Booklet Elke

October 30, 2022
Contenido
• INTRODUCCION ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
• NOUNS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
What are a Nouns? ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
• Types Of Nouns......................................................................................................................................................... 2
• EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
• WORKSHEET ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
• EVALUATION OF NOUNS ............................................................................................................................................ 9
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................... 10
• SONG .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
• PRONOUNS ................................................................................................................................................................ 12
What is a Pronoun? .................................................................................................................................................... 12
• Types Of Pronouns.................................................................................................................................................. 12
How to use personal pronouns? .......................................................................................................................... 13
How to use possessive pronouns? ....................................................................................................................... 16
How to use relative pronouns? ............................................................................................................................. 17
How to use reflexive pronouns? ........................................................................................................................... 18
How to use indefinite pronouns? .......................................................................................................................... 21
How to use demonstrative pronouns? ................................................................................................................. 22
How to use interrogative pronouns? .................................................................................................................... 24
How to use reciprocal pronouns? ......................................................................................................................... 27
• EXAMPLES: ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
• WORKSHEET .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................... 31
• SONG .................................................................................................................................................................... 32
• VERB ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
• Types Of Verbs ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
• EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................................. 38
• WORKSHEET .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 40
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................... 41
• SONG ................................................................................................................................................................... 42
• ADJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................................... 43
• Types of Adjectives ................................................................................................................................................. 43
• EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................................................................... 46
• WORKSHEET .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................... 49
• SONG .................................................................................................................................................................... 50
• PREPOSITION ............................................................................................................................................................. 51
• Types of prepositions .............................................................................................................................................. 52
• EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
• WORKSHEET .......................................................................................................................................................... 55
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................... 57
• SONG .................................................................................................................................................................... 58
• INTERJECTIONS.......................................................................................................................................................... 59
• Types of interjections ............................................................................................................................................. 60
• Example.................................................................................................................................................................. 62
• WORKSHEET .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 64
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................... 65
• Song...................................................................................................................................................................... 66
• CONJUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 67
• Types of Conjunctions ......................................................................................................................................... 67
• Conjunction Rules .......................................................................................................................................... 67
• EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................................................................... 69
• WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................... 72
• SONG .................................................................................................................................................................. 73
• ADVERBS ................................................................................................................................................................... 74
• Types of Adverbs .................................................................................................................................................... 75
• Order of Adverbs ............................................................................................................................................ 78
• EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................................. 79
• WORKSHEET .......................................................................................................................................................... 80
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 81
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................. 82
• SONG .................................................................................................................................................................... 83
• Articles ..................................................................................................................................................................... 84
• Types Of Articles .................................................................................................................................................... 84
• EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................................................................... 87
• WORKSHEET .......................................................................................................................................................... 88
• EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 89
• GAME .................................................................................................................................................................. 90
• SONG .................................................................................................................................................................. 91
• Annexes...................................................................................................................................................................... 92
• BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................................................ 94
INTRODUCCION
English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language, this includes
everything from writing a word to form complete texts.
A booklet is the one that gives us the most important information on some topics in a
quick and summarized way.
The main objective of this booklet is to be able to learn grammar points in a simple and
fun way, through examples, since on many occasions we confuse some topics.
In the brochure we can find several topics, such as:
Nouns
Pronouns
Verb
Adjectives
Preposition
Interjections
Conjunctions
Adverbs
Articles
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NOUNS
What are a Nouns?
Nouns are everywhere in our writing.

Nouns are words that represent people, places, or things. Everything we can see or talk about is
represented by a word. That word is called a "noun." You might find it useful to think of a noun as a
"naming word."
Types Of Nouns
Nouns are an important part of speech in English, probably second only to verbs. It is difficult to say much
without using a noun.
There are several different types of English nouns. It is often useful to recognize what type a noun is
because different types sometimes have different rules. This helps you to use them correctly.
Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

Proper Nouns
Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns. Your name is a proper noun. London is a
proper noun. United Nations is a proper noun.
Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.

Examples: Jane, Thailand, Sunday, James Bond, Einstein, Superman, Game of Thrones, Shakespeare
Let me introduce you to Mary.
The capital of Italy is Rome.
He is the chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation.
I was born in November.
Note: Adjectives that we make from proper nouns also usually start with a capital letter, for example
Shakespearian, Orwellian.
Common Nouns
Most nouns are common nouns. Common nouns refer to people, places and things in general
like chair or dog. Any noun that is not a name is a common noun.
Examples: teacher, car, music, danger, receipt
Have you seen my dog?
The books are on your desk.
...the pursuit of happiness.
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Types Of Common Nouns
Common or generic nouns can be broken down into three subtypes: concrete nouns, abstract nouns,
and collective nouns.
Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are physical things that you can touch.
Examples: man, rice, head, car, furniture, mobile phone
How many stars are there in the universe?
Have you met James Bond?
Pour the water down the drain.
Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. They are things that you cannot touch. Abstract nouns
are ideas, concepts and feelings.
Examples: happiness, courage, danger, truth
He has great strength.
Who killed President Kennedy is a real mystery.
Sometimes it takes courage to tell the truth.
Their lives were full of sadness.
Collective Nouns
A collective noun denotes a group of individuals.
Examples: class (group of students), pride (group of lions), crew (group of sailors)
Rule: Collective nouns can be treated as singular or plural. More about this at rules of subject-
verb agreement with collective nouns.
His family live in different countries.

An average family consists of four people.
The new company is the result of a merger.
The board of directors will meet tomorrow.
Nouns as Subject
A subject noun is the subject of a sentence and usually, but not always, comes before the main verb in
a sentence.
Examples: Sam lives in an apartment.
Sam is the subject noun of this sentence. Sam, the subject, is the performer of the verb to live.
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Nouns as Objects
In English grammar, an object is a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun that is affected by the action of a
verb. Objects give our language detail and texture by allowing the creation of complex sentences.
Prepositions also have objects.
Types of Objects
Objects can function three ways within a sentence.
Direct Objects
Direct objects identify what or who receives the action of a transitive verb in a clause or sentence. When
pronouns function as direct objects, they customarily take the form of the objective case (me, us, him, her,
them, whom, and whomever).
Example:
"She closed the carton carefully. First she kissed her father, then she kissed her mother. Then she opened
the lid again, lifted the pig out, and held it against her cheek."
There's only one subject in this passage, yet there are six direct objects (carton, father, mother, lid, pig, it),
five nouns and a pronoun.
Indirect Objects
Nouns and pronouns also function as indirect objects. These objects are the beneficiaries or recipients of
the action in a sentence. Indirect objects answer the questions "to/for whom" and "to/for what."
Examples:
My aunt opened her purse and gave the man a quarter.
The man is given a coin. The quarter is a direct object and it benefits the man, an indirect object.
It was his birthday so Mom had baked Bob a chocolate cake.
The cake is the direct object and it benefits Bob, the indirect object.
Nouns as Subject and Object Complements

Another type of noun use is called a subject complement. In this example, the noun teacher is used as
a subject complement.
Examples:
Mary is a teacher.
Subject complements normally follow linking verbs like to be, become, or seem. A teacher is what Mary
is.
A related usage of nouns is called an object complement.
I now pronounce you husband and wife.

Husband and wife are nouns used as object complements in this sentence. Verbs that denote making,
naming, or creating are often followed by object complements.
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Appositive Noun
An appositive noun is a noun that immediately follows another noun in order to further define or identify
it.
Examples:
My brother, Michael, is six years old.
Michael is an appositive here, further identifying the subject of the sentence, my brother.
Sometimes, nouns can be used adjectivally as well.
He is a speed demon.
Speed is a normally a noun, but here it is acting as an adjective to modify demon.
Plural Nouns
A plural noun is a noun that refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Most singular nouns are made plural by adding a suffix, usually –s or –es.
For example, the singular noun dog takes the plural form dogs, as in three dogs. However, there are
irregular plural nouns that take unique forms.
Examples:
Boat – Boats
House – Houses
Cat – Cats
Bus – Buses
Wish – Wishes
Box – Boxes
Singular Nouns
A singular noun is a noun that refers to only one person, place, thing, or idea. It’s contrasted with plural
nouns, which refer to more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Singular nouns are pretty straightforward.
Countable Nouns
(also called count nouns)
You can count countable nouns. Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.
Examples: ball, boy, cat, person
I have only five dollars.
The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago.
There are lots of people but we don't have a car.
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Uncountable Nouns
(also called mass nouns)
You cannot count uncountable nouns. You need to use "measure words" to quantify them.
Rule: We never use uncountable nouns with the indefinite article (a/an). Uncountable nouns are
always singular.
Examples: water, happiness, cheese
Have you got some money?
Air-conditioners use a lot of electricity.
Do you have any work for me to do?
Many Asians eat rice
Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun shows ownership by adding an apostrophe, an "s" or both. To make a single noun
possessive, simply add an apostrophe and an "s."
Example:
In the phrase the student’s notes, the word student’s is a possessive noun, showing that the
notes belong to the student.
A dog’s bone
A man’s jacket
A lion’s mane
Attributive Noun
Attributive nouns are nouns that function as adjectives as in 'chicken soup'
Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. Most compound nouns are [noun +
noun] or [adjective + noun]. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by
adjectives and other nouns.
Compound nouns have three different forms:
open or spaced - space between words (bus stop)
hyphenated - hyphen between words (mother-in-law)
closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (football)
Examples: cat food, blackboard, breakfast, full moon, washing machine, software
Can we use the swimming pool?
They stop work at sunset.
Don't forget that check-out is at 12 noon.
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EXAMPLES
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION OF NOUNS
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GAME
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SONG
We're Going To Be Friends
The White Stripes
This song talks about learning to spell and also mentions objects like books, pens, uniforms and
numbers.
Fall is here, hear the yell
Back to school ring the bell
Brand new shoes, walking blues
Climb the fence, books and pens
I can tell that we are gonna be friends
Walk with me, Suzy Lee

Through the park and by the tree
We will rest upon the ground
And look at all the bugs we found
Safely walk to school without a sound
Safely walk to school without a sound
Here we are, no one else

We walked to school all by ourselves
There's dirt on our uniforms
From chasing all the ants and worms
We clean up and now it's time to learn
We clean up and now it's time to learn
Numbers, letters, learn to spell

Nouns, and books, and show and tell
At playtime we will throw the ball
Back to class, through the hall
Teacher marks our height against the wall
Teacher marks our height against the wall
We don't notice any time pass

We don't notice anything
We sit side by side in every class
Teacher thinks that I sound funny
But she likes the way you sing
Tonight I'll dream while I'm in my bed

When silly thoughts go through my head
About the bugs and alphabet
And when I wake tomorrow I'll bet
That you and I will walk together again
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PRONOUNS
What is a Pronoun?
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. We often use them to avoid repeating the nouns that
they refer to. Pronouns have different forms for the different ways we use them.
Types Of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
A personal pronoun is a pronoun typically used to refer to a speaker or to the people or things that a
speaker is referring to. Often, personal pronouns are used to replace proper names as in Olivia went to
bed early because she (Olivia) worked hard today.
While we typically use personal pronouns to refer to people, we can also use them to refer to
animals, too.
Example:
I bought my cat a new toy, and he loves it.
Some personal pronouns are also used to refer to inanimate objects or concepts:
Our house looked very nice after we painted it.
Follow the steps of the recipe exactly, because they must be done in a specific order.
List of personal pronouns

We can use personal pronouns to refer to a single person/thing or many people/things.
Singular Personal Pronouns

A personal pronoun is singular if it refers to exactly one person or thing. The most commonly used
singular personal pronouns are:
First person: I, me
Second person: you
Third person: she, her, he, him, i
Plural Personal Pronouns

A personal pronoun is plural if it refers to more than one person or thing. The most commonly used
plural personal pronouns are:
First person: we, us
Second person: you
Third person: they, them
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They and them as singular personal pronouns
While the words they and them are usually plural, it is acceptable to use them as singular words. As
singular pronouns, they and them are often used neutrally to refer to a person without specifying their
gender.
Example:
A person is free to act as they wish.
The doctor helped anyone who came to them.
Even when used as a singular, the word they still uses a plural verb:
I think you should always listen to your best friend. They know what is best for you.
They and them are sometimes used as singular pronouns by those who identify as nonbinary:
I am meeting Hunter at the mall. They want to go clothes shopping with me.
Examples of personal pronouns

Singular Personal Pronouns
I exercise every day.
Raymond has always been nice to me.
Victoria gave Martin a present and he gave one to her.
You should brush your teeth regularly.
An ant can lift something that weighs much more than it does.
Plural personal pronouns

We built a snowman.
The price of the jewelry surprised us.
Jack’s clothes were soaked after the car splashed them.
The workers went on strike because they wanted higher pay.
The monkeys entertained the guests that came to see them.
How to use personal pronouns?

Each personal pronoun has a specific meaning. It is important to know what each of them are so that
you can properly use them in sentences.
I and me are used to refer to the one who is speaking or the author of a piece of writing. I is
used as a subject, and me is used as an object. Both words are singular.
You is used to refer to a person or people that isn’t the speaker or author. You can be used as
either a subject or an object, and it can be used as a singular or plural.
He, him, she, and her are used to refer to another person or to an animal. All of these words are
gendered pronouns: he and him are commonly used to refer to a male person/animal,
and she and her are used to refer to a female person/animal. All of these words are
singular. He and she are used as subjects while him and her are used as objects.
It is used to refer to non-living things, abstract concepts, or animals of unknown sex. It is a
singular word and can be used as a subject or an object.
We and us are used to collectively refer to a speaker/author plus other people. Both words are
plural. We is used as a subject, and us is used as an object.
13 | P á g i n a
They and them are used to refer to other people or things. They is used as a subject, and them is
used as an object. While they and them are often used as plural words, it is possible to
use they and them as singular words to refer to a person of unknown gender or to a nonbinary
person.
For clarity, it is a good idea to use a personal pronoun after introducing the noun that it is replacing.
Example:
Less clear: He went to the store and bought a new hat.
More clear: Allen went to the store, and he bought a new hat.
In general, you don’t need to do this with the pronouns I, me, and you. These pronouns can only refer to
either the person speaking/writing or everyone else.
Personal pronouns follow the same major rule that all other pronouns do. They only replace nouns, and
they follow the same rules of grammar that nouns do. This means that we can use personal pronouns
as subjects or objects:
Subject: We looked for seashells at the beach.
Object: Gina said she gave the envelope to you.
When using personal pronouns, they must follow subject-verb agreement. This means that a singular
personal pronoun uses a singular verb and a plural personal pronoun uses a plural verb.
Example
Singular: He is my best friend. (He is a singular pronoun and is a singular verb.)
Plural: I bought the shoes because they were on sale. (Both they and were are plural.)
Possessive Pronoun
A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that is used to express ownership or possession. For example, the
word hers is a possessive pronoun in the sentence Charlotte noticed that Seth’s dog was bigger than
hers. The word hers indicates that “Charlotte’s dog” (the noun phrase being replaced by the word hers)
belongs to Charlotte.
Like possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns have other uses, too. For example, they can be
used to express origin or a special relationship:
Origin: Chicago is Will’s home and Atlanta is ours. (Ours replaces “our home.” This sentence says
that we originate from the city of Atlanta.)
Relationship: I brought my younger sister to the party and Mila brought hers, too. (Hers replaces
“her sister.” Mila doesn’t “own” or “possess” her sister, but she is related to her.)
List of possessive pronouns

There are a bunch of different possessive pronouns that you can use, which can be either singular or
plural if they are referring to one person or multiple people.
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Singular Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are singular if they only refer to only one person or thing. Singular possessive
pronouns include:
mine
yours
hers
his
its
theirs (sometimes—more on this later)
Plural Possessive Pronouns

A possessive pronoun is plural if it refers to more than one person or thing. Plural possessive pronouns
include:
ours
yours
theirs
However, you may see other possessive pronouns in addition to these. Every personal pronoun has a
possessive pronoun that goes along with it. For this reason, you may see other potential possessive
pronouns such as hirs and that a person may use if they choose not to use the gendered pronouns he
or she.
Examples of possessive pronouns

Let’s practice using possessive pronouns in sentences. In each of the following sentences, a noun
phrase will be used first and then a possessive pronoun will be used to replace it.
Singular possessive pronouns

That is her car and this one here is my car.
That is her car and this one here is mine.
Let’s see if Dave’s arm is longer than your arm.

Let’s see if Dave’s arm is longer than yours.
Penelope said we can stay at her house, but I don’t know which one is her house.
Penelope said we can stay at her house, but I don’t know which one is hers.
Plural possessive pronouns

Emilia’s party was great, but just wait until she comes to our party.
Emilia’s party was great, but just wait until she comes to ours.
This is my cookie pile, and that one is the one for all of you.
This is my cookie pile, and that one is yours.
We don’t think that our team can defeat their team.

We don’t think that our team can defeat theirs.
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How to use possessive pronouns?
Before we discuss possessive pronouns specifically, it would be a good idea to review how pronouns
in general are used in sentences. In short, pronouns replace nouns and noun phrases. This means that,
grammatically, pronouns follow the same rules as nouns and can be used anywhere a noun can (i.e.,
as a subject or object).
Proper usage
Possessive pronouns can be used as either subjects or objects:
Subject: Bill already got his package. Mine isn’t here yet.
Object: Diana found my backpack, but we still haven’t found hers.
When used in sentences, a possessive pronoun matches the number of the owner and not the owned
object(s). For example:
I saw Patrick carrying a book. I think this book is his. (The owner is Patrick.)
I saw Partick carrying books. I think these books are his. (The owner is still Patrick.)
Relative Pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to introduce a relative clause. In particular, relative
pronouns usually introduce relative clauses that describe nouns or other pronouns. This will be easier to
understand if we look at some sentences.
For example, the word that is a relative pronoun in the sentence Find me the book that has money
hidden in it.
A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause (also known as a dependent clause), which
means that it can’t stand by itself as a complete sentence.
Example:
Independent clause: Jeff is a friend (The clause can stand alone.)
Dependent clause: who is always there for me (The clause can’t stand alone.)
Relative pronouns typically lead relative clauses and, in a manner of speaking, attach them to an
independent clause.
Example:
Jeff is a friend who is always there for me.
In this sentence, the relative pronoun who introduces a dependent clause that modifies the noun friend.
Examples of relative pronouns
Here are some more examples of relative pronouns used in sentences.
I need to find a roommate who doesn’t smoke.
The employee helped the customer whom the manager brought over.
She gave a ride to a tourist whose family was from Sweden.
The computer, which I bought yesterday, is on top of my desk.
The uniform that had been worn by Napoleon was on display in the museum.
16 | P á g i n a
How to use relative pronouns?
When we use relative pronouns, we typically put them immediately after the word that is being
modified by a relative clause:
She was the only student who knew the right answer.
We can also use commas to separate the relative clause from the independent clause. When we do,
we typically still try to put the relative clause right after the word it modifies:
Brian sat in his car, which was parked by a utility pole.
In general, we don’t separate out a relative clause with commas if it is a restrictive clause (it identifies
the thing it modifies), but we do use commas if it is a nonrestrictive clause (it describes the thing it
modifies).
Example:
Restrictive clause: I found the girl who wrote the note.
Nonrestrictive clause: Stephanie, who is standing by the door, wrote the note.
Because they are pronouns, relative pronouns almost always introduce subordinate clauses that
describe nouns or other pronouns.
Modifies a noun: The squirrel that I was watching climbed up the tree.
Modifies a pronoun: Look in the box of papers and hand me one that is blank.
Reflexive Pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun used as an object that refers to the same person or thing as the
subject. For example, the word herself is a reflexive pronoun in the sentence Nina loves herself because
it refers to the same person as the subject Nina; Nina loves Nina.
We use reflexive pronouns when the object of a verb or preposition is the same as the subject
of the sentence:
Becky introduced herself. (The person that Becky introduced was Becky. Becky is both the
performer and the receiver of the action.)
The puppy looked at himself in the mirror. (The thing that the puppy looked at was the puppy.
The puppy is both the subject of the sentence and the object of the preposition.)
List of reflexive pronouns
Singular reflexive pronouns

A reflexive pronoun is singular if it refers to exactly one person or thing. The most commonly used
reflexive singular pronouns are:
myself
yourself
herself, himself, itself
17 | P á g i n a
Plural reflexive pronouns
A reflexive pronoun is plural if it refers to more than one person or thing. The most commonly used
plural reflexive pronouns are:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Themself
The word themself is sometimes used in nonstandard English as a variant of the word themselves or as
a reflexive version of the word they as a singular pronoun to neutrally refer to a person. For example,
The people can speak for themself. (Themself is used instead of themselves.)
The shy child sat by themself. (The child’s gender is unknown or not relevant.)
However, the word themself is also used to refer to a person who identifies as nonbinary. Using
themself in this context is perfectly acceptable:
Harley expressed themself through their poetry.
It is important to use the correct pronouns to refer to a person. You can learn more about themself and
the singular they in our exploration of the topic.
Examples of reflexive pronouns

Let’s look at how we use reflexive pronouns in sentences.
Singular reflexive pronouns

I ate breakfast by myself.
We will be busy, so you will have to drive yourself to the airport.
The baboon puffed itself up to look more intimidating.
The director made a name for himself with his first movie.
Alexis painted a picture of herself and her family.
Plural reflexive pronouns

We groggily dragged ourselves out of bed.
Hi, everybody! Help yourselves to some pancakes!
The silly clowns made fools of themselves.
How to use reflexive pronouns?

Reflexive pronouns are used differently than most other pronouns. The main difference is that reflexive
pronouns are not typically used as the subjects of sentences or clauses. For example, we would say
Benny went to the movie by himself but we wouldn’t say Himself went to the movie. In order for a
sentence to make sense, it must be obvious who or what the reflexive pronoun is referring to.
Standard usage
Each reflexive pronoun corresponds to a personal pronoun. The reflexive pronoun refers to the same
person or thing that its personal pronoun does. Each of the commonly used reflexive pronouns are
listed below:
18 | P á g i n a
myself: me (the speaker or the writer)
yourself: you as a singular (another single person besides the speaker/writer)
itself: it (a thing or an animal)
himself: him (a male person or animal)
herself: her (a female person or animal)
ourselves: us (the speaker/writer and other people together)
yourselves: you as a plural (other people besides the speaker/writer)
themselves: them (a group of people, animals, or objects)
themself: them as a singular (see the usage explanation above.)
If you are unsure which reflexive pronoun to use, think about what the subject is and what personal
pronoun you would use if they were the object of the sentence and someone or something else was
performing the action:
The mother squirrel hid ____ in the tree branches.
In the above sentence, we know the subject is the mother squirrel but we are unsure which reflexive
pronoun to use. Let’s consider which personal pronoun the mother squirrel would use if it was the
object of a different sentence:
I fed acorns to the mother squirrel.
I fed acorns to her.
Because the mother squirrel refers to a female animal, we replace this noun phrase with the pronoun
her. The reflexive pronoun that corresponds to her is herself. So, we can go back to our original
sentence and plug herself into it:
The mother squirrel hid herself in the tree branches.
Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that doesn’t specifically identify what it is referring to. For example,
the word someone is an indefinite pronoun in the sentence Someone ate the last slice of pizza. We
know that the pronoun someone refers to a human being but we don’t know any other information
about them. Indefinite pronouns vaguely or generally refer to a person or thing.
Indefinite pronouns have a variety of uses. Some of these include:
Referring to an unknown person: The witness saw somebody sneaking around.

Referring to a general amount: Most of the kids left, but several of them are still here.
Referring to a totality or an absence: We tried everything, but nothing worked.
List of indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns can be singular, plural, or either singular or plural.
Singular indefinite pronouns

Listed below are indefinite pronouns that are typically used as singular. When used in a sentence,
these words typically take a singular verb:
Another
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Anybody
Each
Either
Everyone
Everybody
Less
Little
Much
Plural indefinite pronouns

Listed below are the indefinite pronouns that are treated as plural. When used in sentences, these
words typically use a plural verb:
Both
Few
Fewer
Many
Others
Several
Indefinite pronouns that can be singular or plural

Depending on the sentence, the following indefinite pronouns can be either singular or plural. The verb
they use will depend on if these words are acting as singular or plural:
All
Any
More
Most
None
Some
Examples of indefinite pronouns
Let’s look at how we use indefinite pronouns in sentences.
Singular indefinite pronouns

He had barely finished his first soda before he started to drink another.
Everyone was shocked by the sudden announcement.
Little is known about the ancient civilization.
My data shows that nobody thinks a hot dog is a sandwich.
Something smells really good in the kitchen.
Plural indefinite pronouns

Both of my friends are hungry.
We invited all of the neighbors to the picnic, but few have come.
Many of the cats have striped tails.
Several of the boys know how to swim.
This particular plane functions underwater, but others do not.
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Singular or plural indefinite pronouns
All of the trash is gone.
All of my sisters are blonde.
Most of the drinks are already gone.
Most of the town is covered in snow.
Some of the pie has been eaten, and some of the potatoes are missing.
How to use indefinite pronouns?

Like all other pronouns, indefinite pronouns can only be used the same ways as nouns. This means
that indefinite pronouns can function as a subject or an object in a sentence.
Subject: No one knows what to do.
Object: She was talking to someone on the phone.
However, most words that are used as indefinite pronouns can also be used as another part of speech.
If a word is being used as a modifier, for example, it could be classified as an adjective or
an adverb rather than an indefinite pronoun:
Pronoun: Some of us were here last night. (Functioning as a noun.)
Adjective: I found some change on the floor. (Modifying a noun.)
Adverb: Some 400 people attended the ceremony. (Modifying an adjective.)
Demonstrative Pronoun
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun used to point to specific people or things. For example, imagine
there was a chair right next to you and a chair across the room from you. When talking about the chair
nearer to you, you would say This is a chair. When talking about the chair far away from you, you would
point to it and say That is a chair. In these sentences, the words this and that are demonstrative
pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns can be used to refer to either people, animals, or objects.

Example:
People: This is my friend Lance.
Animals: That looks like a poisonous snake.
Objects: The cars in the front are worth more than those in the back.
A demonstrative pronoun can be used as either a subject or an object:
Subject: I think I need new shoes. These are pretty old.
Object: What is that?
List of demonstrative pronouns
Singular demonstrative pronouns

The words this and that are singular demonstrative pronouns. They are used to refer to a single person
or thing. The word this is used to refer to things close by, and that is used to refer to things far away.
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In addition to being used as a demonstrative pronoun, the word that has many different meanings and
can be used as an adjective, adverb, or a conjunction in addition to a pronoun.
Example:
The word that can also be used as a relative pronoun that introduces relative clauses. You can
learn more about this in our guide to relative pronouns.
Plural demonstrative pronouns

The words these and those are plural demonstrative pronouns. They are used to refer to more than one
person or thing. These is used to refer to nearby things, and those is used to refer to faraway objects.
Examples of demonstrative pronouns

Let’s look at examples of how we use demonstrative pronouns in sentences.
This is a really weird-looking fruit.
I can’t believe she said that.
We are going to need boxes that are a lot bigger than these.
The restaurants here are a lot newer than those across town.
How to use demonstrative pronouns?

Like all other pronouns, demonstrative pronouns must follow the same rules as nouns do. This means
that they can function as a subject or object and must follow subject-verb agreement.
The words this and that use a singular verb, and these and those use a plural verb:
Correct: That is an expensive car.
Incorrect: That are an expensive car.
Correct: Those look delicious.
Incorrect: Those looks delicious.
In general, it is important to make it clear to a reader or listener what a demonstrative pronoun is
referring to.
Example:
Less clear: That is not a good idea. (What isn’t a good idea?)
More clear: You’re going to tell Cindy her singing is terrible? That is not a good idea. (Telling
Cindy that you don’t like her singing is not a good idea.)
Interrogative Pronoun
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used to ask a question.
For example: the word who is an interrogative pronoun in the sentence Who are you? Like most other
pronouns, interrogative pronouns replace nouns in sentences.
In the case of interrogative pronouns, they typically replace whatever or whoever the answer to the
question is. For example:
What is a pineapple? A pineapple is a fruit.
Who built this shed? Carl built this shed.
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Usually, an interrogative pronoun is the first word in an interrogative sentence, which always ends in a
question mark. A sentence that is using an interrogative pronoun to ask an indirect question may not
end in a question mark:
I wonder who will come tomorrow.
She asked us what we wanted for lunch.
List of interrogative pronouns

The five most commonly used interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, what, and which. Less
commonly, longer forms of these words ending in -ever are also used: whoever, whomever, whosever,
whatever, and whichever. As interrogative pronouns, these variants may be used for emphasis or to
express surprise. All of these pronouns can act as singular or plural words depending on what they are
referring to.
Who and whom

Who and whom are used to ask questions where the answer is expected to be a person. Who is used
as a subject, and whom is used as an object. (More on this later!)
Whose
Whose is used to ask questions about possessions, ownership, or a relationship.
What
What is used to ask a question where the answer is expected to be an object or abstract concept.
Which
Which is used to ask questions where there are multiple choices or possibilities as to what the answer
could be.
Examples of interrogative pronouns

Let’s look at how we use each of the interrogative pronouns in sentences.
Who and whom

Who took the towel?
Who will win the championship?
Whom did you give the key to?
Whom did the police suspect of the crime?
Whose
I found this purse. Whose is this?
There are shoes by the door. Whose are they?
Look at that big house over there. Whose is it?
What
What is love?
What are those flowers called?
What are we going to do?
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Which
Which of these cookies do you want?
She either cleaned her room or she didn’t. Which is it?
We can go to the beach or the park. Which sounds more fun?
How to use interrogative pronouns?

Usually, interrogative pronouns are the first word used in questions:
Who was that?
What is her favorite color?
However, it is possible to use an interrogative pronoun later in a question:
You gave the money to whom?
Excuse me? You used what to make this ice cream?
An interrogative pronoun can be either singular or plural, but its appearance won’t change if it is being
used as one or the other. However, it must still follow subject-verb agreement when used in a
sentence:
What is your phone number?
What are the missing letters?
It can be helpful to flip an interrogative sentence around to figure out if you need a singular or plural
verb:
Who (is/are) these guys? These guys (is/are) who?
Intensive Pronoun
An intensive pronoun is a pronoun that refers back to the subject of a sentence in order to emphasize it.
For example: the pronoun himself is an intensive pronoun in the sentence The detective himself was
the culprit. The pronoun himself refers back to the subject the detective in order to add emphasis. By
using an intensive pronoun, the sentence highlights how unexpected it is that a detective who is
supposedly investigating a crime is actually the criminal. An intensive pronoun often immediately
follows the noun or pronoun it refers to, but this isn’t always the case.
There are many different reasons why we would use intensive pronouns, such as to point out
an odd or unexpected situation or to highlight an impressive achievement.
The prime minister herself appeared at the rally. (Nobody expected the prime minister to be
there.)
The third-grader wrote the bestselling book themselves. (It is an impressive feat for a young child
to write a successful book.)
List of intensive pronouns

Depending on how many people an intensive pronoun refers to, it can be singular or plural. All
intensive pronouns end in either -self or -selves.
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Singular intensive pronouns
An intensive pronoun is singular if it only refers to one person. Singular intensive pronouns include:
myself
yourself
herself, himself, itself
Plural intensive pronouns

An intensive pronoun is plural if it refers to more than one person or thing. The most commonly used
plural intensive pronouns are:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Themself
The word themself is sometimes used in nonstandard English as a variant of the word themselves or as
an intensive version of the word they as a singular pronoun to neutrally refer to a person. For example,
The people themself wanted a democracy. (Themself is used instead of themselves.)
The student made the project themself. (The student’s gender is unknown or not relevant.)
However, the word themself is also used to refer to a person who identifies as nonbinary. Using
themself in this context is perfectly acceptable:
Gale themself paid for the party.
It is important to use the correct pronouns to refer to a person. You can learn more about themself and
the singular they in our exploration of the topic.
Examples of intensive pronouns

Let’s look at some examples of intensive pronouns used in sentences.
Singular intensive pronouns

I built this house myself.
You need to find the answer yourself.
It turned out that Abraham Lincoln himself had written the poem.
The band’s singer wrote all of the songs herself.
The mouse itself opened the door to the cage.
Plural intensive pronouns

We will have to escape the island ourselves.
You yourselves have the potential to accomplish anything.
It turned out that the gardeners themselves had taken the tractor.
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Proper usage
Each intensive pronoun corresponds to a personal pronoun. The intensive pronoun refers to the same
person or thing that its personal pronoun does. Each of the commonly used intensive pronouns are
listed below:
myself: me (the speaker or the writer)
yourself: you as a singular (another single person besides the speaker/writer)
itself: it (a thing or an animal)
himself: him (a male person or animal)
herself: her (a female person or animal)
ourselves: us (the speaker/writer and other people together)
yourselves: you as a plural (other people besides the speaker/writer)
themselves: them (a group of people, animals, or objects)
themself: them as a singular (see the usage explanation above.)
Reciprocal Pronoun
A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual relationship. Putting it another way,
reciprocal pronouns refer to a situation where someone or something performs an action on others and
receives the same action in return.
For example: the sentence Andrew and Bill helped each other means that Andrew helped Bill and Bill
helped Andrew.
As another example, the sentence the members of the team supported one another means that
every member of the team supported every other member of the team. The people who
performed the actions also received them in return.
List of reciprocal pronouns

Most style guides only consider there to be two reciprocal pronouns, and both of them consist of two
words. These reciprocal pronouns are:
each other
one another
Be cautious of each other. The words each and other can be used by themselves as indefinite
pronouns. Additionally, the word each can be used as an adjective or an adverb, and the word other
can be used as an adjective, adverb, noun, or even a verb.
For example: the sentence Each bird in the tree looks different from each other one uses each as an
adverb and other as an adjective.
Examples of reciprocal pronouns

Let’s look at how we use reciprocal pronouns in sentences to express mutual relationships.
Each other
Romeo and Juliet love each other.
The coaches spoke to each other about strategy.
The chimpanzees shared food with each other.
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One another
The members of the board congratulated one another on a successful quarter.
At the roast, the guests took turns making jokes about one another.
The elephants stood close together in order to protect one another.
How to use reciprocal pronouns?

There is one important thing to know about reciprocal pronouns that separates them from other
pronouns. Unlike other pronouns, reciprocal pronouns typically only make grammatical sense when
they are used as objects. This means that we usually do not put a reciprocal pronoun as the subject of
a sentence, clause, or phrase.
Correct: Barry and Mary are friends. They smiled at each other.
Incorrect: Barry and Mary are friends. Each other smiled at them.
It is also important to know that reciprocal pronouns have different meanings than reflexive pronouns.
These two types of pronouns usually cannot be used interchangeably because the meaning of the
sentence will change.
Example:
Reciprocal pronoun: Jenny and Kenny hugged each other. (This sentence means Jenny hugged
Kenny and Kenny hugged Jenny.)
Reflexive pronoun: Jenny and Kenny hugged themselves. (This sentence means that Jenny
hugged herself and Kenny hugged himself.)
It is possible to use each other and one another as possessive words:
The students looked over each other’s homework.
The countries agreed to respect one another’s trade routes.
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EXAMPLES:
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION
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GAME
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SONG
Another Day In Paradise
Phil Collins
The song is slow, so you can practice pronunciation
She calls out to the man on the street
"Sir, can you help me?
It's cold and I've nowhere to sleep,
Is there somewhere you can tell me?"
He walks on, doesn't look back

He pretends he can't hear her
Starts to whistle as he crosses the street
Seems embarrassed to be there
Oh think twice, it's another day for

You and me in paradise
Oh think twice, it's just another day for you,
She calls out to the man on the street

He can see she's been crying
She's got blisters on the soles of her feet
Can't walk but she's trying

Oh lord, is there nothing more anybody can do

Oh lord, there must be something you can say
You can tell from the lines on her face

You can see that she's been there
Probably been moved on from every place
'Cos she didn't fit in there

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VERB
Verbs are very important in grammar, and we actually use many different types of verbs when
we talk about what things do or how things are.
When we write sentences or clauses, we need to include a verb. What is a verb? A verb is a word that
we use to refer to actions (what things do) and states of being (how things are).
For example, the words describe, eat, and rotate are verbs.
As you are about to see, verbs come in a lot of different types that don’t all behave the same way.
When using proper grammar, it is important that you use verbs correctly. So, we are going to explore the
many different types of verbs that we use and how to successfully use them to create great, clear
sentences.
Types Of Verbs
Action Verbs
Action verbs, as their name says, are used to refer to actions. These can refer to physical actions that
are performed with bodies or objects, such as jump, hit, or sing, or mental actions that we use our
brains to perform, such as think, consider, or memorize. Most verbs you will find are action verbs.
List of action verbs:

Run
Swim
Help
Ignore
Believe
Examples of action verbs in a sentence:

Each of these sentences uses action verbs. You’ll see that each verb is referring to a physical or mental
action.
I work at a factory.
Cats chase mice.
We listened to the woman’s amazing story.
Stative Verbs
Unlike action verbs, stative verbs refer to conditions or states of being. Generally speaking, we use
stative verbs to describe things like qualities, states of existence, opinions, beliefs, and emotions. When
used in a sentence, stative verbs do not refer to actions. It is important to know that some verbs can be
used as either action or stative verbs depending on their meaning in the sentence. We are less likely to
use stative verbs in the continuous verb tenses.
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List of stative verbs:
Love
Want
Own
Have
Resemble
Examples of stative verbs in a sentence

These sentences all use stative verbs. You’ll notice that none of these verbs refer to actions.
The mansion has five bathrooms.
Allie loves her younger sisters.
My car needs an oil change.
Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb is a verb that is accompanied by a direct object in a sentence. The direct object is
the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that is having something done to it by the subject of the sentence.
Both action and stative verbs can have direct objects, which means they can both be used as transitive
verbs.
Examples of transitive verbs in a sentence

The following sentences all contain examples of transitive verbs. As you read each one, consider what
the direct object of the sentence is.
Leonardo ate a delicious pepperoni pizza.
The wealthy man bought three paintings.
She really hates broccoli.
Intransitive Verbs
The opposite of a transitive verb is an intransitive verb. A verb is an intransitive verb if it is not used with
a direct object. Remember, only nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases can be direct
objects. Prepositional phrases, adjectives, and adverbs cannot be used as direct objects. Once again,
both action and stative verbs can be used as intransitive verbs.
Examples intransitive verbs in a sentence

Each of these sentences uses intransitive verbs. Look carefully and you will see that none of these
sentences have direct objects.
Airplanes fly.
The children slept while the adults worked.
The terrified monkeys hid in the trees after they saw the gigantic hungry snake.
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Linking Verbs
Linking verbs are a special type of stative verb whose name gives a big clue as to what they do. Linking
verbs are used to link a subject with a subject complement. A subject complement describes or
identifies the subject of the sentence or clause. Linking verbs can function as intransitive verbs, which
do not take direct objects.
List of words used as linking verds:

Be
Become
Seem
Appear
Grow
Examples of linking verbs in a sentence
In each of the following sentences, linking verbs are used to link a subject with a subject complement.
Mike is a great dancer.
That gold watch looks expensive.
Suddenly, the mall got really crowded.
Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)

Helping verbs, also called auxiliary verbs, are helpful verbs that work with other verbs to change the
meaning of a sentence. A helping verb combines with a main verb in order to accomplish different
goals. These include changing the tense of the verb or altering the mood of a sentence.
List of words used as helping verbs

Be
Have
Do
Can
Will
Examples of helping verbs in a sentence

Each of the following sentences uses a helping verb. Take a moment to consider what each sentence
is saying and how a helping verb contributes to the meaning of the sentence.
The musician has performed in concerts all over the world.
My cat is getting slow in her old age.
Cheetahs can run incredibly fast.
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are a subgroup of helping verbs that are used to give a sentence a specific mood. Each
modal verb is used differently, and they can express concepts such as ability, necessity, possibility, or
permission.
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List of verbs used as modal verbs
Can
May
Might
Must
Would
Examples of modal verbs in a sentence

The following sentences all use modal verbs to express a certain tone. You’ll see that each sentence
would have a different meaning (or wouldn’t make sense) without the modal verb.
Once you finish your homework, you may play outside.
We must carefully add two eggs to the mixing bowl.
I would go to the movies if I wasn’t busy working.
Regular Verbs
A verb is considered a regular verb if its past tense form and past participle ends in -ed, -d, or the verb
is a -t variant verb. For example, the verb look is a regular verb because both its past tense form and
past participle is looked. Sometimes, regular verbs may slightly change spelling. For example, the past
tense and past participle of cry is cried.
List of regular verbs

Jump becomes jumped
Slip becomes slipped
Try becomes tried
Sleep becomes slept
Lend becomes lent
Examples of regular verbs in a sentence

Each of the following sentences use regular verbs in either their past tense form or as a past participle.
He walked two miles to the post office.
We purchased all of the supplies that we needed for the camping trip.
Tiffany had noticed something strange about Marcus’s story.
Irregular Verbs
An irregular verb is a verb whose past tense and past participle form doesn’t end in -ed, -d, and doesn’t
use the –t variant. Often, the spelling of these verbs changes dramatically or may not even change at
all.
List of irregular verbs

be becomes am, is, are, was, were, be, being, and been
eat becomes ate, eaten
fly becomes flew, flown
catch becomes caught, caught
set becomes set, set
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Examples of irregular verbs in a sentence
The following sentences use irregular verbs. Despite being used in the past tense or as a past
participle, none of these verbs end in -ed, -d, or are a -t variant verb.
Cindy knew all of the right answers.
This junky computer has given me nothing but headaches since I bought it.
The workers took the furniture out of the moving truck.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb with prepositions and/or adverbs that have a different
meaning from the individual words used to form them. For example, the verb shut means “to close,”
and the adverb down means “not up” or “in a descending direction.” However, the phrasal verb shut
down means to stop the operation of something.
List of phrasal verbs

Ask for
Put up with
Talk down to
Lock up
Cut across
Examples of phrasal verbs in a sentence

The following sentences show how we can use phrasal verbs. Sometimes, we can separate out the
words of a phrasal verb and the sentence is still grammatically correct.
The frustrated business owner closed down his store.
Dave loves to show off his baseball trophies.
My mother always told me it is a good idea to put some money away in case of emergencies.
Infinitives
Our last type of verb isn’t actually a verb at all—sorry about that! However, infinitives look a lot like verbs
because they are derived from them. An infinitive of a verb is identical to the base form of the verb. For
example, the infinitive form of the verb open is open. Typically, we use infinitives with the word to in
order to form infinitive phrases. Infinitive phrases can be used for a variety of reasons, such as to act like
nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Examples of infinitive phrases in a sentence

All of the following sentences use infinitive phrases. In order, the infinitive phrases are acting as a noun
(nominal infinitive), an adjective (adjectival infinitive), and an adverb (adverbial infinitive).
To play guitar in a rock band is my goal.
If you are looking for the best restaurants in town, Luis is the person to ask.
The writing in the letter was too small to see.
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EXAMPLES
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION
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GAME
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SONG
You Cant Hurry Love
Phil Collins
I need love, love ooh, ease my mind
And I need to find time someone to call mine,
my mama said
CHORUS:
You can't hurry love, no you'll just have to wait
She said love don't come easy {but/well}
it's a game of give and take
Just trust in a good time, no matter how long it takes
How many heartaches, must I stand

Before I find the love to let me live again
Right now the only thing that keeps me hanging on
When I feel my strength, ooh it's almost gone,
I remember mama said:

She said love don't come easy, it's a game of give and take
How long must I wait, how muck more must I take
Before loneliness, will cause my heart, heart to break
No, I cant bear to live my life alone

I grow impatient for a love to call my own
But when I feel that I, I can't go on
Well these precious words, keep me hanging on
I remember mama said:
CHORUS
Now break!
Now love, love don't come easy, but I keep on waiting

Anticipating, for that soft voice to talk to me at night
For some tender arms, hold me tight,
I keep waiting (ooh, till that day)
But it ain't easy (love don't come easy) no,
you know it ain't easy
My mama said:

She said love don't come easy, it's a game of give and take
How long must I wait, just trust in a good time
No matter how long it takes...
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ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and speaking much
more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small, blue, and sharp are descriptive, and
they are all examples of adjectives. Because adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual
people and unique things, they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify.
Some sentences contain multiple adjectives.
Adjective Examples
In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:
They live in a big, beautiful
Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless
The mountaintops are covered in sparkling
On her birthday, Brenda received an antique vase filled with fragrant
Types of Adjectives
Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words, and you’ll find it much easier to
identify different types of adjectives when you see them.
Articles
There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because they are used to
discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called indefinite articles.
Example:
I’d like a
Let’s go on an
Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain adventure. Without more
clarification, any banana or adventure will do.
The word the is called the definite article. It’s the only definite article, and it is used to indicate very
specific people or things:
Please give me a banana. I’d like the one with the green stem.
Let’s go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds perfect!
Possessive Adjectives
As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession.
They are:
My
Your
His
Her
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Its
Our
Their
Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns.
Demonstrative Adjectives
Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate specific people,
animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative adjectives.
These books belong on that
This movie is my favorite.
Please put those cookies on the blue plate.
Coordinate Adjectives
Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after another to
modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day and long and dark night are
coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always
appears before the last one.
Example:
The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.
Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not coordinate. In the phrase green
delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not separated by a comma because green modifies the
phrase delivery truck. To eliminate confusion when determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is
coordinate, just insert the word and between them. If and works, then the adjectives are coordinate and
need to be separated with a comma.
Numbers Adjectives
When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell that a number is
an adjective when it answers the question “How many?”
The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six
He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.
Interrogative Adjectives
There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all other types of adjectives,
interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three of these words are used to ask
questions.
Which option sounds best to you?
What time should we go?
Whose socks are those?
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Indefinite Adjectives
Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things. You might
recognize them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives
are any, many, no, several, and few.
Do we have any peanut butter?
Grandfather has been retired for many
There are no bananas in the fruit bowl.
I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it.
We looked at several cars before deciding on the best one for our family.
Attributive Adjectives
Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words, they are used to
discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive adjectives:
Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest can indicate
value or talk about subjective measures.
Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective qualities including specific physical
properties. Some examples include small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow and
Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as well as general ages. Examples are old,
young, new, five-year-old, and
Color adjectives are exactly what they sound like – they’re adjectives that indicate color.
Examples include pink, yellow, blue, and
Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, whether it’s a person, place, animal or thing.
Examples include American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
Material adjectives denote what something is made of. Some examples include cotton, gold,
wool, and
Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a noun. They make nouns more specific;
examples include log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover.
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EXAMPLE
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION
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GAME
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SONG
Elvis Presley - Hound Dog
YOU AINT NOTHIN BUT A HOUND DOG
CRYIN ALL THE TIME
CRYIN ALL THE TIME
WELL, YOU AINT NEVER CAUGHT A RABBIT
AND YOU AINT NO FRIEND OF MINE
WELL THEY SAID YOU WAS HIGH-CLASSED

WELL, THAT WAS JUST A LIE
YEAH THEY SAID YOU WAS HIGH-CLASSED

CRYIN ALL THE TIME
CRYIN ALL THE TIME
[INSTRUMENTAL INTERLUDE]

YEAH THEY SAID YOU WAS HIGH-CLASSED
[INSTRUMENTAL INTERLUDE]

YA KNOW THEY SAID YOU WAS HIGH-CLASSED

CRYIN ALL THE TIME
CRYIN ALL THE TIME
YOU AINT NO FRIEND OF MINE
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PREPOSITION
A preposition is any word that can be used to introduce a prepositional phrase. A preposition is paired
with an object of a preposition to form a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases are phrases that
can be used to modify nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. For example, the sentence Candice went
to the bank uses the prepositional phrase to the bank to tell us where Candice’s destination was by
modifying the verb went.
Prepositions include words with abstract or complex meanings such as for, of, in, with, and to. Typically,
these words are paired with other words to create meaning using a prepositional phrase.
Example:
The play was written by August Wilson. The preposition by indicates that August Wilson is the
person who wrote the play.
I need to finish the work by next week. The preposition by indicates when the deadline is.
The package arrived by mail. The preposition by indicates the means of delivery.
Preposition examples
Let’s look at some common examples of prepositions and how we would use them in sentences.
List of common prepositions

Prepositions appear in lots of sentences, and some of the most commonly used words in the English
language are prepositions.
Some frequently used prepositions include:
to
for
of
from
by
in
on
at
with
about
among
Examples of prepositions in sentences
Typically, a preposition is the first word of a prepositional phrase. The following sentences show
examples of how we use prepositions in sentences.
The prepositions are highlighted:
I went to the store yesterday.

By tonight, it should stop raining.
For many people, Friday is the best day of the week.
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We sat on the bench under the tree.
Lions are considered the kings of the jungle by many despite the fact that they live in the
savannas of Africa.
Types of prepositions
We use a lot of prepositions in sentences. Prepositions are often used to describe different types of
relationships or abstract ideas. Some common instances where we use prepositions include references
to location, direction, and time.
Prepositions Of Place/Location
We can use prepositions to explain where something is located. When we do, we can describe the
thing alone or by using spatial relationships.
Examples of prepositions of place & location examples
The following sentences give examples of prepositions that describe something’s location.
Jessica stood at the corner.
I live in Colorado.
The computer sits on the desk.
These next few sentences show how we can use prepositions to explain where something is located
relative to something or somewhere else.
We sat at a table behind the mall.
The cow jumped over the moon.
Ed stuck the letter between the pages of the book.
Common prepositions that can also refer to location include:
at, in, on, by, inside, outside, under, over, across, above, below, beside, near, between, behind,
and among
Prepositions Of Time
Prepositions can also be used to say when something happens.
Examples of prepositions of time examples

The following sentences show examples of how we can use prepositions to refer to time:
She went to the beach after work.
The festival starts on Saturday.
People wear spooky costumes during Halloween.
We won’t be able to move until next year.
The bank is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Commonly used prepositions that can refer to time include:
at, after, before, by, from, on, in, to, until, during, since, within, and for
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Prepositions Of Direction
Another common way we use prepositions is to refer to the direction in which something moves or
travels.
Examples of prepositions of direction examples

Here are some examples of sentences that use prepositions to refer to direction:
The puppies ran toward their mother.
The coins fell into the water.
My fancy jeans came from Italy.
Lucy threw the football to Charlie.
Prepositions that can refer to directional movement include:
to, toward, in, into, on, onto, and from
Ending a sentence with a preposition

A common misconception is that it is grammatically incorrect to end a sentence with a preposition. This
is not true, and it is perfectly acceptable to end a sentence with a preposition. In fact, many sentences
would sound weird to most people if they didn’t end in a preposition. For example, most people would
say that the sentence I don’t know where the money came from sounds better than I don’t know from
where the money came. Similarly, many would prefer to say This isn’t the food I asked for rather
than The food for which I asked is not this.
While prepositions come at the end of many sentences in everyday speech and writing, it is
generally preferred not to use them at the end of sentences in formal writing.
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EXAMPLE
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION
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GAME
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SONG
Jingle Bells Lyrics
Dashing through the snow
In a one-horse open sleigh
O'er the fields we go
Laughing all the way
Bells on bobtails ring
Making spirits bright
What fun it is to ride and sing
A sleighing song tonight, oh!
Jingle bells, jingle bells
Jingle all the way
Oh, what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh, hey!
Jingle all the way
Oh what fun it is to ride
Now the ground is white
Go it while you're young
Take the girls tonight
Sing this sleighing song
Get a bobtailed bay
Two forty for his speed
And hitch him to an open sleigh
And you will take the lead
Oh, jingle bells, jingle bells
Jingle all the way
In a one-horse open sleigh, hey!
Jingle all the way
In one horse open sleigh!
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INTERJECTIONS
An interjection is a word or phrase used in a short exclamation. Interjections are often used to
express sudden bursts of emotion such as anger, shock, joy, or confusion. Interjections are not
considered to be complete sentences and often lack any major parts of speech. Typically, an
interjection is very short: just one to a few words in length. Interjections often end in an
exclamation point (!).
An interjection is a word or a set of words that expresses a strong feeling.
Interjections are words or phrases that show strong feelings or emphasis.

They have no grammatical relationship to words in a sentence and can stand alone.
They do not change the meaning of a sentence; instead, they add emotion or emphasis.
Interjections are usually found in dialogue and are not found in academic or formal writing.
Examples:
Wow! What a beautiful painting.
Hurrah! Our team has won the series.
Interjection examples
Let’s look at some examples of interjections and how we would use them in writing.
List of interjections
Hey!
Hi!
Oh!
Ow!
Ugh!
Huh!
Uh-oh!
Whoops!
Yikes!
Meh!
Yuck!
Wow!
Phew!
In writing, it is possible to turn anything into an interjection by using an exclamation point. Listed below
are just some examples:
Yes!
You!
Unbelievable!
No way!
Never!
Dad!
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Outrageous!
Interesting!
Faster!
Thank you!
More cowbell!
Interjections in a sentence
In general, there are two main ways that we use interjections in sentences. We can use them by
themselves with an exclamation point or we can separate them from a sentence using a comma or
commas.
Let’s first look at examples of how we would use interjections by themselves:
Wow! That alligator is huge!
Uh-oh! A storm is coming!
Did you see the acrobats? Amazing! They were incredible!
When did I want the work done? Today! Get moving!
Because we typically don’t use a question mark and an exclamation point together, an interjection may
also end in a question mark if it is expressing confusion, curiosity, or similar emotions:
Her birthday is tomorrow? Huh? I thought it was next week!
When we use interjections in sentences, we typically separate them by using commas:
Whoops, I dropped the toys!
Yikes, look at the size of that spider!
I just flew into town and, boy, are my arms tired!
I guess this is as good as it gets, huh?
Mom said we have to, ugh, clean our rooms!
Types of interjections
The Interjection Of Greeting

Expresses the emotion of warmth to meet with any person.
Example:
Halloo! Ho! Hi! Hello!
The Interjection Of Joy

Expresses joy or express instantaneous pleasure and happiness on a particular occasion.
Example:
Hurrah! Ha! Ha! Wow!
The Interjection Of Sorrow

Expresses sorrow or the emotion of sadness.
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Example:
Ah! Ah me! Alas!
The Interjection Of Surprise

Expresses surprise or express the feeling of surprise for any incident that has happened.
Example:
Oh! What! Well
The Interjection Of Approval

Expresses approval or express approval or any agreement in a sentence.
Example:
Well done! O.K!
The Interjection Attention

Expresses attention or used to get someone’s attention towards us.
Example:
Listen! Look! Behold! Hush.
An interjection that expresses a strong emotion can stand alone before or after a
sentence. An exclamation mark follows such interjections.
Oh, no! I wrote horse instead of hoarse.

Oh my God! We’ve won!
When an interjection expresses a milder feeling, it appears as part of the

sentence. In that case, it is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
Oh, I thought I knew the definition of that word.
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Example
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION
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GAME
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Song
Locked out of heaven - Bruno Mars
One, two, one, two, three
Oh, yeah, yeah
Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah (ooh)
Oh, yeah, yeah
Never had much faith in love or miracles (ooh)
Never wanna put my heart on the line (ooh)
But swimmin' in your water's something spiritual (ooh)
I'm born again every time you spend the night (ooh)
'Cause your sex takes me to paradise
Yeah, your sex takes me to paradise
And it shows
Yeah, yeah, yeah
'Cause you make me feel like
I've been locked out of heaven
For too long, for too long
Yeah, you make me feel like
For too long, for too long, oh-oh, oh-oh-oh
Oh, yeah, yeah
You bring me to my knees, you make me testify (ooh)
You can make a sinner change his ways (ooh)
Open up your gates 'cause I can't wait to see the light (ooh)
And right there is where I wanna stay (ooh)
'Cause your sex takes me to paradise
Yeah, your sex takes me to paradise
And it shows
Yeah, yeah, yeah
For too long, for too long, oh
Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa, yeah, yeah, yeah
Can I just stay here?
Spend the rest of my days here?
Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa, yeah, yeah, yeah
Can I just stay here?
Spend the rest of my days here?
For too long, for too long, oh-oh, oh-oh-oh
Oh, yeah, yeah
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CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Conjunctions are considered to be invariable grammar particle, and they may or may not stand
between items they conjoin.
Types of Conjunctions
There are several different types of conjunctions that do various jobs within sentence structures.
These include:
Subordinating Conjunctions
Also known as subordinators, these conjunctions join dependent clauses to independent clauses.
Coordinating Conjunction
Also known as coordinators, these conjunctions coordinate or join two or more sentences, main
clauses, words, or other parts of speech which are of the same syntactic importance.
Correlative Conjunction
These conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal importance
within a sentence.
Conjunctive Adverbs
While some instructors do not teach conjunctive adverbs alongside conjunctions, these important parts
of speech are worth a mention here. These adverbs always connect one clause to another, and are
used to show sequence, contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships.
Conjunction Rules
There are a few important rules for using conjunctions. Remember them and you will find that your
writing flows better:
Conjunctions are for connecting thoughts, actions, and ideas as well as nouns, clauses, and
other parts of speech. For example: Mary went to the supermarket and bought oranges.
Conjunctions are useful for making lists. For example: We made pancakes, eggs, and coffee for
breakfast.
When using conjunctions, make sure that all the parts of your sentences agree. For example: “I
work busily yet am careful” does not agree. “I work busily yet carefully” shows agreement.
Conjunctions List
There are only a few common conjunctions, yet these words perform many functions: They present
explanations, ideas, exceptions, consequences, and contrasts.
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Here is a list of conjunctions commonly used in American English:
And
As
Because
But
For
Just as
Or
Neither
Nor
Not only
So
Whether
Yet
Examples Of Conjunctions
In the following examples, the conjunctions are in bold for easy recognition:
I tried to hit the nail but hit my thumb instead.
I have two goldfish and a cat.
I bought a new bag for my upcoming trip.
You can have peach ice cream or a brownie sundae.
Neither the black dress nor the gray one looks right on me.
My dad always worked hard so we could afford the things we wanted.
I try very hard in school yet I am not receiving good grades.
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EXAMPLE
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION
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GAME
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SONG
Adventure Of A Lifetime - Coldplay
In this song we can learn the use of conjunctions
Turn your magic on, umi she'd say
Everything you want's a dream away
We are legends, every day
That's what she told him
Turn your magic on, to me she'd say
Under this pressure, under this weight
We are diamonds
Now I feel my heart beating
I feel my heart beneath my skin
I feel my heart beating
Oh, you make me feel
Like I'm alive again
Alive again
Said I can't go on, not in this way
I'm a dream that died by light of day
Gonna hold up half the sky and say
Only I own me
Now I feel my heart beating
I feel my heart beneath my skin
Oh, I can feel my heart beating
'Cause you make me feel
Alive again
Turn your magic on, umi she'd say
Under this pressure, under this weight
We are diamonds taking shape
We are diamonds taking shape
(Woo-ooh, woo-ooh)
If we've only got this life
This adventure, oh then I
And if we've only got this life
You'll get me through, oh
And if we've only got this life
And this adventure, oh then I
Wanna share it with you
With you, with you
Sing it, oh, say yeah
Woo-hoo (woo-hoo)
Woo-hoo (woo-hoo)
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ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that is used to change, modify or qualify several types of words including an
adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase, with the exception of
determiners and adjectives, that directly modify nouns.
A good way to understand adverbs is to think about them as the words that
provide context.
Specifically, adverbs provide a description of how, where, when, in what manner and to what extent
something is done or happens. Normally, we can spot an adverb by the fact that it often ends in –ly, but
there are lots of adverbs that don’t end in this way. Moreover, adverbs can be used in many
combinations with each other.
Traditionally considered a single part of speech, adverbs perform a wide variety of functions, making it
difficult to treat them as a single, unified category.
However, spotting an adverb, especially one that ends in -ly is easy.

Adverbs normally help paint a fuller picture by describing how something happens, such as:
Example:
When? She always arrives early.
How? He drives carefully.
Where? They go everywhere together.
In what way? She eats slowly.
To what extent? It is terribly hot.
This function of providing more information about how something is done is called the adverbial
function, and it may be accomplished by using adverbial clauses and adverbial phrases as well as by
adverbs that stand alone.
There are many rules for using adverbs, and these rules often depend upon which type of adverb you
are using. Remember these basics and using adverbs to make sentences more meaningful will be
easier for you.
Adverbs can always be used to modify verbs. Notice that the second of these two sentences is
much more interesting simply because it contains an adverb:
The dog ran. (You can picture a dog running, but you don’t really know much more about the
scene.)
The dog ran excitedly. (You can picture a dog running, wagging its tail, panting happily, and
looking glad to see its owner. You can paint a much more interesting picture in your head when
you know how or why the dog is running.)
Adverbs are often formed by adding the letters “-ly” to adjectives. This makes it very easy to
identify adverbs in sentences. There are many exceptions to this rule; everywhere, nowhere, and
upstairs are a few examples.
An adverb can be used to modify an adjective and intensify the meaning it conveys. For
example:
My math teacher is incredibly patient.
This movie is more interesting than the first one.
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As you read the following adverb examples, you’ll notice how these useful words modify other
words and phrases by providing information about the place, time, manner, certainty, frequency,
or other circumstances of activity denoted by the verbs or verb phrases in the sentences.
Types of Adverbs
Adverbs Of Manner
An adverb of manner will explain how an action is carried out. Very often adverbs of manner are
adjectives with -ly added to the end, but this is certainly not always the case. In fact, some adverbs of
manner will have the same spelling as the adjective form.
Some examples of adverbs of manner include:

Slowly
Rapidly
Clumsily
Badly
Diligently
Sweetly
Warmly
Sadly
Adverb of manner examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
She passed the exam easily.
They walk quickly to catch the train.
The dinner party went badly.
John answered the question correctly.
Notice how the adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjectives bad, correct and quick,
although there is a slight spelling change when forming an adverb with the adjective easy.
As mentioned, some adverbs of manner take the same spelling as the adjective and never add an -ly
to the end:
The boys had worked hard.
The car drives
Julia dances well.
Adverbs Of Place
An adverb of place, sometimes called spatial adverbs, will help explain where an action happens.
Adverbs of place will be associated with the action of the verb in a sentence, providing context for
direction, distance and position: southeast, everywhere, up, left, close by, back, inside, around. These
terms don’t usually end in -ly.
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Adverbs of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
Directions
New York is located north of Philadelphia.
They traveled down the mountainside.
First, I looked here, and then I looked there, but I can’t find them anywhere.
Notice that here and there are often used at the beginning of a sentence to express emphasis or
in exclamation.
Here comes the sun.
There is love in the air.
Here you are!
Many times, adverbs of place can be used as prepositions as well. The difference is, when the phrase
is used as an adverb, it is modifying a verb; when it is used as a preposition, it is always followed by a
noun.
New York is located north of Philadelphia -> New York is on the map.
They travelled down river -> They travelled in the first compartment.
That puppy was walking around by itself-> We put a collar around its neck.
Distance
There was a deli
Jane is moving far away.
Carly is sitting close to me.
Position
The treasure lies underneath the box.
The cat is sleeping on the bed.
Why are you standing in the middle of the dancefloor?
In addition, some adverbs of position will refer to a direction of movement. These often end in -ward or
-wards.
Oscar travelled onward to Los Angeles.
Hannah looked upwards to the heavens.
Molly, move forward to the front of the queue, please.
Adverbs Of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency are used to express time or how often something occurs. Adverbs of frequency
can be split two main groups. The first, adverbs of indefinite frequency, are terms that have an unclear
meaning as to how long are how often something occurs: usually, always, normally. These adverbs will
usually be placed after the main verb or between the auxiliary verb and infinitive.
Adverbs of frequency examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
The adverb is usually placed before the main verb.
I can normally make the shot.
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I will always love
Adverbs of definite frequency will usually be placed at the end of the sentence.
We get paid hourly.
I come here
The situation seems to change monthly.
The newspaper is bought daily.
Adverbs Of Time
Adverbs of time, while seemingly similar to adverbs of frequency, tell us when something happens.
Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of a sentence.
Adverbs of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
I will see you
Harvey forgot his lunch yesterday and again today.
I have to go now.
We first met Julie last year.
While it’s almost always correct to have the adverb of time at the end of the sentence, you can place it
at the start of the sentence to put a different emphasis on the time if it is important to the context.
Last year was the worst year of my life.
Tomorrow our fate will be sealed.
Adverbs Of Purpose
Adverbs of purpose, sometimes called adverbs of reason, help to describe why something happened.
They can come in the form of individual words – so, since, thus, because – but also clauses – so that, in
order to. Notice in the examples that the adverbs of purpose are used to connect sentences that
wouldn’t make sense if they were formed alone.
Adverbs of purpose examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
I was sick, thus didn’t go to work today.
I started jogging so that I wouldn’t be late.
Because I was late, I jogged a little faster.
Since it’s your birthday, I will buy you a gift.
Positions of Adverbs
The positions of adverbs are not a fixed or set thing. As you have seen, adverbs can appear in different
position in a sentence. However, there are some rules that help us decide where an adverb should be
positioned. The rules will be different depending on whether the adverb is acting to modify an adjective
or another adverb, a verb or what type of adverb it is.
Positional adverb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
Adverb position with adjectives and other adverbs

These adverbs will usually be placed before the adjective or adverb being modified:
We gave them a really tough match. The adverb really modifies the adjective tough.
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It was quite windy that night. The adverb quite modifies the adjective windy.
We don’t go to the movies terribly often. The adverb terribly modifies the adverb often.
Adverb position with verbs

This can be a bit trickier because, it will depend on the type of adverb – place, position, time etc. – and
there are many exceptions to the rules. However, a basic set of guidelines is shown below:
Adverbs of manner or place are usually positioned at the end of the sentence:
She laughed timidly.
I stroked the cat gently.
Janine lived here.
There is money everywhere.
As mentioned, if the adverb is of definite time it will be placed at the end of the sentence.
I did it yesterday.
We can discuss it tomorrow.
Let’s go to Paris next week.
However, if it is an indefinite period of time, it will go between the subject and main verb.
We often go to Paris in the springtime.
Debbie regularly swims here.
Bobby and Audrey always loved fishing by the lake.
Order of Adverbs
Adverb order is so important it has clear rules. It’s already mentioned that some adverbs will act to
modify another, but how do you decide the structure of a sentence with several adverbs? Thankfully,
there is a simple set of rules to follow, called the order of adverbs. Handily, the order of adverbs,
sometimes also called the royal order of adverbs, can help us determine sentence structure too. In
short, the adverbs get preference (are placed first) in the following order:
Adverbs Of Manner.
Adverbs Of Place.
Adverbs Of Frequency.
Adverbs Of Time.
Adverbs Of Purpose.
Consider this sentence:

I run (verb) quickly (manner) down the road (place) every morning (frequency) before school (time)
because (purpose) I might miss the bus.
While it is good to remember the order of adverbs, there is always flexibility with language, and we
have already mentioned that adverbs of time and frequency can be placed at the start of a sentence to
change the emphasis. So, bottom line: think of the order of adverbs as more of a guideline than a rule
that can’t be broken.
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EXAMPLES
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WORKSHEET
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EVALUATION
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GAME
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SONG
Cheerleader – Omi
When I need motivation
My one solution is my queen
'Cause she stay strong (yeah yeah)
She is always in my corner
Right there when I want her
All these other girls are tempting
But I'm empty when you're gone
And they say
Do you need me?
Do you think I'm pretty?
Do I make you feel like cheating?
And I'm like no, not really 'cause
Oh I think that I found myself a cheerleader
She is always right there when I need her
She walks like a model
She grants my wishes like a genie in a bottle (yeah yeah)
'Cause I'm the wizard of love
And I got the magic wand
All these other girls are tempting
But I'm empty when you're gone
And they say
Do you need me?
Do you think I'm pretty?
Do I make you feel like cheating?
And I'm like no, not really 'cause

She gives me love and affection
Baby did I mention, you're the only girl for me
No I don't need a next one
Mama loves you too, she thinks I made the right selection
Now all that's left to do
Is just for me to pop the question

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Articles
An article is a word that is used to indicate that a noun is a noun without describing it. For example, in
the sentence Nick bought a dog, the article a indicates that the word dog is a noun.
Articles can also modify anything that acts as a noun, such as a pronoun or a
noun phrase.
Often, a sentence needs an article before a noun in order to make grammatical sense.
Example:
Incorrect: I have box.
Correct: I have a box.
Incorrect: She opened door.

Correct: She opened the door.
Incorrect: French is spoken by French.

Correct: French is spoken by the French.
ARTICLE EXAMPLES
In English, there are only three articles. They are:
the
a
an
The following sentences show examples of how we use articles in sentences:
The zoo has an elephant enclosure.
I have a younger brother and an older sister.
The ancient Romans built the Coliseum.
Who lives in a pineapple under the sea?
Types Of Articles
We can separate the articles into two different types.
Definite Articles
In English, the only definite article is the word the. A definite article has several roles that it performs.
A definite article is used to refer to unique things or groups. A definite article can indicate that
something is unique and only one of it exists.
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She gazed at the moon. (The Earth only has one moon)
We sailed on the Pacific Ocean. (There is only one body of water named Pacific Ocean.)
A definite article is used to refer to specific things that both the speaker and the listener know
the identity of.
Harold went to the store. (Both the speaker and the listener know specifically which store Harold
went to.)
The kids are playing outside. (Both the speaker and listener know the identity of the kids.)
In writing and speech, the word the is typically used after the speaker or writer first introduces a thing
that they are talking about. The word the then references back to this same thing.
Example:
We saw birds by the lake. The birds were building nests. (The word the indicates that the birds in
the second sentence are the same birds mentioned in the first sentence.)
Indefinite Articles
In English, there are two indefinite articles: a and an. A is used before consonants or consonant sounds,
and an is used before vowels or vowel sounds. Indefinite articles are basically the reverse of definite
articles and have several different roles.
Indefinite articles are used to refer to things that aren’t unique.
Raquel is a doctor. (Raquel is just one of the many doctors in the world.)
France is a country. (France is one of many countries.)
Indefinite articles are used to refer to nonspecific things.
I am looking for a job. (I am not looking for a specific job.)

Please hand me an envelope. (You can hand me any envelope you can find.)
In this same sense, indefinite articles are often used to refer to something as an
idea or concept.
Going camping is a fun experience. (This sentence says that the act of “going camping” is an
example of something that can be described as “fun experience.”)
Indefinite articles are used to refer to things that the speaker and listener don’t know the identity
of.
Vick has a dog. (We know Vick owns a dog, but we don’t know anything about it.)
A woman is standing outside. (We don’t know who the woman is.)
In writing and speech, indefinite articles are often used to introduce the first mention of a noun. Once
the noun has been introduced, it is then possible to use a definite article.
85 | P á g i n a
A truck drove past. The truck was huge. (The noun truck is introduced with the definite article a.
After it is introduced, we can use the to refer back to the same truck.)
Unlike definite articles, it is considered grammatically incorrect to use indefinite articles with plural
nouns.
Correct: I have a cat.
Incorrect: I have a cats.
Nouns that don’t take articles

Some nouns do not take articles. Unfortunately, there is no general rule for when this happens, and
you’ll just need to learn these instances as you encounter them. Some common types of nouns that
don’t typically use articles include:
Languages: I studied Russian. She speaks Spanish and Portuguese.
Sports: He plays football. We watched basketball on TV.
School subjects: She loves math. He is bad at chemistry.
Names: Meghan lives with Ken. I gave a biscuit to Princess, my poodle.
Abstract nouns: She has impressive speed. The professor gave a lecture on communism.
Many nouns (including some that fit into the categories above) may take an article only in some
instances, depending on how they are used in a sentence. Some examples of this include:
Countries: We went to Colombia. She lives in the Netherlands.
Uncountable nouns: The bottle was full of water. The water was polluted.
Plural nouns: He is allergic to peanuts. She gave the peanuts to an elephant.
Nouns that can be both abstract and concrete: My son is at school. They are building a school
near the library.
Times of day: Bats hunt for food at night. It was a lonely night.
Seasons: Winter came quickly this year. The winter was long and harsh.
Transportation: I get nauseous when traveling by boat. The sailors sat on the boat.
Days of the week: Her birthday is on Saturday. Her birthday is on a Saturday this year.
86 | P á g i n a
EXAMPLE
87 | P á g i n a
WORKSHEET
88 | P á g i n a
EVALUATION
89 | P á g i n a
GAME
90 | P á g i n a
SONG
Deja Vu - Olivia Rodrigo
Car rides to Malibu
Strawberry ice cream
One spoon for two
And trading jackets
Laughing 'bout how small it looks on you
(Ha-ha-ha-ha, ha-ha-ha-ha, ha-ha-ha-ha)
Watching reruns of Glee
Being annoying
Singing in harmony
I bet she's bragging
To all her friends, saying you're so unique, hmm
So when you gonna tell her
That we did that, too?
She thinks it's special
But it's all reused
That was our place, I found it first
I made the jokes you tell to her when she's with you
Do you get déjà vu when she's with you?
Do you get déjà vu? (Ah), hmm
Do you get déjà vu, huh?
Do you call her
Almost say my name?
'Cause let's be honest
We kinda do sound the same
Another actress
I hate to think that I was just your type
I'll bet that she knows Billy Joel
'Cause you played her "Uptown Girl"
You're singing it together
Now I bet you even tell her
How you love her
In between the chorus and the verse (ooh) (I love you)
So when you gonna tell her
That we did that, too?
She thinks it's special
But it's all reused
That was the show we talked about
Played you the song she's singing now when she's with you
Do you get déjà vu when she's with you?
Do you get déjà vu? Oh
Do you get déjà vu?
Strawberry ice cream in Malibu
Don't act like we didn't do that shit, too
You're trading jackets like we used to do
(Yeah, everything is all reused)
Play her piano, but she doesn't know (oh, oh)
That I was the one who taught you Billy Joel (oh)
A different girl now, but there's nothing new
(I know you get déjà vu)
91 | P á g i n a
Annexes
After having finished reading all the parts of the speech, we will put into practice everything learned
with the following example:
92 | P á g i n a
93 | P á g i n a
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/pronouns. (n.d.).
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-types.htm. (n.d.).
https://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/nouns.htm. (n.d.).
https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/what-are-the-types-of-verbs/. (n.d.).
https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/what-is-a-preposition/. (n.d.).
https://www.thoughtco.com/object-in-grammar-1691445. (n.d.).
94 | P á g i n a

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Booklet Elke

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October 30, 2022

Nouns are everywhere in our writing.

Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.

His family live in different countries.

Nouns as Subject and Object Complements

I now pronounce you husband and wife.

Walk with me, Suzy Lee

Here we are, no one else

Numbers, letters, learn to spell

We don't notice any time pass

Tonight I'll dream while I'm in my bed

List of personal pronouns

Singular Personal Pronouns

Plural Personal Pronouns

Examples of personal pronouns

Plural personal pronouns

How to use personal pronouns?

List of possessive pronouns

Plural Possessive Pronouns

Examples of possessive pronouns

Singular possessive pronouns

Let’s see if Dave’s arm is longer than your arm.

Plural possessive pronouns

We don’t think that our team can defeat their team.

List of reflexive pronouns

Singular reflexive pronouns

Examples of reflexive pronouns

Singular reflexive pronouns

Plural reflexive pronouns

How to use reflexive pronouns?

Indefinite pronouns have a variety of uses. Some of these include:

Referring to an unknown person: The witness saw somebody sneaking around.

List of indefinite pronouns

Singular indefinite pronouns

Plural indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns that can be singular or plural

Singular indefinite pronouns

Plural indefinite pronouns

How to use indefinite pronouns?

Demonstrative pronouns can be used to refer to either people, animals, or objects.

List of demonstrative pronouns

Singular demonstrative pronouns

Plural demonstrative pronouns

Examples of demonstrative pronouns

How to use demonstrative pronouns?

List of interrogative pronouns

Who and whom

Examples of interrogative pronouns

Who and whom

How to use interrogative pronouns?

List of intensive pronouns

Plural intensive pronouns

Examples of intensive pronouns

Singular intensive pronouns

Plural intensive pronouns

List of reciprocal pronouns

Examples of reciprocal pronouns

How to use reciprocal pronouns?

He walks on, doesn't look back

Oh think twice, it's another day for

She calls out to the man on the street

Oh think twice, it's another day for