Hypothesis Teshing, o The Madx Clyect af the Aambling theany ts the shud y a) “ oo 4h “ Teati cy Hypothesis er Teak af significance” Tn Mony Circumstamcts , we hare fo map olecraima About be pebutatin om blu bess of only dannple Infurrration Bom the bate ef boreplt olan (2 Quality Gontnat Mmamager us fo cletermmr Whither pases 4 poorhsny Posperly Sete Git) _ years dthng (1) Hypothesis Tm attembsrry to annie ak clecistend Aleut Ay psputahion on the basis 64 scumple Argermat’ on, at 2S necumary fo reakt assumphen aback the poplar parameter fmalved. Such am Gsswmbhen ty Calli @ stab shtel hybethesis bohach way vr may mot be Are There cro tuo tuber of hybotnesi | (A) Nault hypotta's Ce Altecnative My pstheara (@) Nuk hypothesis: gn deat of hypelheis, we always begin with am assumphion or hypothesis (Ce assumed vale a populehin farametr). Ths is Glled Nutt hybdhesra Tf Hypothesis which 4a Heated fir porsible pajechon unde ty olution Ars Uk ta baw fe Tf we want det He hypetres thet Ay ontan of fa papi on Seg taken (ea Ae ican ty ll apes He a Ale Me | (6) Abtenake Hypothears ‘Ang hy pothears Alittent from null hypothest (Ho) Gltel Afernale hypthiis and durmbecl by Hy.| ie Taw hypathesis fle amd Hy ane such thot iy ore a @) ACrebred | dhe ober iy Yom mes secyeched and ute Versa, Arde cmd ) Atonate hyboHsin amay be one “Fda (Ce Mrte COA RUS ys Noe G oy LHe) or (Ay Meh, 2 Tipe T ml Tife TE _Buvons a) Tybe I Ewer : is Tacle when we suject the mult trypoth esis Ho though it ps Fue. P(E) = x — (probabibity af naping type Z Exvr) [~ & ( Poobabilily af rmahing Grrect election) (a) Type IL Grown 2 mode when we accept tHe Tut hypothes a thaw, it sa false. PlEs) =B (foorabidly of making type ID Brren/ Thm I-f Correct lection Then Te Accept Ho Grek dec! Sion To Ryect Ho "Tepe E Gre o> [ira a) aapittowres ae ete pet Aignch comes with which pe acupt or seeject a parhoular boy pothesis « tee develo iy wife FT]. BM ch impli @ +habeur deciwen orowd £6 Correct (P te exbwt of qs. u mo LOS. 14 pire we alusays dipe Xa SH.¥ z A4 Pasame eubishes : rg i I ere ed the pepeulatien Auth ab mean, Varuance Lhe pancimetenrs population amneam ele. ane kmoum os amd Glendand byjalionw eee, eet a? da yanioncen § to hihl ened af the sample ou Given by 30 amd s? $+ Stomoland Exner» (8:6) dH plays an aknperbunt Hele ae the Hreery gf Sarge samples aml il farms a bodre of He Healing af hypethen's, HF & amy dlahishe, fer fans, sample z= b= El) yy marrrally clibhibettel wits S-ElvD mon O ord yortoma |, Ht Few fary sample, the Atomcloncl orneracy dome of He well Kren thatshe are Liakd below: N= Samp Alge o-* = population Varu'emce 2 S22 Sambe Voriony — p= pohulehin proporhen b= I—P Stab ste Seandard err i ~ a fs 2 Ss 2n 3. Didfeune of due semble co. = qneoms (H- Be) ny ne = 2 4. Differs of Au8 Zormple x +z SD (G-S2) Differ ce of A sample br 61 + Bo beh bats (pi-P) n figs6 Chseived Sample ahs booperttin. P bo Bape tort Maman a (8) Tat Y Siymiticame ’ An impartial? aspect af Sempli ng Thesng 4 do Atyoly the Hee oy Algriticance, which unl erable us fo clecidle on the basis af the suaule of ty Aorpie , rwhether + ) Cortreat Region: A Pugin Carresmoling, £8 & Atect she bun Hy damp Spay S which amount to ney ection af Lhe mull hypothe fay is Called os Gatical Rigrn or SUyion of Fefechion,, (3) Tew Tacled amd one Taked Text: A tor of any L ve hypothesis 2s Stahscal hypotheais prhars 4 altemetbe hyp erpresid dy HY aymbod (<) ox He Symbel C7) 2 Glhol1 Cahal Vales ; ° X= 0-10 Ke Of Keel he URS ( One Heated Test ) pad fuga 233 erty) 128 ii « o aes (HSS ae a. 3's ia ener whe acdsee (uw tek Test) = - a he ie 8 28! pothel 4 He Privedun ef tethry aca! UD Ser up o Nut! hay pothes! 2) Ser upa Suifasle Bevel q) Signi freane 3) Set ub o Suitable fest of stchatle 4) dong mecusarry Calewlation SJ Mofuims dect ain Applica tn of Teak Sore ling Tesh (A) For Aarge domple Cr) Tek of fry pothesis dor gratatc paar S& jhe — pe Sombie fooprtn Pe Population prupertion. Sh = Gferdond oer Y pnobortron pospltel 41S Female omd 525 male babies Gonfrrm te byprthus'a of Hypethests [ma Algnificanee / (n> 30) pleut pebulotin p ropertion . 2 Im 4 wer bron @ im oO week, dd these Pare thet male femalo oe born aim equal number. G1 Samople probertim g, HIS 2 HIS lowFe Peputhliony linn Pe aS om Pe Ls So 6 Nutt hypothesis Hos Rat 2 bron jin eta cual mumber, Altermahive hypothesis Hy: PE 2 sane eae +0158 looo | SE Toler | O1ge i Ar 7 E = 18 El sed of sipniticancs te cinical vals of 2 fer how daitid fat = 1°96 Zesteutsed << Corie vedy Z Hene we Accept tv Ho. This means £hal- rales ae fermelis ane bern im equel Rere HE Test Aypothesrs algut Av cltffernn between ‘has paporipireti fu sampla xy ard Ka lye Ny cred ny 2UAbt teen Foeen icioe olapbauete pelts Te teal ERS” alpeifinanee fro cli ffeunee behrcen He sormble propertiia by ound by, The jut stette under 4 sul bypothus's Ho, Prat thane Le mo sprificart clifton beluern the hoe sembu proportion, we have ge PrP okow Pe tut tohe, mtn J? (ara) ge I-Pce Jonge pSfulotins bine are 307" amd oy. D susjectivety gf feur haved peop. Hris olt'fference ALipely fo be ficlelem an sermplua ef 1200 omd Jaro sesbechely from fe de pepulabiens , Si. py = Bef = 703 py= 257 rors m= [200 ne = Foo Q, = 0-7 Qa OTs hypothesis, Ho * pizba Ce te offeune 4 poputett on probutim is fipely to be Alternotive hypethest4 5 Nutt Rudden > porn pli5: fy: bt Pe & parla te) Zl= py be 7 [25374 a (Fe! ot GB] bul 4 sprificare, the Cortical voluus yZHI-F 4. Conclusion BL PEAS, ne Sign) Plead vedas of zat Sf: Level of signin, Hy a» Majeckol. However [2122-8 te ign fico wl yf 2 ot (ft favel of alge’ Preame - He accebled « Ae st devel Hee Bormpur onl sewveed de cifferone wy Ae population proparch'on, ft Test of _bybthale about japulation Mean Le Th dur xy hy pothesis Gncemning popuebiin mean Lt a case ef Lamy damble puguras te ude of mormal, olt's bibuhin, ar Xe Hy nto of dary dombls a aie on clnauin from arora) pabulion Ahn mean oon Sheecland dado To fuk tu hypothssia that populatrin mean, A haa ; oe?Speci fied value , the appaoberiele dat stuties to be @ used *elzls Ned o& Seq% Glordand X= Sample mean , Me popatotlen maan 9 °% SUor a) mean, Ex: eke Th AVERAGE rans ie ts Y @ gamble of | oD Atuden’ wos 5] with o SP y 6 merps, Could Hun fave been 0 ordem Aamble from a population with average maths 50 Sm melo Re Se S26 HF Soo umkneun Ho: The Gamble is cbtawn from a population ith omen So, beso ms We £0 [ole Re bo ws unlenom, Su SD Sip Z [eS : [Be Hhheg | 6 “Ge jthe significant valu a 2 at St Sing [2] = hae Str Ls aceebleo cie He dampu -t Dovel of sign frames, He, altawn fim fhe poplohin sith ream So, fE Test of hypo tress about cUfteume berseen tu Population Means Lt Ky ome Fy be He Bample means of Aer imelebrclont Homdem sambles af Lang sien TM, om my dxawn fron fun puputationn having means Ll, omd Ma and 6D ondf and oa. To feat pohuther the teow proportion means om @ egua vy nét, fet = (%- = (Au Ae) (Alper 1a le S ER & K,= Mom ap | Samp «Ky = Peaned 274 sample. SEgy~ = SE of Ae clifton. oy tuo means. By Tintelligine feats wer given fo due grees od trys Gnd grxls. g ee Io loo Eromin if AY cliffounce belween mean aeons is apritione gin nebo Be asi sir 8 ni (om Fr 13 S2=lo aut hypotaesis Hes Mele he thew ne agri Kcomk difteune bebween AWwO mmeame aE « Mfematte hypotasia Hy! Mura, (Tow Tele Terk) z= Kir [21 Fa Sag 7 pie oe Jucoter = (4876 Jule js -| = 1-392 hysts Joye sie < O96e Aceeht ult hypotren’sA Tur af slg fe ot | An Pew for the Di & sclavieaiiess Heian 1 om Ih S; ond So ae the SD eof stew (melepemclont tanbles ge thy semble then umder Abe null hypothe s Hy) T= Bhaundend clivich'ons olon't liffew significantly, Akahyhic fete [Sica) tw fest z 2) zn) * 2n, 1g population SD Is moh Known dh Jere | Si-S2) Se ae Em 2M, Ex. Th moon yield of tem ae ef pls omd abel Varlabisity ane 04 gi Ce) Whether Ah cliffeene am of plob dy Ayni ficamt the chifteunt wh He Veswabicity an eles yen exaruint, ths mean pied of fu 1h (fi) huther dis Significant « Gok ef 60 lols 24s 4b [seg tobe | pe Soomple masa ote mat Mais th ee Nutt hypothes! 4 clifter aignificomty, Nitewatie. fypothea’s Hi! as M tA og [2 pieet (243) has Seek foe Soe TE 6 4 784 Bee = eeAr sf to Level a, J el af syn ficance Z z wih 7196 (a) Je]e14 6 [zleale 6 Null hypethars eefech at at ST Livel0-5 (in) Nua bypethesrs fas op =o 2 Hi (Ae Jzle = [sty [al 5 Baye = yb” Si 2 = Se Se [ist , 784 ane go 122 ajc TAe toast bypotite secabind ot SEATS Fe TH a] diynificony 4 Spall Sombler. (nea) TH TEST Te “pysfoa bublon ; Student ’S They 8 gral dombe sei pane en te Chamdoad Goer ad the Aovplé “ghabistie pod wath ths table Vols The Coleutates yolue of tb Om ot covtan specific evel [he number Pnclep ence pepe of Peet “ jn colle digests of feaslem. of ebsrveb'ors fe number patd them. de dupimad 9 4 yusbichons mb Application of ie : cyl hypothe’ alrouk #W population Mean Lorbe At js srolh)file [e#] mn phere Go Meri fed SD ed the Sormple, N= iat cf dhe domplr. So Computed by (a) hen clevah'en ate tupen forme th actual Mian, Es yee eo (b) When actual Mean 2s 1 farchin omd cliviahind ane Anton from assumed Mean : i: pean d= X-A n-l (9) phon svmb SD ta given oe fe wet: Degree freedom V= n-l Be A Sampy yf 7° ytems ‘hos man ian omel op Sub feat He hypothesis fhok if 44 @ atamcom dane pom mnermal population with mean Sd YS unis, ou pede pert Aer ye pote 1dbF Hoi we 4s be Prev 42 ne Align hicamt dt tt between yy sompy mmean ond populahim neem, Hy. Mae SE unter Hy felt intithic by te ss 28 [oP 263) m-l 204 ge SIDF ee [Ref of EB es eats ! [z| [7 Ja ®The Tabutated yale af t at St Level of Significane (>) fo 19 at wo t = 209 Ovs tho hypothesis Hy dt perfected , Hl> foe de Test Il Teak fee clifference af means of Toro areodl pews Samples (From a normol fopulotin,) Lhe Aur Aompler This tat & Used 40 fuk whether Alge My, 2 have de dawn Uke - dn, chvel, from ure normal pepstatin with aan Li areal Ho, Pespehirele Le ausumption that the population vertome on eget Xm, Buds © under (92525) Ho: Au = Ae Alternet hybitheds Hy) Ay ey [x- ¥1 (metm-*) degree of fecolorm 6 fz ait Me litle Mise 1 gh the te omple stemslancl obrviakions $140 04 Qirem then we hare Cre MHF MSP mt ne [e¥] lel = ——— éf Sh Ss a! 2 Tf ne m=n Se the pore yf Vols ov we to way amenated We Com't ux the feat stahshi aa gin tm mole 2. be ol Goce es Shin ine Kirt c Ren k aA Corka'n Shirmulug aolmnsstencd tH 24th Y (2 fotind @) cuesulldel an He following owe cf Blooel preaswu ; 5208 WH 1-8 WS 0, 46, Com ik be Comelacled Hate the Shimuclus u'll ain Jmol be ‘ acCompatmd b (CUASL Wr bheorl foxomure ve SI" Hy: Meo H, » Ayo : at [tl = | o rn t (m1. guy heedem ) fat Te Seatdt (taro Layeinit Tt07tts —_r ca ee = 2-583 G2 Sd? g* =- : ie ies 24 ea ( + Se One (2) 4 [4 Ot Pee?) = BeITy, Ge 2897 ie ese 2583 Jil 5 2-997 —_— meen Ss 24957) Um noe (a= un (4ef) fe vel, 0 > far tuo tathed fet > 9-2 Sf Jur a2 Hy & pajecteel Ce the SHmulus docs nor jnouan He blood Prenvr. The Shmeclist sin emeral ill met be aceombarned >, ferent six Heol dg J pressure.(cH: SADARE TEST. (y fat) @ Thas Sek bs Gbplitable 40 4 very Large number pooblems um paachet whch Com be Summed Up Loner tne follwing fe acls : (1) 7? fe on a fab for pepleation vortionee (2)? fab as 0 nen poramebte feat. |. Ger mubl bypethess Hy! oo Ge [w o2e) amd Hy 1 ot >ey” (0) Gompule U7 by watigg one ef ds follor'rg formals: yee 5 OR 1S ow (nS 2 oo Ge - wine eh Se =(K-Ky ons" 5(x-®)* n” af Freecom Vm n-l . ui gory 4 2B 20 fom a normal populahrw aa a py be Tat gives 0 goraple ambown 4 yr ond dompu SD “f to pypetnens thal he populotin SD 2 cleanly Tits eabancdltorpaitn. yD ga alles ree ard the Jevel of Aigitcame adopheal sex(tes aust Dio. ihe 422 S26 se a6 TR Te'sd) Het oe] ond Hy 7d (Pipate tothe to yee (mis* 2 WS 20%36 _ 9.99 Seaete P ae Ve 20-1 = 19 Das a 3,0) = Jor]2 Seer & Since M tester TT teedte vaulias WE accept He omal Conclude that £hs population SD aq 2 2. HX tert _as_a non _paramehre Ter ciicbae ee eR NONT: : Cas a fab af Qovelmus oy ft 17 peat determina how well thecrch'cat qestributions — (such a4 Bénomval, bom ) fit He empirteal distributions (Ve shese Obtained frem ample lata), (i) dub null hy potheser (2) Callented = "= z [e2"] & O= bserreel foquency Eee Expecteot Frequency oe le Nu (3) depus a freedom Vr MT Tobe of ols Pi bution | Constraints no of Grafts | Dy y dretsom [ Bimomniol oltdt buhin Tol fy] | nol Tote Fo eS Arrthinadie- mean e2 ee ™ 2 Portsion ” g. Normal olishibutin | vn, K, & ‘. Condit for stg tee ; wc) mice tote freqpeny 4 Aas (n750) i , inelepenal ont, (in) The damp chscrvahing ae Im , eee Gig The Grutrarnls on th (olt freyuamede, Yon,Fed ack of 5 Cos Lbs tassel 320v times oma then, @ ti} Aeacls clppearimg eae dime is noted, Tho result oro Siren belsw Remo lo [pe [2 ffs squemy | gy [570 [iow | ov [Se | So pete [Se |r ee Teak ‘the hypothesis that He (ots are Wnbaraee. Sin pes Ne 32m Pre 4u-t fer us rahe Null frypothesrs that the COs ant lumbar PH) = p(x) = Mcphee 0, 23 HF x P(x) = Nx My ph gt ™ Ey oS. ig Syd 2 ee 3 Jowo 4 5e0 5 ao eve teen ee Abblying 37- tak: s 2 gre 2 (oc-Fe) 54 & Ye mete be & x Ves Qos aay 2 > fall vol we pebfeck the “mull hypotheas« Coleutoed : (1) Potato a Tat 34 Linelabemdimer of Altai betes This text emables abbibules are cysecioled og imcuberclewt y one amohher.(1) Set fp nude bypethess that fy -tum atrbutes (en, (® eh eivand Gull af fever) are tnelthonclont cp Expecktl fequenty RIgICe fie Rew Tort Cx Column Tete, Ne Totes me of oben, fn 1 Oe | y- EC z WO ayen of Feeslon ye Cea Ex A sample g 200 beens a “[oes Aelecled , ub- af thi ae and bther wou not, The susulh wor lesenved os Flless: Hs deg fas beer effeche win Curuny Hr Teak whether olisear. &, = Ioxlt?. 60 200 i ex. fop-E )* Oe aa (0-60 ages a oe “46 ¢ ! 5 (ok). Dea a ve Qe 2 38 Pee hs cee Nectasate “Gost —Acoegt ths rubt hypothen's