Civil Engineering Railway, Airport, Dock, Harbour & Tunelling Engineering Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions MADE ERSYLa ee) MADE EASY Publications Corporate Otfce: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metto Station), New Delhi-t10016 E-mail infomep@madeeasy in ‘Contact: 011-45124660, 8860378007 Visit us at: wwww.madeeasypubliations.org Railway, Airport, Dock, Harbour & Tunelling Engineering © Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications, All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, Photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above ‘mentioned publisher of this book. First Edition: 2015 Second Edition: 2016 Third Edition: 2017 Fourth Edition: 2018 © Alghts reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS, No part of his bok may be reproduced owed in any fom without the ten perension fo the publisher ee worseContents Railway, Airport, Dock, Harbour & Tunelling Engineering Chapter 1 Railway Track 1.1 nection : 1.2 Requirements of an Ideal Permanent Way swnsnnn 1 13. Gauge of Railway Track. 2 14 LoadTiansfer on a Railway Track 2 1S RallwayTrack Cr085-5eCtION cn 3 1.6 Coning of Wheels and Canting of Rails. (Cblecive brah eases ee Chapter 2 Rails .. 9 2A Introduction vu 22. Rail Sections... 23. Wear in Rails, 24 Hogged Ralls. — 14 25 Buckling Of RAIS ennninninnnrnnnnnnne 26 Welding of Ralemnnsn 14 Objective Bain Teasers. é 16 Chapter 3 Sleepers seve 3.1 Function of Sleepers. vented 3.2. Requirements of Sleepers. 19 3.3. Sleeper Density and Spacing of Sleepers. 19 2) ies0l Sleepers eee eertag Objective Brain Teasers - 26 (iii) Chapter 4 Ballast and Formation. 4.1 Ballast andi’ Functions... 42. Characteristics of Good Ballast o.com 43 Specification Of Ballastnnnmnnnnnnmnan 44 Keywords Related to Ballas. 4S Formation andits Function... 46 Subgrade Improvement... = 32 Objective Bain Teasers. ss Chapter 5 Tracks Fastenings 5.1 ail to Rall Fastening 5.2. Ways of Fastenings.. cen T 5.3 Rail to Wooden Sleeper Fastenings.. 39 5.4 Rail to Steel Sleeper Fastenings..... ne) 55 RalltoCl Sleeper Fasteningennnnwen 42 56 Elastic Fasteningsnnnnnnnnn Objective Brin Teasers Ms Chapter 6 Points and Crossings 61 TOU enn . 46 62. Points (or Switch Assembly) AT 63. Crossings... oA 64. Track Junctions (or Crossovers). a) Objective Bain TSE unnenn 7)Chapter 7 Station Yard Layout and Equipment TA. allay Station nn 7.2 Layoutof Simple Wayside Station on Single Line, Double Line and Simple Junction, 73 Yards on 74 Equipments... Objective Brain Teasers. Chapter 8 Train Resistance and Power of a Locomotive 81 Traction 8.2. Resistance to Traction 83. Hauling Capacity of a Locomoti® mince] 84 Tractve Efort nn. Objective Brain Teaser Chapter 9 Geometric Design.. 9.1. Speed ofthe Trin. 9.2 CuVeS sn 93. Superelevation... 9.4 Transition Curve and Widening of Track 85 95. Vertical Curves and Gradients. Objective rain eases. 0 Chapter 10 Signals and Interlocking YON SignAls. ens ees 10.2 Engineering Principles of Signalling 8B 103 Classification Of Sigh@lSmmnnnnnnnnninnan 104 Interlocking. 99 Objective Brain T2082 msn 101 Chapter 1 port 1A Altport.. 1.2 Aircraft Components... sevens VOB. 13 Alteraft-Charaterstcs omen 104 Objective Brain Teasers. Chapter 2 Airport Planning 21 Aispot Se Seti nn 22. Surveysfor Site Selection. 23. Airport Obstruction and Runway Orientation sn 108 fiy) 23:1. Zoning Laws. 232 Classification of Obstruction . Objective Brain Teasers... Chapter 3 Runway Design 1B 3.1 Runway Orientaton.. 13 4.2 Cross Wind Component and Wind Coverage vem 113, 3.2.1 Wind Coverage 13 33. Wind Rose.. 14 34 Basic Runway Length (BRL). 115 35. Correction for Elevation, Temperature and Gradlent...115 Objective Brain Teasers. 120| 11 1.2 CHAPTER Railway Track Introduction + Railway track is a combination of rails, fitted on sleeper * Essential function of railway track is to support and quide the vehicles that run over it. * The conventional railway track consists of two tails located ‘at fixed distance apart, The pressure exerted over by the rails isin turn transmitted to the formation with the help of sleepers and ballast. * Railway track is also known as permanent way. and resting on ballast and subgrade, + Thename permanent way is given to distinguish the final layout of the track from temporary tracks, ‘Temporary tracks are laid for conveyance of earth and materials during construction works. * Ina permanent way, rails are joined in series by fish plates and bolts and then they are fixed to sleepers hy different types of fastenings. Ballast shoulder, a “7 cue) | Slsopar (ete) Balt & a ‘Subsoil or Natural Ground Fig. 1.1 Typical cross-section ofa permanent wayonemibankment sleep * This layer of b roperly spaced, resting on ballast, are suitably packed and fixed with ballast. 3t rests on the prepared subgrade called the formation, Requirements of an Ideal Permanent Way Following are the basic requirements of an ideal permanent way (The gauge should be uniform and correct. (i) Both the rails should be at the same level in a straight track (ii) On curves, proper superelevation should be provided tothe outer rail (iv) Track should have enough lateral strength MADE EASY2 1,3 | Civil Engineering © Railway Engineering MADE EASY | = Publications (v) Track must have certain amount of elasticity (vi) Radi and superelevation, provided on curves, should be properly designed. (vil) Alljoints, points and crossings should be properly designed. (vill) Drainage system should be perfect. (%) Itshould have adequate provision of easy renewals and repairs. (x) The components of rack .e., rail, fitings, sleepers, ballast must fully satisfy requirement for which they are provided. Gauge of Railway Track The gauge of a railway track is the clear distance between the running or gauge faces of the two rails, "NOTE: These running faces are the inner faces ofthe rails in India, we have three types of gauges (Broad Gauge (BG) + 1676 mm (5 ft. 6 inches) (i) Metre Gauge (MG) + 1000 mm (3 ft. 3.975 inches) (ii) Narrow Gauge (NG) 762 mm (2 tt. 6 inch) 610 mm (2 ft) A larger gauge has the advantage of greater traffic capacity, speed and safety. However, itrequires flatter gradients and curves 610 mmis for feeder traok gauge. 1.4 Factors responsible for selection of gauge: () Costof construction... (i), ..Volume and nature of traffic. (iii) Development of under developed area (iv) Physical features of the country () Speed of vehicle movernent Load Transfer on a Railway Track + Allthe components of a P-way are required to transfer the roling lad to the subgrade while maintaining the proper position, + Rail acts as girders to transmit wheel load to sleeper. * Sleeper holds the rail in correct alignment and transmit the load to ballast. * Ballast distributes load over formation known as subgrade and finally to natural soil on groundMADE EASY Railway Track Publications =n Narrow Gauge 610 mm, 2 ft Narrow Gauges ‘Meter Gauge <1435 mm, 1000 mm, 3 ft. 3.375in. Standard Gauge 1496 mm, 4 f. 8.5 in Broad Gauges: >1435 mm Broad Gauge 1676 mm.5 f.8in trm6s) 4 ' (6.5) | Permanent land “Temporary and for narrow pits ‘The cross-section of a 8.G. Track in Embankment (On straight track) “MADE EASY — (eepecte PublestionsMADE EASY Pubtications 4 | Givil Engineering © Railway Engineering Permanent land (21.6 + 3 Dopth of euting + spol bank) 125m + Depth of cuting ‘The cross-section of a B.G. Track in cutting for double fine (On straight tack) ‘Suiper Elevation SE) stack gauge Catch water drain Indleator Formation Cates” ‘rem | Track contact“ Tom snctte (Tat as | sm 18) 3tam |) 435m (19-3") (4-87) 075m 5) Balas cishion MADE EASY : | | | iMADE EASY sree Publcations a _—fetwaytak | 5 ™ Spacing + extra aaa a ifroqulreg Cateh water crain | Super elevation Catch water ‘rain ‘The cross-section of a B.G. Track for double line in Cutting (On Curved Track) Fig. 1.3 1.6 Coning of Wheels and Canting of Rails 1.6.1 Coning of Wheels a (ii) (i) The tread or rim of railway vehicles are not made flat but are sloped and this sloping surface along the circumference forms part of a cone (with a slope of about 1 in 20). This is known as coning of wheels, On straight and level track, the wheel remains central and circumference of treads of both wheels, are equal On the level track as the axle moves towards one rail, the diameter of wheel tread over the rail increase while it decreases over the other rail. This prevents the further movement of axle retreat back to original position with equal diameters and equal pressure on both rails. Coning of Whee! Treads Whee centrally Larger diameter of ‘Smaller diameter of placed on ral Cone an Outside Rall cone on Inside ral \ Straight Track Right curve Fig. 14 MRODE EASY6 Civil Engineering © Railway Engineering MADE ERSY Publications (iv) On curved track, outer wheet has to travel greater length than the inner wheel. Vehicle on a curve has the tendency to move sideways towards the outer rail, so the circumference: of the tread on the outer rail towards inner edge of the wheel becomes greater than that on the inner rail. This helps outer rail to cover a greater distance than the inner rail. (W)_ Conicity of whee! = angle between wheel tread and horizontal axis of axle. 1.6.2. Advantages of Coning of Wheel + Ithelps vehicle to negotiate curves smoothly. © Tokeep the train just in central position in a level track. © Toprovide for possibility of lateral movement of axle with its wheels. ‘* To prevent wheels from slipping to some extent. ‘© Itreduces wear and tear of the wheel flanges. 1.6.3 Disadvantages of Coning of Wheel © The pressure: of the horizontal component of the force | nearthe inner € ig ‘of the rail has a tendency to wear the rail quickly, The horizontal ‘component of the force tends to. tum ther rall outwards and hence the gauge is widened sometimes. “ ‘+ If no base plates are provided, sleepers under tha outer edge of the rail may get damaged. 1.64 Canting of Ralls «In order to minimize the eisadvantages due to coning of wheels, canting of als is done which means that als are not ld flat but are tited inwards, © This reduces w | ee, + Tiling of ras can be achieved by (i) Adzing of sleepers (i) Use of cantad:base plate 1.6.5 Adzing of Sleepers ‘© Agroove (having angle of 1 in 20) is being cut on the top of the Sleepers. The rail is being seated into this groove in such a manner that it remains fixed in his location. ‘+ This sort of angle making in sleepers so as to seat the ral is known as adzing of sleepers. 120 1:20 Tovertcal Tovetical MADE EASY Publications eeMADE EASY Publications == Railway Track 7 Q.1. Which of the following facies overnte choice of the gauge? (i) volume and nature of traffic (ii) speed of train The correct answar is (a) only (i) (c) both (i) and (ii) Q.2 For developing thinly popul choice of gauge is (a) Broad Gauge (c) Narrow Gauge {o)) Metre Gauge (@) anyoftheabove Q.3._ The formation width fora single linemetre gauge. track in embankment as adopted on Indian Railways is () 427m (©) 488m (© 549m () 610m § Q.4 The side slope of embankments for a railway track is generally taken as fa 1:1 () 1594 () 2:1 () 1:2 The formation width for a double line Broad Gauge track in cutting (excluding drains) as adopted (on Indian Railways is (@) 610m (©) 10.21m () 884m (d) 10.82m MADE ERSY Poblieations Q.6 The read of wheels is provided an outward slope of (@) 1in10 (b) Vin 15 (@) 1020 (a) 1in25 Q.7 Wheels of rolling stock are provided flanges on (@) outer side (0) inner side (© both (0) neither side QB. Coning of wheels is provided (a) to check lateral movement of wheels _(b) to avoid damage to inner faces of rails (c) to avoid discomfort to passengers (@) All the above Q.9 For providing the required tit of ails, adzing of wooden sleepers, is done for (@) bull headed rails (b) double headed rails (©) lat footed rails (Q) any type of rails Q.10 Check rails are provided on inner side of inner rails it sharpness of a B.G. curve, is more than @e (bo) 8 () Oe Q.11 Therail section which is notused on Indian Broad Gauge tracks, is (@) 35A () 45R (b) 40R (d) 55Rg | CivilEngineering @ Railway Engineering ene Q.12 Therail section whichis not used on Indian metre List-| gauge tracks, is A. NER (@) 25R (b) 30R B. ER (©) 35R (d) 40R C. SCR Q.13 Inindia the rails are manufactured by ene (2) open hearth process Codes: (0) duplex process a (e) both (a) and (b) 12 (@) neither (2) nor (b) a Q.14 In Indian railways, the ratio of axle load and ©) 32 weight of ral, is, (d) 43 (a) 312 (o) 412 {c) 512 (@) 600 1. (d) 2 Q.15 Match List-! (Railway zone) with List-ll (gy 7, (Headquarters) and select the correct answer by e 41, (b) 12. using codes given below the lists: MADE EASY Publica MABE EASY cote neem PUbHERtONS n+ neO aoeso Answers {e) 3. (b) (b) 8. (a) (a) 13. (c) List-II Calcutta Gorakhpur ‘Maligaon (Guwahati) ‘Secunderabad 4. (0) 5. (c) 9. (6) 10. (a) 14, (0) 18. (b) minnie1 CHAPTER Rails 24 243 Introduction * Rails on the track can be considered as steel girders for the purpose of carrying axle load. * Rails are made of high carbon steel towithstand wear and tear. * Rails are member of a railway track laid in two parallellines. Functions of Rails Rails serves the following purpose (0) Provides a continuous and levelled surface (for movement of heavy axle loads, in order to avoid hazardous condition due to induction of stresses or moments). (il) Provides a smooth surface (to keep friction between the rails and wheels to a minimu (ii) Bears the stresses due to heavy vertical loads, lateral forces, breaking forces and thermal effect (rails should be able to bear the stresses without failure). (iv) Should transmitload to a greater area below (load is transmitted from rail to sleeper and consequently reduces pressure on ballast and formation below). (¥) Provides a material which resist w aring out and failure, Composition of Rail Stee! ‘* Rails are generally made by open hearth process. * Rail steel is composed of C, Mn, Si, S, P * For ordinary rail, high cabon steel is used. * — For rails on points and crossings, medium carbon steel is used. Requirements of Rails Rail should meet the following requirements: @ "roper composition of (i) Sufficient vertical and (ili) Deep and hard wearing surface of head. (iv) Sufficient web thickness. (v) Sufficient foot thickness and foot width. Balanced distribution of material of rail in head, web and foot, Centre of gravity of rail section should be approximately MADE EASY fines, won madeeasypubleatonsc10 Civil Engineering ¢ Railway Engineering MADE EASY 3 on mene PURO (vi) Sutficient fillet radi ! (ix) Tensile strength of rail piece > 72 kg/m? i (Rail specimen should satisfy "Falling Weight Test” or "Tup Test” i 2.2 Rail Sections | 1 2.2.1 Types of Rail Sections The types of rail section which have been tried so far for constructing railway tracks are as follows: (Double headed rails (D. H. Rails) (i) Bull headed rails (B. H. Rails) (ii) Flat footed rail (FF. Rails) (i) Double headed rails (D. H. Rails) ‘© These rails indicate the early stage of development. + Itmainly consists of three parts (a) Upper table (b) Web (c) Lower table * — Itconsists. of three parts (a) Tea (b) Web (c) Foot i © The foot a base (as the name, “Flat Footed’ suggests) © About 9 © In india, i "Tybee OF Rall Séctioné [687 on 16.87 emi b= 700041 6.3504 Fig. 2.4 rennetMADE EASY Rails jaa Publications mwa Advantages of Flat Footed Rails: No requirement of chairs or keys (as the foot of the rail is directly spiked to the sleepers) This form of rails stiffer both vertically and laterally then the full headed rail of equal weight. Less liable to develop kinks (maintain a more regular top surface than the full headed rails) More cheaper than the B.H. Rails Distributes the train load over a large number of sleepers (this results in greater track stability) Disadvantage of Flat Footed Rails: Due to impact of rolling wheel loads, fiting get loosened more frequently. NOTE: In india, standard lengthof rails are 12.60 mor B.G. and 11.89 m for mater gauge. 2.2.2 Details of Standard Rail Section ‘Types of sections in use wo (i) British Rallways (RBS sections-Revised British Standard specification) (a) 75R(75 Ibsiyd) (pb) 90R (90 Ibsiyd) (©) 115R (115itbsiyd) Indian Railways (@) 60 kg/m (UIC section-Union Intemationale des Chemins de fer o international Union of Raiways) — suitable for speed upto 160 kmph, (©) 52kgim (IRS section-Indian Railway Standard) — suitable for speed upto 130 kmph, ‘Types of sections in use in India (i) Rail section in Use. on BG (@) 60kgim [UIC] is 0) 52 koi tins] — (©) 90R (90 Ibiyd ~ 45 kg/m) [RBS] (0) Length-13m (ii) Rail section in use on MG (2) 90R (90 Ib/yd) (b) 757 (75 Ibiyd) (c) GOR (60 Ib/yd) (a) Length-12m (18 min case of 90R rails) (i) Ril Section in use on NG (a) 50R (50 Ib/yd) (b) Length-12m NOTE: Rails of larger length are preferred to smaller woe of rails as it gives more Elect ‘economy and. lesser number of ioints between two rails. 2.2.3. Selection of Rails Various considerations in selection of a rail section @ (o) () (a) (e) Gauge of track Heaviest axie load Maximum permissible speed Type and spacing of sleepers Depth of ballast cushion Maximum permissible wear on top of rails (5% of weight of rails is allowed) MADE EASY Publications12 | Civil Engineering ¢ way Engineering MADE EASY Publications ‘Thumb Rule: The relationship between weight of ral and heaviest axle load, which rails have to carry Maximum axle load = 560 x sectional weight of rail (in Ibs/yd or kg/m) Caloulate maximum axle load in tonnes @ For 60 kgim (0) For90R 2.3. Wear in Rails Wear is cne of the prominent defects of the rail Wear of the surface of the rail means either the top of the rail head or side of the rail head or end of, the railhead gets removed. 2.3.1 Major Reasons of the Wear 2.3.2 Ciassification of Wear is x Classification of wear can be done on the following basis: 0 (ii) Extraordinatily large load High speed trains Concentrated load which are exceeding the elastic lim Gap at the rail joints, 9 Slipping, skidding or striking of flanges on curves, Based on location through which rail BagSOR = Based on position of Following are section. (@) Sharp curves (due o application of centifugal force inthe outward direction) (b) Steep gradients (when trainis going up. extra, fig ieregulcaetin Pulling while in going down, extra efforts requited in pushing) : (©) Approaches to station (due to braking or aocelers (@)_Intunnels and coastal areas (due to humidity and weather effect) (e) Weak foundations (deformations of rails due to heavy load) Based on position of wear (On the basis of position, wear can be at the top ofthe rail head, or side of the rail head or end of the rail head. (a) Wear at the top of the rail head + Flow of metal (concentrated stress oxcoods the olastic limit and hence the plastic flow) ‘+ Bubbing action on the top of the rail head (because of movement of roling stock at that section) * Abrasive action/corrosive action (abrasive — due to rubbing action of different types of material) (cortosion-s more related towards the effect of weather or chemicals) MADE EASY Publeniens a the wearing of the railMADE ERSY Rails Publications ~~ 13 * Improper superelevation/centrfugal force (due to unbalanced forces on the inner and the outer rail section, there will be more stress at one location compared to another location, leading to wearing) * Slipping of wheels on curves. * Fluctuations in tracks (creates surface irregularities leading to discontinuity in the contact between wheel and rail and hence wearing occurs) * Lack of provisions of adzing of sleepers (leads to striking behaviour at the point of contact between wheel and the rail section) (b) Wear at the side of the rail head * Rigidity of wheel base (due to striking of the wheel flange on the inner side of the outer rail and inner side of the inner rail at the Jeading section or the trailing section leading to wear) + Slipping/skidding of wheel on curves (wheel tries to slip to the, equilibrium condition towards average diameter of the wheel leading to: wear) * Greater thrust on! inner rail (due to speed lesser than the equilibrium speed) | (c) Wear at the end of the rail head * Loose fish plates, fish bolts i { (due to relative movement of the rail sections, there isa striking behaviour of whee! on ral t head) + Heavyload speed (impact te at the end of the rail head will be high) + Effect of wide joints and openings (there is more contact between the whee! and the forward rallleading to wearing) * Difference in rail hsiahts at joints (hogging effect when whee! moves from higher level t6 lowerleVel while from lower level to. higher level, movement of the ral section isin forward direction due to horizontal component i of the force) 2.3.3 Permissible Limits of Vertical Wear Table2.1 a al aa ee | 8c Groupaas 8 | cures | 86 GroupcaD | 10 | 6 oem | ' 86 Gopass 6 val 86 Group C&D 8 sraigt | 8S x : MG. R 8 Measured at a distance of 13-15 mm below the rail top table. Profile of worn-out rail is recorded and ‘superimposed over a new profile to determine lateral wear MADE Ensy14 234 2.4 2.5 2.6 suc Civil Engineering ¢ Railway Engineering MADE EASY ce _— Publications i Prevention of Wear Following are the ways of preventing wear: + Bettermaintenance of track * Reducing number of joints * Use of heavier and higher UTS rail sections * Use of bearing plates (adzing of sleepers) | * Lubricating gauge face * Using check rails on sharp curves q * Track renewal + Interchanging inner and outer rails i * Welding or dehogging of battered ends '* Maintenance of correct gauge ' i Hogged Rails | () Due to battering action of wheels over the end of the rails, the rails. get bent down and get deflected == at the ends. (ii) This hogging at ends is due to loose packing Under the joints and/ar loose fish plate. Remedial Measures: a i ()_Hogged ends are cut-off and fresh holes for fixing fish plates are provided — cropping, Hogged rails are entirely replaced. (ii) Deflected ends are brought to level by welding Buckling of Rails © Itmeans track has gone out of its original alignment. Ballast, sleeper ahd rail sections must be check * — Providing steel sleeper + Provision of expansir| gap * * Not vary strong tightening of fish bolts. Welding of Rails The welding of rails is carried out in a depot of the “Flash butt welding” process and at site by the “Thermit Welding" process. In general, there are four welding method: (Gas pressure welding (ii) Electric are welding (or metal arc welding) (ii) Flash butt welding (iv) Thermitwelding ‘Types of Welded Track Welded tracks can be classified as short welded rails, long welded rails and continuous welded rails. (i) Short Welded Rais (SWR) * [tis awelded rail thet contracts and expands throughout its length; thus producing excessive thermal stresses, * Normally, 5 or 10 rail lengths are welded together. MADE EASY ——— PublicationsMADE EASY Rails Publications | ---nnen~soenstrmenennnin (i) iii) 15 + Short welded rails of more than 3 ral lengths produces higher thermal stresses, so these have been limited to 3 rail lengths, + Ithas a length upto 130 metres. Long Welded Rail (LWR) * tis awelded railthe central partof which does not undergo any longitudinal movernent due to temperature changes. ‘+ Along welded rail continues to expand at its end for a particular length tl adequate resisting forces gets developed towards the centre. + Astageis reached when at a particular length ofthe rail from its ends, the resistance offered by track structure becomes equal to thermal changes ‘+ There is no movernent of ral beyond this point ‘+ Alength greater than 250 m on B.G. and 500 mon M.G. will normally function as LWR, + _Themaximum length of LWR under indian conignsshalinormaly be restctedto one block section ‘+ Thelength at each end of the LWR (or CWR) whic account of temperature changes is called breathing length ‘+ Anexpansion joint installed at each end of LWR (or CWR) to permit expansion/contraction of the adjoining breathing lengths due to temperature ‘changes is. ealled switch expansion joint (SE). + Buller rails are sometimes provided in place of SEU at the end of LR (or CWA}. + Ithasa length upto 1000 metre Continuously Welded Rails (CWR) ca ed to expansion/contraction on + Itmay be of lenath greater than 1000 + Itontinues through station yards including pois and crossings. + Itrequires heavy maintenance, "7m g — Caan na Length Saitoh Expansion Joint ‘Sitch Expansion Joint Broathing Length a |___ peter tt ——al Fig.2.2 ‘© Rails are actually the steel girder for the purpose of carrying axle load. ‘+. Rails provide a continuous and levelled surface, bears stresses due to forces along various plane and due to thermal effects, PublicationsEngineering @ Railway Engineering MADE EASY Publications. Q.1 Twoimportant constituents inthe cornposion of QB 52kg rails are mostly used in steelusedforralare (@ BroadGauge —(b).- Metre Gauge (a) carbon andsiicon (©) NarowGauge — (d)_both(a)and (b) (o) manganese and phosphorous (©) carbon and manganese Q.7 Tensile strength of steel used in rails should not (q) carbon and sulphi fee nee be less than (@) 450MPa (b) S00MPa @.2_ Thestandard length ofallfor Broad Gauge and (6). 700MPa (@ ss0MPa Metre Gauge are ee a (@) 12mand 12m QB Head width of 52kg rail section is ) Fam and sm (a) 6temm——— (c) 13mand 12m (c) 67mm es (d) 72.33mm Sen rere eee eee _...., @9__ Ordinary rails are made of Q.3_ The following tests aré conducted for rails: {a) mild steel (b) castiron ())_ falling weight test (©) wroughtifon (d) high carbon steel (id) tensile test (ii) hammer test The compulsory tests are Q.10 The main function of a fish plate is (@) to join the two rails together (b) to join rails with the steeper , b) (and ® and (ii) a o and a (©) toallowrail to expand and contract freely (6) none ofthe above Q.4._Largest percentage of material in the rail isin its (@ head (b) web Q.11 Number of fish bolts per fish plate is (©) foot (@) heat and foot both 2 () 4 () 5 (d) 6 Q5_ The purpose of providing fillet in a rail section isto Q.12 Due to battering action of wheels over the end of (@) increase the lateral strenath the tals, the ails get bent down and are deflected (b) increase the vertical stiffness. at ends. These rails are called (0) avoid the stress concentration (@) roaring ails (b)_hogged rails (d) reduce the wear {e) comugatedrails (d)_ buckled railsMADE EASY Publications =~ Q.13 The slipping of driving wheels of locomotives on the rails surface causes (a) wheel bums (c) scabbing of rails (©) hogging of rails (a) corrugation of rails Q.14 The width of foot for 90 R rail section is. (@) 100mm. (b) 122.2mm (©) 136.5mm (6) 146.0mm Q.15 The height of the rail for 52 kg rail section is (a) 143mm () 156mm {c) 172mm () 129mm Q.16 The total gap on both sides between the inside edges of wheel flanges and gauge faces of the rail is kept as fa) 10mm, (bo) 13mm. (©) 16mm (@) 19mm Q.17 Ona single ail track, goods trains loaded with heavy iron material run starting from A to B and then empty wagons run from B to A. The amount of creep in the rails. (@) will be more in the direction of B to A {b) will be more in the direction of A to B (©) will be maximum atthe middle of A and B (d) cannot be determined f Q.18 Which one of the following rail failures is caused by loose fish bolts are expansion joints? (a) crushed head (0) angular break (©) splithead (@) transverse fissures Q.19 Wear of rails is maximum in (a) tangenttrack ——(b). sharp curve (©) tunnels (A) coastal area Q.20 Rail section first designed on Indian railways, was (a) double headed (b) bull headed (6) flat footed (a) (a) & (b) simultaneously. Q.21 Width of the top portion of a flat footed, rail, is (2) 69.85mm. (b) 63.50mm (©) 66.77mm {d) 136. 52mm MADE EASY Publication Q.22 Bull headed rails are generally provided on () points and crossing (©) straight tangents (©) curved tracks (d)_ metre gauge tracks Q.23 Weight and cross section ofthe rails are decided on (a) gauge of tracks (©) speed of trains, (©) spacing of sleepers (0) Allthe above 0.24 On Broad Gauge main lines with maximum traffic loads, the rail section preferredto, is (@) 29.81097.3 kg/m (b) 32.510 42.5 kg/om (©) 44.7 1056.8 kg/m (d) Noneof these Q.26 On indian Raliways standard length of rails for B.G. track, Is (2) 33f1(10.08m) (0),.39(11.89m) {b) 36ft (10.97 m) (d) 428t(12.8m) @ as (©) 391t(11.89m) () 361t(10.97 m) (a) 421(12.8m) Q.27 On'indian Railivays, the approximate weight of a rail section is determined from the formula, weightofthe rail 1. ‘axial load of locomotive ~ 10 py —_Meightof the rat 1 (©) Gaalload of locomotive ~ #10 ( —teishtatthe eal. 1 ) axaiload of locomotive 560 (a —elghtottne ral axial load of locomotive ~ 610 Q.28 The rails gatout of their original positions due to insufficient expansion gap. This phenomenon is known as (2) hogging {b) buckling (c) creeping (d) None of these18 | Civil Engineering @ Railway Engineering MADE ERSY Publications Q.29 Match List+ with List-II and select the correct Codes: answer by using codes given below the lists: A B CD List-I @ 4 = = 3 i A. Corrugated rails ) 3 1 2 4 B. Burrs @ 1 2 4 3 j C. Wear ofrails @ 3 a : 4 D. Flange bitten rails = List-I! oon 1, The top surface gets wom out 1c) 2. (ce) 8. (a) 4. (a) 5. () 2, The projection of rail on gauge side 6 (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10, (a) 3, The top surface develops alternate ridges 44, (b) 42. (b) 18. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) and hollows 4, Inner side of outer rail on the curve.Carrer} Sleepers 3.1 Function of Sleepers Main functions of sleepers are as follows: ()_Itholds the rail to correct gauge and alignment. (i) Itgives firm and even support to the rails (i) Ittransfer the load in a uniform way from rails to area of ballast. (iv) tacts as an elastic medium between rails and the ballast to absorb the blows and vibrations of | moving load. (Y) Itprovides fongtiin ad afr siabitly tothe permanent way. | ifsieer ic then the comets nnotang analy vec Ace iil become irregular in shape. os 3.2 Requirements of Sleepers (Initial cost as well as maintenance cost should be minimum (i) Ntshould be of moderate weight. (ii) Fixing and removing fastenings should be easy. (iv) There should be sufficient bearing area for ail the sleepers. So as to resist crushing due to rail seat. (¥)_ Maintenance shouldbe easy. (vi) Track circuiting should be possible. (vi) Anti-theft and anti-sabotage qualities should be present, (vil) It should be capable of resisting shocks and vibrations due to heavy loads. 3.3. Sleeper Density and Spacing of Sleepers * Sleeper density is the number of sleepers per unit rail length * tis specified as N+xor M42 where, Nor Mis length of rails in metres or yards, xis the number varying according to the factors F MADE EASY20 Civil Engineering ¢ Railway Engineering MADE EASY Publications * Fis afunciton of axle load and speed, type and section of rails, type and strength of sleepers, type of ballast and ballast cushion and nature of formation. * Spacing of sleeper is based on the sleeper density * Spacing of sleeper is kept uniform at iocation away from the rail joints whereas closer at location nearthe rail joints, ABG track has a sleeper density of n + 6. If the track is laid with welded rails of 26 m length. Find out the no, of sleepers required for constructing a railway track of 1690 m. Solution: Length of each rail = are 3m Given, sleeper density = n+ 6 Where nis the length of the rails in metres, : Sleeper density = 13 +6 = 19 : : Sleeper density. = 19 implies 19 sleepers per rail length, 3.4 Types of Sleepers § The sleeper which are mostly used in Indian Railways are () Wooden sleepers (i) Steel sleepers (i) Castiton sleepers (iv) Concrete sleepers 3.4.1 Wooden Sleepers * tis the most ideal type of sleeper and with passage of time its utility has not decreased * There are two categories of wooden sleepers () Hardwood sleepers ~» Sal, Teak etc. (i) Softwood steepers > Deodar, Chir ete. * Advantages of wooden sleeper (Cheap and easy to manufacture (i) Very useful for heavy loads and high speed trains (ii) Absorbs shocks and dampens vibrations properly MADE Ensy — Publestions od)MADE EASY Sleepers Publications m= 21 (iv) Can be handled easily without damage (¥)_ Alignment can be corrected easily (Vi) Can be used with or without ballast (vil) Most suitable for track circuiting (vi) Suitable in the areas having yielding formation * Disadvantages of wooden sleepers ()) Donotmaintain the gauge accurately (i) Easily develop cracks with beater packing (ii) Susceptible to fire hazards (iv) Ithas lesser lite due to wear, decay and attack by vermins (¥) Scrap value is low * The size of sleepers for B.G, M.G., N.G. as well as bearing area per sleeper is as follows: slesartn sa) Gauge | Size (in ems) | Bearing area per BG |275*28x13 5.00 MG | 180%20« 115 333 NG | t50x10x15 ‘+ Wooden sleepers requited for bridges and points and crossing: viz. 10” x 6” or 10" x7" : ar@ of thicker section. ie a © CSlis used to look at wooden sleepers, + CStis given by following formula, S+10H. 20 Where, $= General strength figure both for green and dry timber at 12% moisture content H= General hardness figure both for green and dry timber at 12% moisture content. * Minimum CS! prectibed on Indian Railways is as follows: (i) Track sleeper > 783 (i) Crossing sleeper > 1352 (i) Bridge sleeper > 1455 csi 34.2 Steel Sleepers About 20% of track on Indian Raiways is laid on steel sleepers. They are in the form of steel trough on which rails are fixed by keys or nuts or bolts. ‘Advantages of steel sleepers: (i) Easy maintainance and adjustment of gauge compared to other sleeper (i) Easy to handle (as they are light in weight compared to other sleepers) (iii) Simple process of manufacturing22 Civil Engineering _» Railway Engineering MADE EASY $$$ $$$ nnn Publications (iv) Longer tite (¥) Better lateral rigiity (vi). Free from decay and attack by vermins (vil) Not susceptible to fire hazards, (vil) Good scrap value Disadvantages of steel sleepers: ()Pronetocorrosion (i) Develop cracks at al seat or near lugs 1 (i) Unsuitable for track circuiting i (iv) Can only be used for type of rails for which it is manufactured i (¥)_ Develop the tendericy to become centre bound (because of slope at both ends) 3.4.2.1 KeyTypeSteel Sleepers In this type of sleepers, ugs or | jaws are pressed out of metal and keys. ie used for holding the rails. These are of two types: () Lug type Lugs are formed by pr on pressed lug type, (i) Loose jaw type 1e Metal af the channel section while lapse jaw type is an improvement, se sed for holding he rails, Cl sleepers are either of pot type or plate type Advantages of CI sie er Over (Lesser corrosion" (ii) Lesser liable to crack at rail seat. (ii) Easier to manufacture (iv) Higher scrap value (v)_ Retain alignment well due to keel at the bottom tel rough sleepers Disadvantages of Cl sleepers over steel trough sieepers (Gauge maintenance is difficult (as tie bar gets bent) (i) Afford lesser lateral stability (ii) Unsuitable for teck circuited lines (iv) More susceptible to breakage They are of following types: () Potsleepers (il) Plate sleepers (ii) CST9 sleepers (iv) Duplex rail ree joint seepers ‘MADE EASY __ ——— Publeations Bema)MADE EASY Stepes | 23 3.4.3.1 ClPot Sleepers Publicstions “=~ Gauge These consists of wo hollow bows or pots of circular or elliptical shape, placed inverted on the ballast section, Two pots are connected with the help of cotter and gib (the projecting arm). Rail is placed on the top of the pot in a rail seat with a cant of 1 in $v + 20 and is held in position with the ies fot te pet, help of a key. Fig. 3.1 It cannot be used on curves sharper than 4° on BG. Most of the fitings are hidden and then inspection and maintenance is quite dificult This has become obsolete now. 3.43.2 Plate Sleepers 3.4.3.3 CST9 Sleeper (Central Sta It consists of a plate with dimension of about 88.4.om x 30.5 om. It provides an effective bearing area of 0.282 sqm under each rail The plate is provided with a projecting rib underneath to have a Gfip in the ballast. Vertical stifners are provided diagonally on the top of the plate The plates are connected across the track by means of ate rod CST 9 stands for central standard 9 sleepers. ‘This name comes from.the different number of test which has been carried out in the laboratories of railways where different type of sections on different types of désigns related to cast iron sleeper has been tried. So, in this section, this is the 9th trial which has been successful. Ithas a triangular inverted pot on the either side of the ral seat, a plate with the projecting ri and a box on the top of the plate. The pieces are connected across the track by means of a rod. ‘A rail seat or chair is provided to hold the flat footed or bull headed rail respectively with 1 in 20-cant Salient features of CST9 sleepers are: () The tie baris fastened to the plate by means of four standard cotters, Small variation in gauges is corrected by means of cotters. (i) The rail seat has 1 in 20 cant and is only 11.4 em wide This narrow bearing tends to reduce the rocking of he sleeper plate under the wave motion of the rail, (i) A single two way key is provided by keying of the ballast in the two packets. MARE anata _Wssecraiigiones)24 | Civil Engineering © Railway Engineering MADE ERSY Publications (iv) Lateral stability is provided by keying up of the ballast in the two packets, Additional anchorage is provided by a keel provided centrally along the rail (V) Its bearing area is approximately equal to the bearing area of wooden sleepers, ___ 3.4.3.4 Duplex Rail Fre © Duplex rail free joi sleepers 344 Concrete Sleepers There are two types of concrete sleepers () Reinforced concrete sleepers (i) Pre-stressed conorete sleepers Reinforced concrete sleepers are of two types (Through type slespers (i) Composite tie type sleepers Prestressed conorete sleepers can eliminate the drawbacks of reinforced conorete sleepers. Inthis type, concrete is put under vey high initial compression. Ihe design of prestressed concrete sleeper is based on. () The maximum permissible compressive strength of 211 kg/m? i) Minimum cube crushing strength of concrete in the sleeper is 422 kg/cm? at 28 days (ii) Prestressed wires are stressed to an inital stress of 8.82 kg/om? A shock absorbing pad is provided at the rail seat to prevent concrete sleeper to disintegrate, and also to prevent hard riding, MADE EASY Publications.| | | MADE ERSY Sleepers | = Publications — 25 3.4.4.1 Through Type RCC Sleeper Also known one piece or mono block sleeper Cracks develop on the tension side when stressed, 3.4.4.2 Composite Tie Type Sleepers FERRER ie stcoper density for 2 86 track is Ne6, Find tho numbor ol sloopore required for 1 km of track length. It consists of two RCC blocks connected by a metal tie of inverted ection. These sleepers are not subjected to any degree of tensile stress as in through type. Solution: Length of a rail for a BG track = 12.8 mor sa Sleeper density is N+ 5 So, number of sleepers under each rail = 13 +5 = 13mof track ler ‘Summary of sleepers required for 1 km (1 km = 1000 m) of track length = Fig. 3.3 y 13m h requires 18 numbers 18x 1000 = 13846 13 Sleeper is a support for rails and a medium for load transfer from rail to ballast. Sleeper provides longitudinal as well as tateral stability to the permanant way. Sleeper density is the no. of sleepers per unit length Its specified as Nx or Mx (Wor Mis length of rails in metre or yards, x is no. varying according to axle load and speed, types of rails, sleepers and ballast, ballast cushion, nature of formation etc,) ‘MADE EASY26 _MRDE ERSY Givil Engineering Publications © Railway Engineering + “The major four types of sleeps are wooden, steel castiron concielésleeie of sleepers for BG MG.,N, O are 275 x 25 x 18 om, 180 “190% 18 x 11.5.0n. 4 8 “Untreated wooden sleepers : “side downwards. ee ee © Breathing length is that length of LWR (or CWR) whichis subjected to exparsionlcontraction ‘on account of temperature change. * Switch expansion joint is installed at each end of LWR (or CWR) 0 permit expansion) contraction of the adjoining breathing length. ‘+ Butter rails are a set of rails provided in place of SEW at the ends of LWR (or CWR). _ Objective Brain Teasers. Which of the following types of sleepers is a : a4 G8 Compgsite sleeper indexis the index of i preferredonjoints? |= _@) haranoss and strength (@ CST-9sieeper “() strength and toughness (b) steel trough sleep: (€) toughness and wear resistance (©) wooden sleeper (d) wear resistance and hardness ea aaa Q.6 Minimum composite sleeper index prescribed Q.2_ Sleeper density in India is normally kept as con Indian Railways for a track sleeper is (a) M+2toM+7 @) 552 () 763 (b) MioM+2 (c) 1952 (a) 1485 f ee Q7 At points and crossings, the total number of @™ sleepers for 1 in 12 tumouts in Broad Gauge is Q.3 For a Broad Gauge route with M+7 sleeper (a) 5t (b) 42 density, number of sleepers per rail length is (o) 70 @ 78 ee (6) 19 Q.8 Metal sleepers are superior to wooden sleepers o @ a with respect to Q.4 Standard size of wooden sleeper for Broad Gauge: (a) cost (b) lift track is (6) trackcirouiting —(@) fastening Oe eee en Q.9 Consider the following statements about conerete (b) 180 x 20x 11.5 om (©) 225% 23x 130m, (d) 250 x 26x 120m, sleepers. (1), they improver the track modulus (2) they have good scrap valueMADE EASY Sle { Publications epee | 2? (3) they render transportation easy H+ 103 S + 10H (4) they maintain the gauge quite satisfact @ a ©) 5 (a) tand2arecorrect (b) 2and3are correct 208 +H S 4 20H (©) Sand 4are correct (d) 1 and4arecorrect 0 = Cl ome Q.10 For a sleeper density of (n + 5), the number of sleeper required for constructing a broad gauge railway track of length 650 m is @ 975 (b) 918 (©) 900 (6) 880 Q.11 Best wood for wooden sleepers is (@) chir (b). deodar (0) sal (@) teak Q.12_Ifnis length of a rail in Metres, the number of sleepers per rail length generally variés from (@) nto(n+ 2) (©) (ns 2)t0(n+4) (c) (n+3)to(n +6) ) sleepers, is between @ 201025 0m (©) 30t0.350m Q.14 The standard dimensio for aB.G. railway trackg (a) 2.74mx 250m x 18€ (b) 1.83m x 20cm x 11cm (©) 152mx 18cmx 100m (2) 1.78cm x 20 om X18 Gt Q.15 The standard dimensions of a wooden sleeper for M.G. railway track are (a) 2.74mx 25cm x 13cm (b) 1.83m x 20cm x 11m (c) 152m x 15¢emx 10cm (d) 1.75mx200mx 120m Q.16 If S and H are strength and hardiness index of a timber at 12% moisture content, the composite sleeper index, is MADE Q.17 Composite sleeper index determines (2) number of sleepers per ral length (b) suitability of wooden sleepers {c) permissible stresses in steel sleeper {d) None of these Q.18 Minimum composite sleeper index for wooden sleepers used over bridge girders, is (@) 1455 (b) 1355 (@) 1155 sleeper index for wooden ‘used in crossovers, is (o) 1252 (6) 1452 (b) two holes seq (0) fourholes 5. (2) 3. (c) 1.40)> 2. fa) 4. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (0) 11. d) 12. (0) 13. (c) 14. (a) 18. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (0) PublicationsBallast and Formation al 4.2 Ballast and it’s Functions Ballasts a layer of broken stones, gravel or sand kankar etc lad and packed below and around sleeper. Function of ballast: (i) _ Distributes the load from the sleepers to the formation (i) Provides a suitable foundation for the sleepers {iy Protects the top surface of formation by providing coarse aggregates with plenty o! vores (jv)_ Holds the steeper position and prevents the lateral and longitudinal movement due to dynamic (i) Should have esistanee to abrasion and weathering (non-porous particles aro usualy more durable) (iv). Water that enters the ballast must drain off and voids should be big, Gnough 19 prevent ca! larity (maintains uniform stability and elasticity of track) (v) Should be capable of being cleaned ofall dust that gets formed to provide good drainage (vl). Should be chosen from nearby quarries (to have reduced cost of supPIY) —<— NOTE Different types of ballast used in India are (Goembesypwkatose (a) Broken stone. (b) Gravel (o) Sand (d) Cinder or Ashes (6) Soft aggregates like moorum, kankar and brick ballast S (Selected earth ~mABE BASH i i } i andvibratingloadotmoving tain (v)_ Provides elasticity to the track (vi). Provides easy means of correcting track levels and alignment. (ui) Provides good drainage of the track 2 Characteristics of Good Ballast (i) Should resist crushing under dynamic loads {it should nat be brite) (i) Should provide longitudinal and lateral stability (stones should be angular and not at)MADE EASY Ballast and Formation Publications | m-eenememnimarannnnne 29 4,3 Specification of Ballast 4.3.1 Specification based on Quality ()) Should be hard and durable (ii) Should not wear out due to physical reasons (iii) Should be free from inorganic and organic residues, 43.2. Specification based on Top Width and Depth of Cusion © Thedepth of ballasts an important factor for load bearing capacity and uniformity of load distribution, © The width of ballast layer influences the lateral strength of track, NOTE Minimum depth of ballast section “py __()._ Assume load dispersion at 45° to the vertical (i) Depth should be such that dispersion lines do not overlap 43.2.1 Specifi ()) Top width varies between 3350 mm to 1880 mm for broad gauge and narrow gauge. (i) In the case of broad gauge, there is a classification as A,B, C; Diand £ whereas in the case of metre gauge, the classifications Q, A, i, and S. ‘Standard sizo of baliat for sleepers In the case of Aand @, min, depth of cushion is 300 mm. |= eae yee af SIoper t | 1 | ; In the case of B, Cand A, itis 250 mm. = seer in the case of Dand Rp, itis 200 mm. a and Cl pot sieper i ion é In the case of Eand itis 180 mm, gd Qenm ag CoTO ard trough sleeper ee 25mm Points and crossings 43.3. Specification based: ical Properties ()) Abrasion test value at the maximum can be 30% (i) Impact value at the maximum can be 20% (ii) Elongation index and Flakiniess index at the maximum can bé 60% (iv) Specific gravity at a minimum level can be 2.65 (v) Maximum water absorption can be 10%, BALLAST. SHOULDER Age ove [+ BALLAST BASE —* 55m—+ 2d f+ Formation Width ——+] 2d 5.5 m: PERMANENT LAND ‘TEMPORARY LAND Atypical cross-section of a permanent track. “MADE EASY PuMBDE EASY Publications 30 | Civil Engineering @ Railway Engines Crib bast OO ‘Too of ballast sleeper spacing is 65m Solution: HD, D,—i D, = Depth of ballast ‘S = Sleeper spacing W = Width of sleeper where, a =MADE EASY BallastandFormation | 34 Publications nme From figure So, minimum depth of ballast required is 20 cm, .4 Keywords Related to Ballast (Packing — Itis the compact ballast cushion laid below the sleeper as per gradation. (i) Boxing > Itis relatively loose ballast which is placed on the side of the sleepers to provide lateral stability. (ii) Screening + Itis the process of renewing the ballast section which has degraded. (iv) Ballast Crib > Loose ballast between the two adjacent sleepers in the track. 4.5 Formation and its Function ‘+ Formation is the term used to denote the surface formed at the top of embankment or the bottom of the cutting for a railway of toad line, + tis also called subgrade. ‘* Width of the formation depends on (). The number of gauges to be laid side by side (li) Gauge type + The Indian sta ye made following ‘recommendations for formation width as given in table (@) Single tine 610 | 498 | 370 | — {b) Double ine 1067 | 863 | 732 |. 2:1 2. | cuting: Width excluding side drains | {@) Single tine sao | 427 | a3s | — {b) Double tine 1oos | 7.93 | zor | 15:1 * Functions of formation are as follows (Provides @ smooth and uniform bed on which railway track can be laid. (ii) Bears the load transmited to it from the sleeper through the section of the ballast. (il) To facilitate drainage. (iv) To provide stability to the track (V) To preventballast from puncturing into formation, + The height of the embankment or the depth of cutting depends upon the ground contours and the gradient adoted. MADE EASY Go Publisatione Hibhsscesnecioienen)MADE EASY Publications: 32 | CiilEngineering © Railway En: 4.6 Subgrade Improvement Method adopted for subgrade improvement are: : () Blanketing (i) Sand pilling (iii) Grouting (iv) Precast concrete mats ava ete. 46.1 Blanketing ‘* Blanket of noncohesive soils between the subgrade and ballast section improve the bearing and drainage properties. . 46.2 SandPiling * Holes about 30 cmin diameter and 1.8 m to 3min depth are driven vertically into the subgrade by driving wooden piles and then taking them out. * — Holes are then filled with sand. «These sand ples provides mechanical suppert and drainage * Inverted filters are provided below the ballast layer-as subbase for effective drainage from sand piles. 46.3. Grouting : : + Consists of cement anc Seed mixed with water, tomake asiury, + Stabilizes the + The ratio of centent ‘© Theinjection points are placed at 1.5 m to 1.8 min staggered position at both ends of the sleepers. 4.64 Pre-cast Concrete Mats : ‘* Have been used between the ballast S8ction and |Top of subdtade to obtain an even distribution of load from the ballast to the subgrade. Summary Ballast distributes the atal ‘© Top width of ballast varies between 3350 mm to 1850 mm for BG and NG. + Packing is the compacted ballast cushion Iai below te sleeper as per gradation. © PubllestionsMACE ERSY Publications Ballastand Formation | 33 ~ 1 Q:1 The formation width for a railway rack depends onthe (type of gauge (i). number of tracks to be laid side by side (ii) slope of sides of embankment or cutting The correct answeris (a) only (i) (6) both (i) and (i) (b) both (i) and (il) (@) (i, (and (i) Q.2. Minimum depth of ballast cushion for a Broad Gauge wooden sleeper of size 275 x25 x 130m with 75 om sleeper spacing is (@) 180m (©) 200m (©) 250m (d) 300m Q.3. The nominal size of ballast used for points and crossings is (@) 25mm. (b) 40mm (c) 50mm (@) 10mm Q.4 Width of ballast section for Broad Gauge is (@) 1.83m (6) 225m (©) 335m “{@), 430m Q.5. Which of the following statements regarding ballast materials are correct? " 1. Brick ballast characteristics. 2. Coal ash is not used as ballast with steel or castiron sleepers, 3. Gravel ballast gives better performance on soft formation, 4, Sand ballast causes excessive wear on top ofall Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Codes: (@) tand2 (b) 1and 4 (@) tand3 (d) 2,3and4 Q.6 Packing of ballast is done (@) near the ends of sleepers (©) onthe shoulders has poor drainage. MADE EASY (©) under sleepers (d) between two rails Q7_ Boxing of ballast is done @) underraiis (6) atthe rails (©) in between two rails (6) in between two sleepers Q8 Forflat bottom sleepers, maximum size of ballast, ix ~@) 80mm (©) 40mm (©) 33mm (a) 25mm Q.9. Formetal sleepers with rounded edges, maximum sizeof -ballast, is ~ @) 50mm. (o) 40mm (b) 40mm () 25mm ay be used as ballast for (2) wooden sleepers (b) steel sleepers {o) ironsleepers (d) all the above Q.12 Best ballast contains stones varying in size from @ iScmto3cm ~~ (vb) 20cmto4cem (c) 20cmtoSom —(d) 25cmto6em Q.13 IF-wis width of sleepers, s is sleeper spacking and dis depth of ballast then s-w @ 4-55" © a=5 ( ¢d-5* Q.14 Minimum depth of ballast prescribed for B.G. trunk lines of Indian Railways, is (b) 150m (d) 30cm (a) 200m (©) 250m Publestions34 | Q.15 For even aistribution of load through ballast, load dispersal is assumed as (a) 30°tothe vertical (bo) 45°to the verticat (c) 60° tothe vertical (d) None ofthese Q.16 if sleeper density is M + 7 for 13 m rails, the minimum depth of ballast under wooden sleepers. (25cm x 13 cm), is (a) 150m () 250m (b) 200m (6) 300m Q.17 The standard width of ballast for B.G. track in Indian Railways, is kept (a) 3.35m (©) 230m (b) 3.63m (@),, 2.68m Q.18 The standard width of ballast for M.G. track in (@) 335m (©) 230m Civil Engineering ¢ Railway Engineering ea 3. 4 mADE EASY Publications List-| Ballast cushion ‘Shoulder ballast Crib ballast Extra ballast on List-ll Stability against centrifugal forces . Provides resistance to the longitudinal track movement Provides resistance to the lateral movement of the track For distribution of curves load on the formation Codes: (a) (b) co A 1 2 4 4. (c) 9. (b) 5. (d) 8. (a) = 13. (a) oeTracks Fastenings 5.1 Rail to Rail Fastening A rail joint is the weakest link in the track There is a break in the continuity of the rails in horizontal as well as vertical plane because of the expansion gap and difference in the rail heads at the joints, Two types of rliway joints are normally used on Indian Railways, () Supported joints (i) Suspended joints 'n supported joints, the ends of the rails are supported directly on a single sleeper. E.g, Duplex sleeper 'n suspended joints, the ends ofthe ralls are suspended between the two sleepers and the load on the sleepers gets ¢ fistributed. is ~ Rail to rail fastenings fish plate, bolts and nuts, vith single suppor plate vit two separate supporting plates Fig. 5.1 SupportedjontMADE ERSY Publications 36 | CivilEngineering © Railway Engineering 5.1.1 Fish Plates These are used in rail joints to maintain the continuity ofthe rail «The main objective of fish plates are to keep the adjoining ends of the ral in correct postion both in horizontal and vertical planes «Fish plates should be designed for the following purposes () bear the stresses due to lateral and vertical bending without getting distorted. (the usual section designed for this purpose is the bone shaped on lipped fish piate). (i) toallow for the expansion and contraction of rail (area of contact between fish plates and the rail should be minimum possible with due regards to strength and other requirement of rail joints) (ii) to resist wear (the section of fish plate is so designed thatthe irregularities at the surface of contact caused by wear can be adjusted by further tightening of fish bolt. © This fish plate is designated as IRST dash 4 By: 4 +The minimum ullimate tensile'strength (UTS) ofthe fish plate should be between 57 to 68 kal. ee . lis in case of wear and damage. i oe Envelopingfish-plates Upped fish-piates ) Fig. 5.3 Afewdesigns of ish-platesPublications = 5.441 Combination Fish Plates * There are certain locations where the two rail section which have been joined together are not of ‘same size or cross-sectional area, * Gives additional thickenings of joint. * Eliminates expansion gap. 37 Tracks Fastenings | * Fish plates are marked right in/out, left in/out depending upon direction from lighter rail to heavier ral 5.1.2 Fish Bolts and Nuts * They are made of medium or high carbon steel (to withstand shear due to heavy transverse stresses) * For 90 Ibs rail, bolt of 1 inch diameter and § inch length is used. * Too much tightening of bolts is prohibited. (to prevent free expansion and contraction of rails) © For this, we use lock nuts and washers, NOTE: At one particular joint, there will be two fish plates, four bolts and four nuts. 5.2 Ways of Fastenings: Laying of the rall on sleeper and fixing the two together can be done in following four ways: {@) Direct laying and direct fixing {b) Direct laying and indirect fixing Indirect laying and direct fixing © © * Rail is laid as well as fixed directly on to the sleepers with spkes, screws or clips. * Bearing plates betWieen rail foot and the sleeper is. absent * Stresses caused in the sleeper are high and the pressure on the ballast is also high $2.2 Direct Laying and Indirect Fixing ee _ awe * Rallis directly laid on the sleeper without a bearing plate © Separate fastenings fix the railto the sleeper but a special shoulder or plate is fixed to the sleeper on either side of the rail foot by means of spikes or inserts. * Lateral forces on the rail are transmitted to the shoulder or plate, Fig, 5.4 Direct laying and direct fixing Fig. 5.5 Direct laying and indirect fixing38 | Chil Engincerng Railway Engines ing MADE EASY ee Publestons 5.2.3 Indirect Laying and Direct Fixing i | i | i 1 j * Rallis indirectly laid on the sleeper with a bearing plate in between, * Only one fastening fixes the bearing plate to the sleepers body and the rail to the bearing plate. Fig. 5.6 Indirect laying and direct fixing 5.24 Indirect Laying and indirect Fixing ote ‘© Rallis laid on the sleeper with a Bean plate in between. * Bearing plate is fixed to the sleepers wit rll sores but the: separate fastenings, + Fastenings fixing iis fixed to the bearing plate by PublicationMADE EASY TracksFastenings | 39 5.3 53.1 53.2 ne Publications, © em Rail to Wooden Sleeper Fastenings * Rail to wooden sleeper fastenings. Dog spikes, fang bolts or screw spikes, bearing plates. * Main functions of the spike is to keep the rail in gauge. Dog Spike, Round Spike or Elastic Spike * Spikes are means by which chairs for rails are fixed to the sleepers (all three types). * — The holding power of dog spikes is half that of screw spikes. * Dog spikes are still preferred highly because of their ‘economy, easy fixing and removing and better gauge maintenance, Ke oe BSS won * Spikes offers considera be tl to longitudinal movement + The pullout st on spike depends onthe elastic grip ofthe tber around the spike and the coefficient of friction. * Round spike igi Ter ‘dog'spike With’ only GiffFenae that top" : ting provided with a cap. (an alternative to bolt) | oe * Elastic spikes are used with flat bottomed rail;base plates and wooden sleepers, the elastic spikes holds the rail down and prevents tripping and also secures base plates to the sleepers. E.g. Macbeth Spike. * Elastic spikes are sometimes used to overcome the difficulty of creep. | + Adog spike is square in horizontal section and has a pointed penetrating bottom and the top has ‘wo lugs on either side giving the impression of dog's head. Screw Spikes + Screw spikes are available in two types Plate screw, rail screw + Ascrew spike is a large metal screw used to fix tie plate or fasten rails ‘+ It can be used in combination with spring washer. + Sorew spikes are best suited for high speed trunk routes (because of screwing nature they have a tendency to remain in position and they do not move in and out of the hole again and again.)40 | Civil Engineering ¢ Railway Engineering MADE EASY 1 a nenrnenertcaieeennereinnennnt meen PUBTCATIONE screw, we used a plate along with the whereas in 4 rail screw, screw spike is directly fitted with the rail section just through its hole. © In plate screw, friction offered by the plate also helps in arresting the lateral deformation and longitudinal movement of the rail 5.3.3 Fang Bolts * Mostly used for fixing rails or slide chair to the sleeper. «Round spikes or screw spikes are used as an alternative to fang bolt ‘* Fang bolt is a:bolt inserted through a hole in the sleeper. * They are considered effective than spikes and screws and hence are used in positions such as switches (point) tie plates and on sharp curves. © More resistant fo loosening by vibrations and movement of the rail Fig. 5.11 NOTE: Fang bolt isa bolt which has fora nut, a triangular plate with sharp fangs projecting from its corners. 5.3.4 Bearing Plates Functions of bearing plates: ()_ Absorbs the shocks uncer moving load, (i) Damp and absorbs high fiequency vibrations and dissipates energy, (ii) Resists lateral deformation (specially on curves) of the rails. (iv). Resists longitudinal movement of the rail (v) Prevent abrasion of the bottom of the rail an the rail seat of the-sleepers. (vi) Resists crushing of the material of the sleeper just below the rail (vid) Provides electfi¢al insulation between rails ina track circuited or electrified section Bearing plates can be categorised as follows: (MS. canted bearing plates. (i) Flat mild steel bearing plates, : (ii) C.1 anticreep bearing piates. | (iv) Special Cl bearing plate for BH rail (with spring key) * MS canted bearing plates are only meant for use in turn out track. + Canted bearing plate has a provision of 1 in 20 slope i © Flatmild stee! bearing plates are used in points and crossing (where turning of track is allowed) | and they are provided with dog spikes, E 5.4 Rail to Steel Sleeper Fastenings + Rail to steel sleeper fastening => Loose jaws, keys and liners.MADE EASY TracksFostenings | Ay PUbligatigns | emer | 54.1 Loose Jaws and Keys * Loose jaws are provided with one way keys or two way keys. © Thereisno problem of damage, crack or deformation. * Loose jaws goes below the rail surface and al this level, its trying to provide the lateral stabilities, 0 that rail section is not falling away. + Keys are used to fasten the rails to the sleeper through jaws. * Jaws may be of the following types: () jaws of anticreep bearing plates on wooden sleepers. (i) loose spring jaws of the ste! sleeper (ii) C.l. jaws of the CST9 sleepers. SECTIONAL VIEW Fig, 5.12 " tno! SIT. sleeper with pressod up lugs Fig. 5.13, ® - — MIRDE EAs: Publiations42 Civil Engineering @ Railway Engineering MADE EASY ea Ee Publications Key Key ‘8.7. sleeper with loose jaws inserted in holes Fig. 5.14 54.2 Liners * Liner tries to fast * Mota Singh, an came to be kng) Cotters are d ‘sleeper plate to the tie bar. + Acotterisawedge'shaped plate wittra™ spltin the horizontal and vertical plane... © Cotters are of following types: dp, (i) Central split cotter (ii) Side split cotter (iii) End split cotter { i 55.2 TieBars ‘+ Tie bars consists of flat plates with four holes for the cotters. The length of the tie bar to be used depends on the types of sleepers and the gauge. 5.6 Elastic Fastenings Elastic fastenings => Elastic or pandrol clips, IRN 202 clip, rubber pads, HM fastenings, MCI insert, nylon liner,mADE EASY TracksFostenings | 43 5.6.1 Pandrol Clips + The pandrol clips or elastic clip has different numbers. The one for our use in PRAO1 clips. (Pandrol 401 clips). © {tis applied parallel to the rails and is dri * This clip is fit and forget type, * This can be used at any locations with any type of connectivity, * They use two fixtures => base plates and C.I. inserts, © Base plate is similar to bearing plate. + Clinserts are used to connect these clips to the sleepers at the bottom Toe load 710 kg for nominal deflection of 11.4 mm * Point contact cause indentation on rail foot * Gauge agjustment is dificut. * Pando! clips can be used with advantage on wooden, steel, concrete and CI sleepers. + Pandrol ailfastenings assembly for wooden sleepers = Pandro| rail clips, rubber pads, stee! on Cl base plates and removed with an ordinary hammer. NOTE: Base plates are fastened to the sleeper by normal means such as dag spikes or screw spikes. ip Rail (kS60) nut INSTALLED “ POSITION Prete Washer —Enccontie insulation bush “Toe Insulator Insulation block Rail pad ‘Anchor bolt ‘Base plate ‘Base plate pad Adjusting pad Fig. 5.16 5.6.2 IRN202Clip © Devised by Indian Railways, * Mostly used for two block RCC sleepers. * Toe load has been increased to 1000 kg from 7 10 kg for the pandrol clip. * Deflection limit has been increased to 18.5 mm from 11.5 mm for the pando clip. * Removal of rail is easy in this case. * Creep resistance is 60% of the toe load * Not fit or forget type. MADE ERS! 444 | Chil Engineering Railway Engineering MADE EASY Publications 5.6.3 Rubber Pad * Elastic rubber pad generally forms an integral part of all elastic fastenings used with other than wooden sleepers, | + Itpertorms following functions: (Absorbs shocks and dampens vibrations. (i) _ Increased frictional resistance to the longitudinal and lateral movement of the rail (ii) Helps to distribute the loads uniformly over the sleeper and prevents crushing of the sleeper material (iv) Provides electrical insulation between rail and sleeper at the ral seat. * Grooved rubber pads of 4 to 5 mm thickness are used on Indian Railways to serve the above given functions. * Rubber under compression expands in|ateral direction and the groove helps in accommodating the lateral expansion of rubber under load, Summary —¢ Rail joint is the weakest link in the track. e * Twotypes.lravay entnormaly used in indian ellvay re eee ons an. suspended joints. ‘© Fish plates keeps the adjoining ends of alin correct position both inhorizontal ar planes. Elastic fastening: Elastic or pandrol eis, IRN 202 oi, rubber MCI inserts, Nylon liners. 4 £ Objective Brain Teasers Q.4 Match List-1 and List-Il and select the correct D. Claw bar answer using the cades given below the lists: List I List | 1. Toit rail A. Shovel 2. Toremove dog spikes out of sleepers B. Crowbars 3. Tocorrect track alignment C. Rail tongs 4, Tohandle ballast MADE EASY nme Publicationsmade ERsy ————— Publications = a2 as aa as a6 a7 Qs Qs eS ££ & mm Puen Codes : A @3 (o) 4 4 @3 Pandrol clips cannot be used with (@) wooden sleepers (©) concrete sleepers (©) CST 9 sleepers (@) steel trough sleepers SeoaD c 2 2 1 1 peed Number of cotters used in CST-9 sleepers is @2 (0) 3 o4 (@) 6 Loose jaws of steel trough sleepers are made of (a) cast steel (0) mild steel (c) cast iron (d) spring steel! The type of spike used for fixing chairs of bull headed rails to wooden sleepers is : (@) dog spike (©) tailscrew () elastic spike @) found spike Flat mild steel bearing plates are used {@) for points and crossings in the lead portion (0) with wooden sleepers at locations where creep is likely to be developed (0) onall joints and curves (d) onall the above The type of bearing plate used in all joints and on curves to give better bearing areato the rails is (@) flat mitd steel bearing plate (0) mild steel canted bearing plate (6) castiron anticreep bearing plate (@) none of the above Dog spikes are used for fixing rail to the 45 Tracks Fastenings (@) supported raijoint (0) suspended all joint (c) bridge joint (d) base joint Q.10 Anticreep bearing plates are provided on (@) bridges and approaches (©) joints (0) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above Q.11 At a rail joint, the ends of adjoining rails, are connected with a pair of fish plates and (@) 2 fish bolts (©) 4 fish bolts (0) 6 fish bolts (@) 8 fish bots Q.12 Anti-creep anchors are fixed to rails by (@) wedging (b) spring grip (©) clamping (d)_allthe above Q.13 Rails are fixed on steel sleepers (@) by bearing plates (6) by dog spikes “(© by keys in lugs or jaws @) None of these arevent creep in rails, the steel sleepers are fixed with rails by clips, bolts and (a) one key (©) two keys (0) three keys (@) four keys eis Q.15 Overall depth of a dog spike, is (2), 1206mm (©) 155.90mm (©) 135mm {d) 150mm Q.16 Bearing plates are used to fix {a) flat footed rails to the wooden sleepers (b) double headed rails to the wooden sleepers (©) bull headed rails ta the wooden sleepers (d) flat footed rails to the cast iron sleepers Answers (@) wooden sleepers (b) CST-9 sleepers 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (dd) 5. (@) (©) steel trough sleepers 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a). 9. (a) 10. (d) (d) concretesleepers 11. (b) 12. (d) 18 (0) 14, (a) 15. (a) When the rail ends rest on a joint sleeper, the 16. (a) joints is termed as _ MADE EASY_ Cwarrer| - Points and Crossings On roads, the facilities of turning of a vehicle ffom one path to another does not require any special arrangement while on railways, special arrangements are necessary (the reason being flanged wheels). To faciltate movement of vehicles from one route to another, points and crossing assemblies are provided (switch) 6.1 Turnout + Aturnout is provided on a railway track to provide facies for turning of vehicles from one track to another * — Itconsists of a pair of points (switches), four lead rails, two check rails and a crossing as shown in figure. * — Tumout enables either a branch line or siding to take off from another track. 0 0 outer if SORA] Tow of Sich Straight Lead Ral ee ater Curve Lea Rat cing acon Distance 7 Traing Direction Be Blocks : ape = = LH Switch / "—— check Rait y (Wing Rai RH Switch 7 f toe of Swish / Hedl of ten le Stretcher Bar Inner Staight Lead Rat | i ‘ANGLE OF GROSSING Inver Curve Lead Rail [ ow iaioeo roman | Fig.6.1 MADE EASY PublicationsmADE EASY PointsondCrossings | 47 Publications Types of Turnout * These are defined based on the direction of movement from the main track. ())_Righthand tumout = Facilities are provided for turning on the right (ii) Left hand turnout = Facilities are provided for tuning on the left © Turnouts are required for yards, sidings or similar sort of conditions. ‘+ Turnouts are the weakest points on the track due to joints and movable fastenings. ‘+ They retard the movement ofthe trains. its (or Switch Assembly) ‘+ Asetof switch consists of four lead rails, the outer two known as stock rails and the inner two as switch oF tongue rails. + Apair of tongue rails with thin stock rails are commonly known as points. + Inswitch, the thicker end of tapered rail known as heel remains fixed to the main track whereas the thinner end known as toe remains movable by means of which the flanged wheels are diverted. + Itconsists of the following: (i) Apair of stock rails = They are made of ordinary steel and have the same dimensions as for other rails in the track, (ii) A pair of tongue rails, * They are also called point rails or switch rails. ‘* They are made of high carbon or manganese steel to stand wear. * They lie between the stock rails and are tapered to a poi int ‘* The tapered endis called the toe and the untapéred end as the heel. * Helis fixed while the toe can turn with heel on centre : ‘Wheel Gauge Check Ral Wing Wi a 2 ol Running ‘Check Rail Flange | Crossing Rai ‘Gioarance Thickness 7 Nose Track Gauge Section A MADE EASY Publications48 ing © Railway Enginec MADE EASY Publications ‘+ The tongue rail is so tapered on both the sides, so as to obtain a proper fit on the stock rail, when the tongue rail is moved towards the stock rail © Longer the Jength of tongue rail, lesser will be the jointing effect (because with a given heel divergence, the switch angle will decrease with an increase in the length of the tongue rail.) (iil). Sliding Plates ‘* Siding plates of steel are provided over which the stock rail remains fixed while the tongue rail is able to slide. (iv) Heel Block * Heel of the tongue rail is connected to stock rail by means of a Cl heel block, thus providing a {980 for the wheel flange. * Heel block is same as distance block, the object of which is to provide a flange way between the running rail and check rail (v) Stretcher Bar : : * The oes of bath the tongle rails are connected together by means of a stretcher bar (sothat each tongue moves through the same distance or gap when changing points) + Itmay consist of one, two or three bars. (vi) Gauge Tie Bar of Plate + tisprovided to hold the track ry to teva af the toe of the switches. (vii) Flangeway Clearan + Thedistange bet ween the adjacent fooee oh ing fal and the quard or the check rails a clearance for passage of o (viii) Flangeway * — Thevertical distance between the top oft the running surface of the running rail to the top of the distance blecte(orheel block) used botwaen the running yaikand check rai (ix) Heel Clearance or Heel Divergence * — Itisthe distance between the running faces of the switches rail and the stock rail measured perpendicular to the latter at the heel of the switch. * Indian standard specify heel clearance for BG track as 13.7-13.9 cm. (x) Flare + Itisa gradual tapering of the flangeway by bending or splaying the end of a check rail or using rail(at the heel of the crossing) away from the gauge line. (xi) Throw of Switeh * Gap through which the toe of the gauge rail moves sideways to provide a path for the required direction over the turnout. * Throw of switch according to indian standard: 8G=9.5cm, MGING=89cm (xii) Switch Angles © Angle between the running faces of the stock rail and tongue rail * [tis function of hee! divergence and length of the tongue rail Si incendiemabe EASY Points and Crossings Publications ~~ 49 i. . ce alg . where d= heel divergence, 8, = actual length of tongue rail, §, = Theoretical length of tongue rail 62.1 Toe of Switches The toe of the switches may be of the following types: (i) Undercut switch: This is the type of switch in which the foot of the stock rail is planed to accommodate tongue rail ‘Over riding switch: in this case, the stock rail has the full section and the tongue rail is planed to 4/4" thick edge and over rides the foot of the stock ral Over Ring Switch Rat Under cut switch ver iding sitet Fig. 6.3 6.3. Crossings * tis the portion of the track where two tracks crosses each other at an angle. * Provides two flangeways through which the flange may move. ‘* Inthe crossing, the flanged wheels of the train jump over the gap from ‘throat’ to ‘nose’ 63.1 Types of Crossings Crossings are classified based on the following (Shape of crossing (i) Assembly of crossing63.1.1 Based on Shape of Crossing There are three types of crossings: ()“V" or acute angle crossings (also termed as a “frog") (i) Obtuse angle or diamond crossing (ii) Square crossing i) Acute Angle Crossing * The crossing is cbtained when a right hand rail of one track crosses left hand rail of another track or view verse. © {tis used in turnouts. + Itconsists of () Two rails joined together to form an acute angle. The joint may be formed by a point rail and a splice rail or by two point ral. These rails are made of high carbon or manganese steel (i) A pair of wing rails bent in the shape of obtuse angle. One end of each wing rail is connected with a lead rail and the other end is flared to provide facility for the flanges to enter the gap. (ii). A pair of check raits ‘+ Inthe case of acute angle crossing, the splice rail and point rail aré placed in such away that the angle formed by the two is acute angle. 50 | CivilEngineering ¢ Railway Engineering MADE EASY men + neem Publications i ‘OBTUSE CROSSING ACUTE CROSSING | | Fig.6.4 (ii) Obtuse Angle Crossing: The crossing is obtained when left hand rail of one track crosses right hand rail of another track at an obtuse angle or vice verse (li). Square Crossing: + Allthe rail sections have been provided at an angle of 90° wr. each other. © There is heavy wear on such crossing due to dynamic loads, MADE ERS! ey EEE Wa RSTRNTMADE EASY Points and Crossings Publications © = 7 51 63:12 Based on Assembly of Crossing (Spring or movable wing cros (i) Ramped crossing Zo nce () Spring or movable wing crossing sg * Thewing rails are provided with springs. _———— <> (or there is a possibility of moving the wing rails in certain direction) Fig.6.5 (i) Ramped crossing + Nosuch above arrangements being provided. *Theyare provided with ramp for certain movement. 63.2 Number and Angle of Crossing The number of a crossing is defined as the ratio of the spread at the leg of the crossing to the length of the crossing measured from the theoretical nose. + V-crossing are designated by either the angle which the gauge faces makes with each other or more commonly by their number, represented by symbol NV. ‘Types of tumouts | Crossing numbers | Speed (in kmph) ‘Goods train turnout sino 16 Posserger turnouts tint 6 Methods to calculate number of crossing 1. Ri s 2. Center line method 3. Isosceles triangle method Soor( scosec| 4) N= cota N= Zoot 5 A a MT" [ pod A crossover occurs between two parallel BG tracks of same crossing number of 1 in 8.5 with straight intermediate portion between the reverse curve. Distance between centres of tracks is 5 m. Find the overall length of cross-over. Solution: Let, N= Crossing number 0. = Angle of crossing G = Gauge distance (1.676 m in case of BG) MADE ERSY ne Pul52. | MivilEngineering ¢ Railway Engineering MADE ERSY I Publications D= Centre to centre distance between two tracks = 5m (given) { 2GN = Length of turnouts | $= Straighthorizontal portion between the trunouts)? N= cot a= 8.5 (given) S= DE= BDoota = [(0- G)- ACsec a] cot et = [(D- G)- Gsec al cota ey - [(0-0)-a + =, fo - |(e-0)-a +5] = pon 1s But, overall length of crossover = 4 GN +S between the reverse curyesand ine distance between the centres is 3.5 m. etmec ight distance ¢ =" D=3.5m a - | 1. The intermediate: straight distance = et Sica! = 1796m.* 2. The overall length of the crossover i.e., 1=4GN4S 441x124 17.96 = 65.96m “NOTE: The permitted speed on flattest turnout is 420 kmph. ci 6.3.3 Theoretical and Actual Nose of Crossing © Nose of a crossing is a point, at which two rails i.e., point and splice rail meets. © Itisknown as theoretical nose of crossing if the two rails meet at a point. ‘* Ifthe toe of the noseis blunt (6 mm wide), then itis called actual nose of crossing. val wing (Throat) nose of crossingMADE EASY Pointsandrossings | 53 Publications = a : + Actually, a blunt nose used as point rail would break off under traffic. + Allcalculations are made from theoretical nose of crossing. 6.4 Track Junctions (or Crossovers) + Itecan be defined as a combination of points or crossing which enables the vehicles to crossover from one track to another. 64.1 Typesof Track Junction (i) Based on Flexure (a) Similar Flexure + Tumout takes turnin the same direction in which the main line turns * Similar flexure means similar curvature is being provided to main line as well as turnout. * Degree of flexure of tunoutis higher than that of main tina ABC D @i23 4 3201 4 213 4 @14 2 3 Match List | (Crossing) with List II (Turn out) and select the correct answer by using codes given below the lists: List-1 A. ting 1 B. 1in 85 Cc. tint2 D. tint6 List 1. Station yards and sharp curves 2. Turnout of main line in station yards 3. Symmetrical split High speed turn outs / Pointsandcrosings | 63 Codes: AB C D @12 3 4 (b)3 4 2 1 (31 2 4 12 4 3 Q.42 Match List-! with List-Il and select the correct A " 16. 2. 26. 31. 36. “1 answer by using codes given below the lists: List! Diamond crossing ‘Square crossing Cross over Double slip diamond List Two acute angle, two obtuse angles ‘crossings, four special curve lead rails, four pairs of switches and four check rails 2. Twoacute angle crossing, two obtuse angle ‘crossings, two wing rails opposite obtuse angle crossing and four check rails. 3. Two pairs of tongue rails, two acute angle crossings, a reverse curve and four check rails. 4, Four right angle crossings and a square shaped check rail Codes: A 4 (b) 2 ().3 (1 gom> sean o eneea ata ‘Answers fa) 4. . (b) 9. (c) 13. (b) 14. fa) 18. (c) 19. (®) 23. (a) 24. (a) 28, (d) 29. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 38. (c) 39. (d) (a) 2. (a) 7. (a) 12, (a) 17. (qd) 22. (d) 27, () 92, (d) 37, (c) 42, © 5. (d) 10. (b) 15. 20. 28. 30. 38. 40. (c) (b) (d) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (b)