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Quarter 1: Module 5-7
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Module 5 Measuring Biodiversity and Causes of Extinction
What’s In
Biodiversity and Extinction
In 8th grade, you learned about the concept of species, and their importance in
the ecosystem’s biodiverse structure. To preserve the ecosystems around us, we are
tasked to protect and to conserve endangered and economically important species. But
have we ever asked ourselves what causes the decline of their population? What
happens when their numbers drop down to zero?
Measuring Biodiversity
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● Richness: the number of unique species that are present but does not include the
number of individuals within those groups
1. Abundance is the number of individuals present in each group relative to the
total number of individuals. Abundance is calculated by dividing the number of
individuals by the total number for all groups.
Sample Computation:
Compute for the relative abundance of cats to the other animals living in a
small village.
Concerning all the animals living in the village, the result means that the
cats in the village have a relative abundance of 22.12.
Sample Computation:
Compute for the biodiversity index of a small pond using the information of
the identified organisms living in it.
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B.I. = 5/(22+15+35+8+6) = 0.058
The pond has a biodiversity index of 0.058. It means that the greater the index, the
greater the diversity.
Extinction
Natural causes of extinction are climate change (natural ones), competition from
other animals, reduction of food sources, or a combination of all. Additionally, one
extinction could lead to another. When an important part of the food chain becomes
extinct, their predators will most likely lose their food source and starve to death, while
the prey of those extinct species will be free of predators that control their population.
An uncontrolled population will consume its prey relentlessly.
Whenever there is a change in the environment, the more adaptable species
have the higher chance of survival. This making them capable of reproduction. The
ones that are unable to adapt will not survive and most likely fail to reproduce. This is
evident when the death rate of a species is higher than its birth rate. It is a part of the
mechanism of evolution called “Natural Selection”.
Key Concepts:
Aside from obvious causes like overhunting and pollution, here are other ways
humans are causing mass extinctions all around the planet.
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Climate Change and Global Warming
● Ice melts in polar regions which is home to many animals like penguins and
polar bears. Melted ice also leads to the rise in sea levels as well as
submerging low-lying islands.
● Global warming gives rise to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon which
brings major disasters such as floods, drought heatwaves, and forest fires;
destroying habitats and killing its inhabitants.
● Change in temperature forces many species to flee from their comfortable
habitat. They migrate and invade other territories that are similar to their old
ones. Competition for resources against other species soon follows. The loser
and less adaptable ones will either migrate and repeat the cycle or face
extinction
● Increases in carbon dioxide concentration also cause our oceans to
become more acidic. Acidic water dissolves the shells of many sea creatures
such as crabs, shrimps, oysters, and soon even coral reefs which are home to
numerous marine lives.
● Ocean water expands when heated further raising sea levels.
Small bodies of water in warmer areas dry out killing their inhabitants
Deforestation and Desertification
Wood, paper, and other products come from trees. To obtain these resources, an
extensive forest area needs to be cut down to provide for our needs. If not managed
correctly, desertification occurs.
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Source: https://www.globalgiving.org/learn/cost-to-end-climate-change/
What’s More
TABLE A
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Directions: Complete the table by computing the Biodiversity Index of the target
species or individuals.
TABLE B
22 Frogs
33 Snails, 60 Waterlilies, 15 Fishes, and 8 Turtles
245 Daffodils
500 Rose, 300 Daisies, and 200 Tulips
40 Narra Trees, 86 Kamagong Trees, and
25 Balete Trees
67 Rabbits, 14 Wild Dogs, 8 Buffalos, 33 Wild
Boars, and 22 Rats
68 Pigeons, 15 Eagles, 25 Falcons, and 10 Hawks
15 Lions, 5 Tigers, 8 Panthers, 22 Buffalos
35 Zebras, and 18 Ox
42 Mango Trees, 50 Banana Trees, 40 Papayas,
and 15 Durian Trees
50 Cactuses, 12 Scorpions, 25 Spiders,
and 8 Camels
23 Pigs, 18 Cows, 60 Chickens, 9 Goats
and 12 Sheep
14 Grizzly Bears, 32 Moose,
16 Wolves, and 22 Rabbits
A B
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______1. Dodo Birds a. (Endangered, Extinct)
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/blue-whale
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article
________1. __________4.
https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2020/06/09/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/pollution/
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_________2. ___________5.
https://insh.world/science/what-if-we-stopped-burning-fossil-fuels-right-now/ https://app.emaze.com/@AOTCZIOLF#1
_________3.
https://theconversation.com/greenwashing-corporate-tree-planting
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What I Have Learned
Directions: Fill in the blanks with words or phrases that will make the following
statement correct. Choose answer inside the box below.
1. Measuring Biodiversity includes identifying the species living on it, its population,
community, _______, types of ecosystems, _________, carrying capacities and
richness.
2. To understand and predict better the dynamics of a biodiversity scientist use the
various mathematical or statistical treatments such as relative abundance and
__________.
3. Various animals and plants became endangered or even extinct due to various
factors like ___________, competition or predation from invasive species,
desertification, and _____________.
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4. Climate change and global warming result to drastic ______________, increase in
the acidity in bodies of water, and increase in sea level.
5. Climate change can cause by rapid industrialization, energy use, agricultural
practices, ____________, consumer practices, livestock processing, transport, resource
extraction and ______________.
6. Rising temperatures, _______________, unpredictable _______________, extreme
weather events, land degradation and loss of wildlife and biodiversity are the effects of
climate change.
What I Can Do
Directions: As a student, list 5 simple ways that you can do or what you can
change in your lifestyle to fight global warming and climate change.
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Module 6 Photosynthesis and Respiration
What’s In
Photosynthesis
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and has nothing to do with photosynthetic processes. The vascular bundles- the xylem
and phloem serve as transporting vessels of manufactured food and water. Mesophyll
has the greatest number of chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. The main functions of
chloroplasts are to produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis and to store food
energy. Inside chloroplasts are membranous sacs called thylakoids, which are
suspended in a thick fluid, called the stroma. Thylakoids are concentrated in stacks
called grana. Carbon dioxide and water molecules are combined with the energy from
sunlight to produce sugar (glucose) and oxygen. These are the reactants (what is used)
in photosynthesis. The plant gets water from the ground through its roots. It collects
carbon dioxide from the air.
Photosynthesis in the leaves can be divided into two stages: the light-dependent
reactions (photo) and the Calvin cycle, also known as light-independent reaction
(synthesis). The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane and
require a continuous supply of light energy. Chlorophylls absorb this light energy, which
is converted into chemical energy through the formation of two compounds, ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) —an energy storage molecule and NADPH (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate)—a reduced (electron-bearing) electron carrier. In this
process, water molecules are also converted to oxygen gas—the oxygen we breathe!
The Calvin cycle, also called the light-independent reactions, takes place in the
stroma, and does not directly require light. Instead, the Calvin cycle uses ATP and
NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce
three-carbon sugars—glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, molecules—which join up
to form glucose.
Overall, the light-dependent reactions capture light energy and store it
temporarily in the chemical forms of ATP and NADPH. There, ATP is broken down to
release energy, and NADPH donates its electrons to convert carbon dioxide molecules
into sugars. In the end, the energy that started as light ends up trapped in the bonds of
the sugars.
The rate of photosynthesis refers to how fast photosynthesis takes place. There is
several factors that affect the rate or speed of photosynthesis on its own, regardless of
the level of the other factors. The major limiting factors for photosynthesis are light
intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration.
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A. The Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthetic Rate
photosynthesis.
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molecules and oxygen. Then, via the respiration process, cells use oxygen and glucose
to synthesize energy-rich carrier molecules, such as ATP, while carbon dioxide is
produced as a waste product.
What’s More
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Answer the following:
Products- ____________________________________________________________
bank.
Properties Light-dependent Light-independent
Reaction Reaction
Phase of photosynthesis (1) (2)
Requirement (3) (4)
Location (5) (6)
Functional role (7) (8)
Product (9) (10)
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when they exhale
_________3. A substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the
maintenance of life
_________ 4. The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance
_________ 5. A colorless, odorless reactive gas is a life-supporting component of the
air
_________ 6. A substance that pollutes the water or the atmosphere
_________ 7. A liquid diffused in a small quantity as a vapor
_________ 8. A tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, most essential of all
compounds
_________ 9. An Electromagnetic radiation can be detected by the human eye
_________10. A substance that acts as a catalyst to bring a biochemical reaction
1. Which among the lists are internal factors affecting photosynthesis? External factors?
Internal Factors:____________________________________________________
External Factors:___________________________________________________
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1. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells containing________ – typically, these are
found mainly in the leaves of green plants.
2. In photosynthesis, light energy from the Sun is trapped and converted into
_______energy in organic molecules.
3. Light, ______and carbon dioxide are the raw materials needed to produce
oxygen and sugar (glucose) by means of photosynthesis.
4. Light is absorbed in the _______-dependent stage and provides energy to split
water and form ATP and reduced NADP.
5. _________is the raw material for the light-independent stage of photosynthesis
since it is the carbon source that is fixed with the use of ATP from
light-dependent reaction to make sugar.
6. The rate at which _______occurs depends on the availability of the raw materials
needed for the process, carbon dioxide, water, and light.
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What’s In
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration gives both plant and animal cells useable energy. It is
defined by the equation below:
1. Glycolysis
Source: https://medium.com/countdown-education/3-simple-stages-in-cellular-respiration-and-how-they-work-4de3abc5f819
Where it occurs: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, outside of mitochondria.
Process: The 2 ATP are used to split the glucose into 2 pyruvic acids, or pyruvates,
and as those pyruvates are formed, 4 ATP are created as well as 2 NADH electron
carrier molecules.
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Products: Each of the 2 pyruvic acids contains 3 carbon atoms (the original glucose
molecule had 6), and there is a net gain of 2 ATP (2 are invested to split the glucose,
and 4 are formed from ADP and P) that the cell can now use as energy, as well as 2
NADH that each carry two electrons and hydrogen to the Electron Transport Chain.
Next step: If the cell has access to oxygen (anaerobic environment), then the 2 pyruvic
acids will become Acetyl CoA and go inside the mitochondria to perform the Krebs cycle
for more ATP.
2. Krebs Cycle
Source: https://medium.com/countdown-education/3-simple-stages-in-cellular-respiration-and-how-they-work-4de3abc5f819
Reactants: The Krebs Cycle uses 2 Acetyl CoA (each with 2 carbons), a 4-carbon
acceptor molecule that powers the cycle, 8 NAD+ and 2 FAD that will become electron
carrier molecules, and 2 ADP + P that will become 2 ATP, and 6 O2 that provide
necessary oxygen. (Remember: Krebs Cycle is aerobic.)
Process: After the two pyruvic acids are converted to acetyl CoA, 2 carbon dioxide
molecules are produced, then the 2-carbon Acetyl CoA will be attached to the 4-carbon
acceptor molecule (one at a time) and go through a cycle where they produce CO2 and
electron carrier molecules.
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Products: In total, 6CO2 are produced by combining the carbons from the pyruvic acids
with the oxygen molecules, as well as 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 electron carrier molecules,
and 2 ATP that the cell can use for energy.
Note: The 4-carbon acceptor molecule does not change and merely returns to its
initial state to accept another Acetyl CoA in another round of the Krebs Cycle.
Next step: All the carbons are now taken care of and have become carbon dioxide, so
all that’s left from the initial glucose are the hydrogen atoms and electrons on NADH
and FADH2, which go to the ETC for the most energy-rich part of cellular respiration.
Source: https://medium.com/countdown-education/3-simple-stages-in-cellular-respiration-and-how-they-work-4de3abc5f819
Where it occurs: The ETC occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, within
the cristae (folds of the mitochondrion).
Reactants: The ETC uses 10 NADH electron carrier molecules (2 from glycolysis, 8
from the Krebs Cycle), 2 FADH2 (from the Krebs Cycle), plus the 6 oxygen atoms from
the original glucose molecule, and, most importantly, 34 ADP and P that are waiting to
be combined by the ATP Synthase (an enzyme that makes ATP).
Process: The electrons from the electron carrier molecules hop down the electron
transport chain and the H+ ions from the electron carrier molecules go across the inner
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membrane through active transport, then they charge back out through facilitated
diffusion through the ATP synthase.
Products: The ETC makes 34 ATP (30 from 10 NADH, 4 from FADH2), returns the
electron acceptor molecules (10 NAD+ and 2 FAD) so that they can be used again in
cellular respiration, and combines the H+ ions with electrons and oxygen atoms to
make 6H2O.
Next step: Cellular respiration will keep occurring again and again unless the cell runs
out of oxygen, in which place it will now perform fermentation to get the energy it needs
to move enzymes and other stuff around and stay healthy.
What’s More
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Definitions
1. adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in living things
2. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is a cofactor used in an anabolic
reaction
3. requires free oxygen
4. does not require oxygen
5. also known as Citric Acid Cycle, is the second major step of cellular respiration
6. an organism that produces its food using light energy like plants
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7. the process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell
8. supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle)
when oxygen is present
9. organism that cannot produce its food, instead of taking nutrition from other sources
of organic carbon
10. the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy to
chemical energy in the form of sugars
ACTIVITY 3: ARRANGE ME
Directions: Arrange the steps of Glycolysis in proper order. Write the numbers 1 - 8 on
the blank before each step.
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ACTIVITY 5: STEP-BY-STEP
Directions: Complete the concept map of cellular respiration and its steps. Use the
keywords in the word box.
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ACTIVITY 6: Fit In
Directions: Fill in the missing steps in the Electron Transport Chain. Choose from the
given boxes. Write the letter of your answer.
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ACTIVITY 7: Photosynthesis vs Respiration
Directions: Compare photosynthesis with respiration by filling in the table with the
correct answers.
Raw Materials Carbon dioxide and (2) Sugar and (3) ______________
________
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Energy (5) _______________________ ATP (Chemical Energy)
Requirements
Directions: Circle the word inside the parenthesis that will complete
the statement correctly.
What I Can Do
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Answer Key
Answer Key
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