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Scenarios of metal concentrations in the Arcediano

Dam (State of Jalisco, Mexico)
a a
Anne M. Hansen & Luis C. González-Márquez
a
Mexican Institute for Water Technology , Morelos , Mexico
Published online: 27 Mar 2012.

To cite this article: Anne M. Hansen & Luis C. González-Márquez (2010) Scenarios of metal concentrations in the Arcediano
Dam (State of Jalisco, Mexico), Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and
Environmental Engineering, 45:1, 99-106, DOI: 10.1080/10934520903389259

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 Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A (2010) 45, 99–106
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ISSN: 1093-4529 (Print); 1532-4117 (Online)

DOI: 10.1080/10934520903389259

Scenarios of metal concentrations in the Arcediano Dam

(State of Jalisco, Mexico)

ANNE M. HANSEN and LUIS C. GONZÁLEZ-MÁRQUEZ

Mexican Institute for Water Technology, Morelos, Mexico
Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 06:07 23 December 2014

The city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico has 4.1 million inhabitants and a serious deficit in water supply. Once constructed, the
Arcediano Dam will catch waters from the Verde and Santiago rivers, and after treatment will provide water to the city. The present
study was undertaken to formulate scenarios and estimate risks of polluting the water that will be collected in the dam from the
release of contaminants accumulated in sediments. Desorption of metals from sediments was estimated through sampling of water
and sediments, chemical analyses of the environmental samples, and numerical modeling of the water–sediment interactions. Water
quality generally increased as the river flowed downstream from the El Salto sampling station to the site where the Arcediano Dam will
be constructed. Aluminum exceeded the Mexican Criterion for Drinking Water Supply (MCDWS), at all sampling stations, whereas
iron and manganese surpassed the criteria at some stations. Trace metals were below their respective criteria. For sediment samples
in the river, chrome, copper and zinc exceeded the Canadian Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG), whereas manganese
and nickel exceeded the probable effect level (PEL). Other metals were below these limits. With exception of the El Salto sampling
station, metals were mostly enriched in iron-containing sediments, followed by aluminum-containing clays and, to a lesser extent, by
manganese oxides. Therefore, the interaction of metals with iron oxides was considered as the controlling adsorption mechanism.
Simulations to estimate risks of water contamination by desorption of metals from sediments indicate that manganese and nickel
may reach concentrations higher than the CDWS. In some cases, dissolved concentrations of lead and chrome may be higher than
the respective CDWS, especially under conditions of high accumulation of sediments in the dam. Arsenic, copper and mercury
concentrations did not exceed the CDWS under the simulated conditions.
Keywords: Water-sediment interactions, geochemical simulation, arsenic, chrome, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, zinc.

Introduction with a slope of 0.0037 resulting in a difference in altitude

The city of Guadalajara in the state of Jalisco, Mexico has
4.1 million inhabitants, and is experiencing a deficit in water
supply of 3.6 m3 s−1 . Once completed, the Arcediano Dam
will receive water from the Verde and Santiago rivers to
supply the city with 10.4 m3 s−1 . [1] This will help cover the
actual deficit in water supply and reduce extractions from
current water supplies to the city from surface water sources
such as Lake Chapala and from groundwater aquifers.
The Santiago River has a length of 95 km from its origin
in Lake Chapala to the site where the Arcediano Dam will
be constructed (Fig. 1). The slope of this section is 0.0055,
meaning that there is a difference in altitude of more than
500 m. The area drained by this section of the Santiago
River section is approximately 2700 km2 , resulting in a
mean annual river flow of 5.6 m3 s−1 . The Verde River
runs 350 km before its confluence with the Santiago River
Address correspondence to Anne M. Hansen, Mexican In-
stitute for Water Technology, Morelos, Mexico. E-mail:
ahansen@tlaloc.imta.mx
of 1300 m. The area drained by this river is 20500 km2 ,
resulting in a mean annual river flow of 22 m3 s−1 . Once
the Arcediano Dam is constructed below the confluence of
the Verde and Santiago rivers it will receive a combined
mean annual flow of approximately 27.6 m3 s−1 . However,
during rainstorms the instantaneous flow may be over 400
m3 s−1 [2] , resulting in increased turbulence that could cause
disturbance of bottom sediments.
Previous work in the study area has evaluated the quality
of waste water and water in the rivers.[3,4] The results indi-
cate that aluminium, iron, and manganese concentrations
in water surpass the official Mexican Norm for drinking
water.[5] Furthermore, nutrient concentrations are high and
may cause eutrophication in the dam. Corzo[6] estimated
the point and diffuse sources of nitrogen, phosphorous, bi-
ological oxygen demand, and nickel in the watershed and
formulated recommendations to decrease future accumula-
tion of these contaminants in the dam. The results suggest
that livestock contributes more than 90% of the nutrients
and organic matter in the watershed, whereas industry con-
tributes more than 70% of the nickel.
 100
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Fig. 1. Study area and sampling sites.
The University of Guadalajara characterized metal con-
centrations in water and sediments of the rivers in the
watershed.[7] The results indicate that metal concentra-
tions in sediments were lower than aquatic life proba-
ble effect levels (PEL).[8,9] In water, only manganese was
above the Mexican Criterion for Drinking Water Supply
(MCDWS), although concentrations measured in water
and sediments were within environmental levels reported
in the literature.[10]
In the aquatic environment, the accumulation of chemi-
cal contaminants by sediments may pose a potential threat
to aquatic life and drinking water resources. Trace met-
als such as cadmium, copper, chrome, lead, nickel and
toxic organic compounds are among contaminants hav-
ing a high affinity for sediments. Alkhatib and Castor[11]
studied the role of resuspension of sediments on the leach-
ing of contaminants and found a relationship to dissolved
metal concentrations. As sediment resuspension increases
with increased stream-flow, an overall general increase in
concentrations of dissolved metals was observed.
If a toxic contaminant adsorbs strongly in sediments, its
environmental effect may not be immediately apparent ex-
cept on bottom-dwelling organisms, as the concentration
in the water column will be reduced by the adsorption.[12]
However, contaminated sediments can act as a reservoir
for the subsequent gradual release of contaminants into
the water column. Release of chemicals bound to sedi-
ments is especially likely when sediments are disturbed.
WiŃniewski[13] proposed that sediments may be divided
into those from the upper 0–5 cm that are oxygenated,
highly hydrated, and easily resuspendable, and those that
are deeper and more consolidated.
Hansen and González-Márquez
Demands for water quality may vary according to the
different uses, including water for drinking water supply,
for irrigation, recreation, and protection of aquatic life,
whereas sediment quality is most commonly related to eco-
logical health. Although sediment-water interactions are
dynamic and may vary under different conditions, no regu-
lation relates sediment quality to water quality. This study
was undertaken to evaluate the release potential of metals
accumulated in sediments to the water column as anoxic
conditions are attained, and sediments are resuspended be-
cause of storm flow.
Several studies have been undertaken to predict metal
desorption from sediments during resuspension. These
studies most often measure the release of metals from sed-
iments during controlled experimental conditions in the
laboratory,[14–17] while some include empirically formu-
lated time-dependent[17] or equilibrium models.[15] Thermo-
dynamicallybased surface complexation models (SCMs)
have proven useful for describing metal adsorption on sin-
gle, pure minerals under varying conditions. Relatively few
studies, however, have applied SCMs to natural sediments
and soils.[18]
In this study, the distribution of metals between the iron
oxy-hydroxides in surface sediments has been evaluated
by use of a SCM as sediments are resuspended during
storm events, as a function of Redox potential and sor-
bate/sorbent ratio in a natural river system. For this pur-
pose, a method developed by Hansen and van Afferden[19]
was modified to predict metals concentration in the future
Arcediano Dam by using information obtained from water
and sediment quality sampling and analyses, and applying
a chemical equilibrium model to estimate the possibility of
an increase in metals concentration. It has been shown that
increasing sediment accumulation in the Arcediano Dam
could lead to an increase in dissolved metals that, in the
future, might affect the quality of water to be purified for
human consumption. Managers can use this method as an
early warning system to reduce the risk that contaminant
concentrations increase in the dam. The objective of the
present work is to estimate risks of contaminating water to
be stored in the Arcediano Dam by resuspension of sedi-
ments due to stormwater runoff to the dam.
Materials and methods
The methodology used to estimate risks of contaminating
water in the Arcediano Dam is illustrated in Figure 2. It
includes water and sediment sampling, chemical analysis
of environmental samples, and numerical modeling to sim-
ulate metals release due to sediment resuspension in the
dam.
Five sampling stations were selected along the Santiago
River (Fig. 1), four above and one below the confluence
of the Verde River (Table 1). The Colimilla station is lo-
cated in the dam of the same name while the other stations
 Metal concentration scenarios for Arcediano Dam, Jalisco 101

and a Scientific Inc. turbidity meter was used for mea-

surement of water turbidity. Suspended sediment samples
were collected with an Alfa Laval separator WSB 103B-
14/34/74, and bottom sediment samples, with a van Veen
grab sampler. The sampling devices were cleaned, rinsed


R
with MilliQ water and air dried. Water flow in the separa-
tor was adjusted to approximately 4 L min−1 . Once enough
sediment was separated, samples were extracted from the

R
rotor using a Teflon spatula and deposited in glass jars
previously cleaned by soaking during 24 h in 10% HNO3


R
and repeatedly rinsed with MilliQ water. Suspended Sed-
iment (SS) and metal concentrations (susp.) were reported
as separated sediment on a dry-weight basis in the corre-
sponding water volume.
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Water samples were obtained with a horizontal van Dorn

sampling bottle. Subsamples for metals analysis were de-
posited in previously cleaned 500 mL plastic bottles, and
HNO3 was added to bring pH < 2. Subsamples for analysis
Fig. 2. Methodology for risk estimation due to metals desorption of major anions were deposited in 1 L plastic bottles. Metal
from sediments. contents in water samples including suspended sediments
were reported as the total metal concentrations (tot.).
are located directly in the river. Additionally, sediments in Samples were maintained on ice during transport to
12 stations were collected in Lake Chapala and average the laboratory. In the laboratory, sediments were dried
concentrations are presented for comparison to the metal at 60◦ C and homogenized in a porcelain mortar. Met-
concentrations in river sediments. Because sediment char- als analysis in water and sediment samples were carried
acteristics are relatively stable and sampling was carried out out with EPA method 6010B-1996[20] for aluminium, ar-
to obtain data for the simulation of different scenarios of senic, cadmium, cobalt, chrome, copper, iron, manganese,
metal desorption from sediments in the dam, a sole sam- nickel, lead and zinc, whereas mercury was analyzed by
pling event was conducted during the dry season in May, EPA method 7470A-1994[21] for water samples, and EPA
2006. method 7471A-1994[22] for suspended and bottom sedi-
At each station, field measurements were recorded. A ment samples total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed
Hydrolab MS5 MiniSonde was used for measurement of using Standard Method 5310B.[23]
temperature and redox potential; a WTW Multi 340i/SET For quality control, split water and sediment samples
probe for Dissolved Oxygen concentrations (DO), pH, total were analyzed. Variations were less than 10% for all pa-
dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC); a rameters exept for mercury in water with 11.1% variation
Merck Spectroquant nova 60 spectrophotometer for analy- and zinc with 13.7% variation. In split sediment samples
sis of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, and calcium; mercury had 10.5% variation.
Aluminum is usually considered the main normalizing
element for determining enrichment factors (EF) in sedi-
Table 1. Sampling sites and types of collected samples. ments because of its conservative nature and low solubility
that make it resistant to changes that may occur in surface
Geographical Altitude Types of samples
water. In addition, this metal is among the most abundant
Site coordinates (masl) collected
elements in the terrestrial crust and one of the main con-
Arcediano 20◦ 44 13.17 N 992 Suspended sediment stituents of clay minerals. EF may be normalized using
103◦ 17 10.47 W other elements such as iron and manganese. To determine
Colimilla 20◦ 41 48.60 N 1154 Water, suspended, the distribution of metals between aluminum-containing
103◦ 13 27.77 W and bottom clays, iron-containing minerals, and manganese oxides in
sediment the sediments, EF were calculated with all three metals as
Matatlán 20◦ 40 37.4 N 1302 Water and normalizing elements. A geochemical normalization tech-
103◦ 11 12.24 W suspended nique was used to calculate the EF as compared to average
sediment
concentrations in the terrestrial crust according to Equa-
Zapotlanejo 20◦ 35 37.6 N 1363 Water
103◦ 08 41.28 W tion 1: [24]
El Salto 20◦ 30 49.12 N 1500 Bottom and
 
[Me] [Menor ] Se dim ent
103◦ 10 20.62 W suspended EF =

[Me]  (1)
sediment
[Menor ] Terrestrial crust
 102 Hansen and González-Márquez
Table 2. Results of field measurements.

Parameter Unit Arcediano Colimilla Matatlán Zapotlanejo El Salto CDWS [28]

DO mg L−1 5.6 4.2 6.5 3.2 0.3 4.0

EC µS cm−1 1075 1426 1419 1510 1618 NL
TDS mg L−1 730 960 NM NM 1036 500
pH — 8.6 8.0 8.2 8.0 6.9 5.0-9.0
Redox potential mV 184.0 71.0 88.0 75.0 −286.0 NL
◦
Temperature C 23.5 25.0 25.6 24.8 20.9 NC + 2.5
Sampling depth m 0.5 10.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 NL
Turbidity NTU 22.0 4.1 7.2 NM 37.6 NC
Turbidity after centrifugation NTU 7.6 3.0 2.0 NM 11.6 NL
Ammonium nitrogen mg L−1 7.5 6.7 6.6 11.6 10.6 NL
Phosphate mg L−1 11.0 19.8 22.2 5.3 24.4 0.1
Nitrate nitrogen mg L−1 1.3 3.0 7.2 2.9 0.2 5.0
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Sulfate mg L−1 111 224 110 219 56 500

Calcium mg L−1 27.0 43.5 25.0 21.0 54.0 NL
SS mg L−1 25.4 1.1 5.8 NM 4.2 500
NC: natural conditions.
NL: no limit.
NM: not measured.

Table 3. Results of suspended (susp.) and total (tot.) metals in water (mg L−1 ).

Metal Arcediano susp. Colimilla susp. Matatlán susp. Matatlán tot. Zapotlanejo tot. El Salto susp. CDWS [28]

Aluminium 0.18 0.03 0.15 0.43 0.34 0.07 0.02

Arsenic 0.000034 0.000001 0.025 0.0053 0.0053 0.00002 0.05
Cadmium 0.00017 0.000003 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.000003 0.01
Cobalt 0.000057 0.000009 0.000072 0.004 0.004 0.00005 WL
Chrome 0.0024 0.0001 0.0004 0.004 0.004 0.0002 0.05
Copper 0.0079 0.00017 0.00051 0.0045 0.0045 0.0005 1.0
Iron 0.092 0.019 0.115 0.40 0.84 0.044 0.3
Manganese 0.013 0.003 0.036 0.304 0.421 0.002 0.1
Mercury 0.00004 0.000001 0.000001 0.00045 0.0006 0.000001 0.001
Nickel 0.0004 0.00005 0.0006 0.004 0.004 0.0004 0.01
Lead 0.00057 0.000033 0.00014 0.006 0.006 0.00012 0.05
Zinc 0.015 0.0005 0.002 0.073 0.032 0.0015 5.0
WL: without limit.

Table 4. Results of metals and TOC (mg kg−1 ) in river Santiago bottom sediments.

Parameter Colimilla El Salto Lake Chapala ISQG [8] PEL [8]

Aluminum 37,363.2 30,438.8 NA WL WL

Arsenic <1.1 <1.1 <1.1 5.9 17.0
Cadmium <0.34 <0.34 <0.34 0.6 3.5
Cobalt 12.6 7.8 NA WL WL
Chrome 43.2 73.4 14.8+7.0 37.3 90.0
Copper 50.5 123.9 16.7+7.8 35.7 197.0
Iron 28,739.4 18,034.3 NA WL WL
Manganese 1,182 147 NA 460 1,100
Nickel 45 109 21.4+5.3 WL 36
Lead 16.9 30.5 23.0+5.1 35.0 91.3
Zinc 185.1 178.2 76.0+32.4 123.0 315.0
Mercury 0.14 0.16 1.1+0.50 0.17 0.486
TOC 106,613 84,694 NA WL WL
WL: without limit.
NA: not analyzed.
 Metal concentration scenarios for Arcediano Dam, Jalisco 103
Table 5. Scenarios for simulating metals desorption from sediments at different water depths of the Arcediano dam.

Parameter Unit Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4

pe WD −6 a 6 −6 a 6 −6 a 6 −6 a 6
Redox potential mV −355 to 355 −355 to 355 −355 to 355 −355 to 355
DO mol kg−1 3.13E-05 3.13E-05 3.13E-05 3.13E-05
Arsenic mol kg−1 3.78E-12 1.07E-09 1.99E-09 5.96E-09
Cadmium mol kg−1 2.85E-11 4.96E-10 9.02E-10 2.65E-09
Cobalt mol kg−1 1.60E-10 6.44E-08 1.20E-07 3.60E-07
Chrome mol kg−1 1.91E-09 2.52E-07 4.68E-07 1.40E-06
Copper mol kg−1 2.59E-09 2.41E-07 4.48E-07 1.34E-06
Mercury mol kg−1 4.54E-12 2.19E-10 4.04E-10 1.20E-09
Nickel mol kg−1 8.79E-10 2.33E-07 4.34E-07 1.30E-06
Lead mol kg−1 1.60E-10 2.47E-08 4.59E-08 1.37E-07
Zinc mol kg−1 7.05E-09 8.58E-07 1.60E-06 4.77E-06
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Alcalinity mol kg−1 7.46E-03 7.46E-03 7.46E-03 7.46E-03

Calcium mol kg−1 1.94E-03 1.94E-03 1.94E-03 1.94E-03
Magnesium mol kg−1 8.8E-04 8.8E-04 8.8E-04 8.8E-04
Phosphate mol kg−1 6.8E-05 6.8E-05 6.8E-05 6.8E-05
Sulfate mol kg−1 8.89E-04 8.89E-04 8.89E-04 8.89E-04
Nitrate mol kg−1 5.36E-04 5.36E-04 5.36E-04 5.36E-04
Ammonium mol kg−1 5.08E-04 5.08E-04 5.08E-04 5.08E-04
Pyrolusite mol kg−1 6.23E-08 6.53E-06 1.21E-05 3.63E-05
Ferrihydrite mol kg−1 3.40E-08 1.56E-05 2.91E-05 8.72E-05
Low-affinity hydrous ferric oxide mol mol−1 2.00E-01 2.00E-01 2.00E-01 2.00E-01
High-affinity hydrous ferric oxide mol mol−1 5.00E-03 5.00E-03 5.00E-03 5.00E-03
Specific surface area m2 mol−1 5.34E-04 5.34E-04 5.34E-04 5.34E-04
WD: without dimension.

where [Me] = metal concentration, [Menor ]=normalizing
metal concentration (Al, Fe, Mn).
To estimate the risk of contaminating water in the Arce-
diano Dam by resuspension of sediments and resulting des-
orption of metals, scenarios were formulated based on the
results of water and sediment quality, and using the chem-
ical equilibrium model, PHREEQC[25,26] . Distribution of
high and low-affinity sorption sites on the hydrous ferric
oxides were obtained from Dzombak and Morel.[27]
Results and discussion
Results of field measurements and metal concentrations in
water and sediments are presented in Tables 2–4 and com-
pared to the MCDWS[28] and Canadian sediment qual-
ity guidelines.[8] DO concentrations were below 1 mg L−1
at the El Salto sampling station (Table 2). This is most
likely caused by industrial wastewater discharges upstream
from the site. DO concentrations were still low at the Za-
potlanejo site, but further downstream this parameter had
reached levels higher than the MCDWS of 4 mg L−1 . EC
tends to decrease as the river flows downstream from the
El Salto site to the Arcediano site. TDS were higher than
the MCDWS[28] at the El Salto, Colimilla, and Arcediano
stations, whereas pH was within the acceptable limits. Am-
monium concentrations were higher at the El Salto and
Zapotlanejo stations as compared to those further down-
stream, indicating higher organic loads. Nitrate was only
higher than the corresponding MCDWS at the Matatlán
sampling station, whereas phosphate concentrations were
higher and sulfate concentrations lower at all sampling sta-
tions than the respective MCDWS.
It was observed that aluminum exceeded the MCDWS
in all sampling stations (Table 3), whereas iron and man-
ganese surpassed the criteria at the Matatlán and Zapot-
lanejo sampling stations and all other metals were below
the respective criteria.
As Mexico has not established limits for metals in sedi-
ments, the Canadian ecological criteria for protection of
aquatic life[8] were used for interpretation of analytical
results. These are divided into Interim Sediment Quality
Guidelines (ISQG) where adverse effects are expected to oc-
cur in less than 25% of the benthic organisms while the PEL
indicate that adverse effects may take place in between 25
and 50% of the benthic organisms. Concentrations of met-
als in the Santiago River sediment samples are presented
in Table 4.
It was observed that the concentration of manganese in
the sediment sample from the El Salto station was low,
probably due to reductive dissolution of this metal be-
cause of low DO and redox potential at this site, as dis-
cussed above. In sediments from the Colimilla station,
the manganese concentration was slightly higher than the
 104 Hansen and González-Márquez
100 1.0E+01

1.0E-01
Enrichment Factor (EF)

10

Arsenic [mg L ]
-1
Al
Scenario 1
Fe 1.0E-03 Scenario 2
Mn
Scenario 3
1
Scenario 4
CDWS

1.0E-05

m
m
.

.
sp

sp

sp

sp

tto
tto
su

su

su

su

1.0E-07
bo

bo
o

lto
n
an

ill

la

lto
a

Sa
im

at
ill

-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

di

Sa
at
im
e

El
ol
rc

M
C

Eh (mV)
El
ol
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Fig. 3. Sediment enrichment factors for nickel. Fig. 5. Simulated concentrations of dissolved arsenic.

corresponding PEL. Concentrations of nickel were higher The difference in EF for nickel in sediments in the El
than PEL in the Santiago River stations, wheras average Salto bottom sediments may be a result of the relatively low
Lake Chapala sediments were below this level. Chrome, concentration of manganese in these sediments, related to
copper, and zinc concentrations exceeded ISQG in both low DO and redox potential as discussed above, resulting in
river stations, whereas the average Lake Chapala sediment reductive dilution of this normalizing element. Since other
concentrations were lower than the guidelines. In the case of metals were also associated with iron-containing minerals
mercury, average Lake Chapala concentrations were higher in the Santiago River sediment samples [29] , the interaction
than those in the river sediment samples. with iron oxides was considered as the controlling adsorp-
Results of calculated EF for nickel are presented in tion mechanism.
Figure 3. Nickel was mostly associated with iron- Parameters defining the scenarios of future conditions
containing sediments followed by aluminium-containing in the Arcediano Dam (as presented in Table 5) have been
clays and, to a lesser extent, with manganese oxides, in the used to simulate desorption of metals from bottom sedi-
sampling stations further downstream. However, for the El ments suspended by action of stormflow of the river into
Salto bottom sediments, nickel was mostly associated with the dam. Hydrous ferric oxide concentrations were calcu-
manganese oxides, followed by iron-containing sediments lated considering the SS measured in the Colimilla station
and, to a lesser extent, by aluminium-containing clays: (scenario 1) as representative of what may occur in the
Arcediano Dam when constructed. Scenario 2 considers
EFMn > EFFe > EFAl in the El Salto bottom sediments resuspension of a 5 cm sediment layer in an average water
EFFe > EFAl > EFMn in all other Santiago River sampling column of 56 m (average depth of the Arcediano Dam).
stations. Scenarios 3 and 4 consider water depths of 30 and 10 m,

1.0E+01 1.0E+00

1.0E-01
1.0E+00
Manganese [mg L ]
-1

1.0E-02
Lead [mg L-1]

Scenario 1 Scenario 1
1.0E-01 Scenario 2 Scenario 2
Scenario 3 Scenario 3
Scenario 4 1.0E-03 Scenario 4
CDWS CDWS

1.0E-02
1.0E-04

1.0E-03 1.0E-05
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Eh (mV) Eh (mV)

Fig. 4. Simulated concentrations of dissolved manganese. Fig. 6. Simulated concentrations of dissolved lead.
 Metal concentration scenarios for Arcediano Dam, Jalisco 105
1.0E+00 lead concentration surpassed the corresponding criterion at
redox potentials below -118 mV (Fig. 6), indicating that this
1.0E-01
metal desorbs, especially under reductive conditions. Con-
centrations of chrome remained above its criterion at all re-
dox potentials (Fig. 7) at this water depth. The only scenario
Chrome [mg L-1]

1.0E-02 where dissolved nickel is below the corresponding MCDWS

Scenario 1
Scenario 2
is for the SS concentrations measured in the field. For all
1.0E-03
Scenario 3 scenarios of resuspension of bottom sediments, dissolved
Scenario 4
CDWS
nickel concentrations were above its MCDWS (Fig. 8).
1.0E-04

Conclusion
1.0E-05
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
We present a method for estimating the risk of contami-
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Eh (mV)
Fig. 7. Simulated concentrations of dissolved chrome.
respectively, representing different degrees of sediment ac-
cumulation in the dam. Aqueous and sediment compo-
sitions were based on the results of metals in water and
sediment samples from the Colimilla station, considering
that only 10% of total iron in the sediments represents ad-
sorbing sites. [27]
Simulations of metals desorption as a function of the
systems redox potential are presented in Figures 4–8 for
the different simulated scenarios (Table 5). Results show
that, for SS concentrations as measured during sampling,
manganese concentrations are below the MCDWS.[28] Re-
suspension of bottom sediments may cause concentrations
of this metal that surpass the above mentioned criterion
at all redox potentials (Fig. 4). Dissolved concentrations
of arsenic (Fig. 5) were below the corresponding MCDWS
for all scenarios. This was also the case for copper and
mercury.[29]
Lead and chrome concentrations were below the
MCDWS when water depths of 56 and 30 m were con-
sidered (Figs. 6 and 7). Considering a water depth of 10 m,
1.0E+00
1.0E-01
nating water, based on sediments as sources of pollutants.
This method allows forecasting water contamination based
on quality of sediments. Metal concentrations in sediments
as compared to ecological criteria[8] , were higher than PEL
for manganese and nickel and above ISQG for arsenic,
copper, chrome, mercury, and zinc. Except manganese,
aqueous concentrations of all measured metals were be-
low their corresponding MCDWS. Sediment enrichment
factors, as calculated for iron, manganese and aluminum
as normalizing elements, indicated that except for the El
Salto sampling station, metals were mainly associated with
the iron minerals of the sediments. Geochemical simula-
tions of the water-sediment interactions in the dam showed
that metals may desorb and reach concentrations higher
than MCDWS due to resuspension of sediments. This situ-
ation occurs especially as sediments accumulate over time.
These results should be accounted for during management
of water and sediments in this future water supply for the
city of Guadalajara.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Water Commission from
the state of Jalisco, Mexico (CEA Jalisco), as well as
Franklin Torres-Bejarano, Mariana Villada-Canela, and
César Calderón-Mólgora from the Mexican Institute for
Water Technology (IMTA).

1.0E-02 References
Nickel [mg L ]
-1

Scenario 1
Scenario 2

1.0E-03
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Scenario 4
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1.0E-04
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