ©) Tcaughta later train because I fad to see/must have seen a client 6) T suppose Bill shoul! have lost/might have Jost his way ©) I didut refuse the cake, as it should have beentwould have been tude. 4) T don't know who rang, but it could have heenlmust have been Tin, 2) Itwas odd that you should fave bought/would have bought the same car. bh) 1 asked them to leave but they might not/vouldn't go. 4) Its a pity you didn't ask because I can’ help/could have helped you. 4) Ws your own feult, you cant have/shouldin’t have gone to bed so late. 2 Complete each sentence using one of the phrases from the box. 2) You and your big mouth! It was supposed to be a secret. You AROMA NE AVE... sce told her! ‘b) The plane is late. Tt landed by now. 9 You, met my brother. I haven't got one! 6) There is only one explanation. You Jeft your keys om the bus, © You. ‘heard me right. I definitely said 204525, 4) The meat is a bit burnt You, cooked it for so ong 2) Tm sony. I accept 1 been a litle bit mide 1) You really. taken so much trouble over me. i) Was it really necessary? You, {ell the police, you know, i) Keep your fingers crossed! The traffic warden, noticed the car's parking ticket has sun out!3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first ‘sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. a) It wouldn't have been right to leave you to do all the work on your own. couldn't couldnt. have. left. you. da. all the work on your owa. b) Perhaps they didn't aotice the tyre was flat. might They. the tyre was flat. cc) All that trouble I went to wasn't necessary in the end. needn't L all that trouble 4) Apparently someone has borrowed the cassette player. have Someone, the cassette player. ©) Tm isappointed that you didn't back me up! might ‘You, ame up! ) Our worrying so much was a waste of time. needn't We so much. 2) It’s just not possible forthe cat to have opened the fridge possibl The cat, she iridge. Tt would have been possible for Helen to take us ia her car. coald b) Helen usa litt 4) It’s possible that the last person to leave didn't lock te door. might The last person. the door unlocked j) School uniform wasn't compulsory at my school. wear We ‘school uniform at my school 75ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4. Complete each sentence by wnting one word in each space. Contractions (can't) count 2s one word, 2) 1 Guld........ have become 4 milliontire, but I decided not to ») You ‘have been here when Helen told the boss not to be so lazy! twas great! ©) Peter wasn't here then, so he saave broken your vase. ar ‘have bought that car, but I decided to look at 4 feu others. ©) Ifyou felt lonely, you, shave given me 4 ring 1) Doclt take a isk like that agaia! We _have lost because of you 2) Its been mote than a week! You. shave had some news by now! 1h) We were glad to help. We, have just stood by and done nothing i) Youreally. ‘have gone to so much trouble! DL ‘have thought that it was rather difficult 5 Comect any errors in these sentences. Some sentences are correct. a) Surely you mustn't have forgotten already! 4 'b) Even Paul coulds't have foreseen what was coming next ) Fraaces might not have understood what you said 4) It was fanny that she should have remembered me ¢) Hairy may have won the match with a bit more effort 5) You must have told me you had already eaten 2) Look, there's £30 in say wallet. I shouldn't have gone to the bank after al. 1b) You mustn't have heen so tunkind! i) Icouldsit have managed without you. i) Thve no idea wao it was, but I suppose it would have been Ann 6 Undertine the most suitable adverb for each space. 8) Someone obsiouslv/currently/fortunatelymust have picked it wp by mistake, ) He could really/cheerfully/easilyhave stolenthe painting without anyone knowing. ©) Imay surelyivell/dearlyhave made a mictale 4) You really/clearly/neediessly shoulia't have spent so much on my presest. ©) Bill rarely/simply/cer‘ainly wouldat listen to anyihing we said. 1) T coutds't jusdyevaiready have left without saying a word, 2) Certainiy/Rarely’Surely you can't seriously believe that I am guilty! 1h) T opened the window, I greatlydurelysimply had 'o get some fresh sr 4) L stil/urfortunately /surely coulda thave come to your past. 3) How dangerous! You could stiliStrongiy/wellhave been injured!GRAMMAR 12 MODALS: PAST 7 Complete each space in the text with an appropriate modal verb. Some are negative, Dear Toshie, Thanks for sending back the book Lent you You (1) 64 HAVE. su s08d ‘it already! You must be the world’s fastest reader! Hope you enjoyed it. Well, the big news is, I decided act to go to Italy to take up my job offer Basically, moving there (2), meaat alot of upheaval and frankly I couldn't face the hassle. Maybe I (3), just gone, and been a bit more adventurous, and for sure, I've got mixed feelings about it, as if part of me wanted to go. Who knows, I ©. ‘met the man of my deems! BurT didn't ake the decision lightly. 1 (5), spent several weeks thinking about nothing else. Aayway, what's done is done. My other news coaceme my Dad. You remember I was getting very worried becanse he'd been having dizzy spells and feeling all light-headed. Well, I ©. swomried - he's been diagnosed as suffering from lw tilood pressure, so he's om meclcation for that. The docter said its possible that his vegetaniaa diet (7), set st off. It's a pity you werea't here! You @). {been able to help Dad, with ‘your interest in holistic mediciae. You (9), given ‘him some of your aromatherapy treatments. Anyway, hope to see you again before too long. By the way. guess who's getting ‘married ia June? Brenda! I(10). Jenown it would be ‘her! It's typical; that gist has all the Inck! Bye! Love ftom, Sve