MopuLe 7 7 Concept of stress oe force aysteros actang on @ sort bolt equity Gre af toe endes J - a (Bod Ee hich wae ope 2 distacbutel, a oe clomen & of a ody develop uvithout’ the ogg 4 pr feat confiact. 4b i taken a the a : we penict e bt af force pur unit volume «9! a" Beil, bodace” O Seajacs fore ~ forces which dre applied on do uLanes “} the bed They | best ony by watue of the pressure’ betuieen the Dios ws Koken as Re fue re art 7 . ft, k wy ge tin GEA Moy Sing Save fk - Scanned with CamScannerthe point 20th uy 7 Fiq 1 (a) Aepresents poee te bt ° a of that the body a a soxl mass forus. ket us Aueppos® eut along the area 4 with port I as 1) the pert Huo ot for small jdut pice area GA it Se Shown an -Pi actiog oh & The sant yert or, 0 denotes the duns ction 4 thea normal te. the amo. SA- Fig 1) Shows the pore SF decom porn. ante 3 orthogonal components} The noamal forte Sfx (monmal fo the axa) actand & Aangertpried on oo forces f Erk and’ Sings we the peo of axa. tone aves Berets’ as a Aig po ALe. wh ousk an'area as the wm a do pot t nye woe Rowe Ce Lin SF 6a30 GA Tz 1 the nommal stacss . The and ™4 ant the Sy ale or Shear stacwes- wz. a $Fox_ (The. first subscript for a SA>0 GA denotes déecton of 2 noam Tox = Itm S$ Fnx the plane on which it actt and te $A>0 8A second subsaipt denotes dace? fas fi, SEO tn whieh ik ws detected] Scanned with CamScannerTotal . , dudcteons - Atnesser an x,¥ and Z dve pes, Lect Tee Efpertiarce Avaessed — a", 4 72 ¢ Me roy py oe ’ d ~ d tU oS: eS oS! +u Te p - otal 8tacrg 2 Effects gtrcss + porcwater Fees xY plane, ,% vo the nonmad 4 Normal, stauss = Oz + o> Tangential Bthess = Ten, y oe > uns plane 2X 18 the mozma) J Nommal atprerss = Tangential Tat = Oy struss = Tay x Xzplane 2Y¥ ts the normal Normal stacy - Sy > % Tangential etrus . 4 Stress) Tensey Matnic Scanned with CamScannerThe defrred noamal and. shear she: actunq on the surfaces of an elemental cube at a poet svithin a soil may shown ip the figure. Te acre tom poner oh ata avith ut 6 an oathogena) fystun can. be ney eg ented wa matt for a Bhs trnsoh, matnx: S=( Gy Taz oS Tye Scanned with CamScannerDurweetiin Cosines 4 ETAIN Costnas COSHH es Qe x cosas Cos T= py aye le 2 of) pom If a bne oP makes ar 2h tively S with the x Y ard % ducctions nek d then cos, cosp and cos x ae rl as aduicction cosrines. Theet ave aero 4,m and n. cos GEL caees 5 Yr. Cos P =m fe Cos 8 ene Z r Lecod a2 cos (9, m). m= Cop = 03 cn ) cos Y= Cos 7.) ne Scanned with CamScannerThe fi we shows a tetrahedron ford by ares 3 lore norma] {6 coord inal planes and a fourth plane witha domi Hormal, y and t¢pneveler a pout withs that plane at a distanw bh yer the omgtr: da, dy and de ane the Aimbenswa "% the. tetrabedron uy Arye duceliin Components of nreauttant sthre%s Fr acting on he inckined plane. owe ona ans and Toz- Scanned with CamScannerConsrder the aquurlibseuire of foxes 20 the X duechtone : ; y= AC wedyde + Tue dade. 4 enn dads Sad ) tohere dae ater af abolered fate Layde « adAcs (n, 2) aitdas dAcos om) wie = dAcos (n,%) Subs tills Mere voles 2h ehualton Y Tx dAcos (n, 2) 4 tye daco’ (rid +txadAut (1,2) Had Ta. C85 (n,29 + tye v5 Cn, 1 fpatax tol (nix) 2 P2703) Parga Consider tf, ¢, aihibscum Yand x duction! and- are obtarned. 705 25 the oe rg syualians we cos(ny x) + “4 os oye Gia) ae) Tex Ces (n/t) + Tee Encoys oa te 4 (n, 2) = oi2—th) By cm bi the iont (}¢3) ) and ° A), potoig, Soa, onus at. Scanned with CamScannerBn | ox ye Tax | [costo, 2) Gor % ~ | Say Ce % Tyr coum) "J ; ; Tht Os By oz co, 2) 3] =e) fa] © whew preys Aonsor matric / (S] 5 the at patria. (A) is the duction Losine 8. Given. the athess motets AB a soul ray w KN] m™ ata laa Po wth mapa to x, y,% coondinate s' stem. Deternaie the Bormal components and, the resultant st Aci on @& plane pag through Q pot with pov mal une Vector as nz ogtt os} +1 a he S= foo 150 160 100 o 150 160, 18 ~lbo Scanned with CamScannerTha Snr too Joo 160 e oS me zs too © 180 ne leo sp 7160 Me , 213137 166.066 Apt, 863 Re Son + boy tow ae 5 i 2 = J ar3.19774 166-066 ah 863 = Qb74s3 —_—_—_— nduinole Syste g—~ Stress Hensoh 2p a New &o Scanned with CamScannery tom ay formed A new toorcinats. 5 6 the anticlelewise ddechon to- obtay, M4 netating % Yok cooncdinate rytten, Vd , . ) and z' system. d p iba cosine, The convespondan dudetson 3 between the & ayeterns as oe the table. mw y a gt feosceld sap cosy D an ano Ng 1 | cos(y!.2) cos(yiy) cos(y!,2) ¢ au by & ? x! | Cs(2x) eoslary) cos(2!)2) a3 Mao a3 Ne w a t ‘ a) the nee normal duvichoo as the x'duiction eomponept of the Ausultant athens Po! are 3 Pay a Pa - aa od = Cs] Oia 2% 5 Com ponent *k Ausuttant s tross Py! ax Fin an ia . [J A22r 1 g* 923 Scanned with CamScanner—_—— | are Compencnt or vetltant’ sta Pe & Pela tay Paluf = (s} as, | i nat eo a! yn the The co mponenti “f Wrest Ta IP "i pease * dvickon of wh ate. the normal 4 : ve 1 uf and - oy and the components 40 the t ) ond Gz ir daurchens aw the shear tresses try a 13 Pala cy! On ar Cri, | = [Car Fa Aas Peg 3 Ca'x' Qs, 432 232 |] Pee 1 a ' p,! Senilanly fer ry and | ul an a 413 Pu tye Le sa) o,' |» [aan Aaa 423 yy de Qs) 422 233) | Pyle te'y! An ay %13 Pog tly! A2) aya M28 Fey — (3) 1 ° 43) 232 % Pile Scanned with CamScannerwe know that ray | [s]CaJ TD Zz Peel Pyle Pale oy Gay 43) a o P, os Cs] ayy 722 a3n 2 ry | = dd ‘d oO 423 93 Pa'z Pye Pela ” = (SC). Arcana ini “equation s ),m& and 3 wn ed dot o,' Tyx Cy22’ : or wy! oy a “aes Gr ye J 7 ae ; \ J AL Siz (aTs] ca srkere [6] Be ataess matArn wo tth” Auapeet An he coordinate system and s, is the tress matruc fer Xiyl 2! copscina & agater. Scanned with CamScannerStiatn oo daprad as the table of . 9 [ anglh- change an fengith othe pegs Normal Strains pee a Cece pkue u,v and ww die the des phacementi tn the ao and w dieetwns . Shear Stnarns ae a 0 Y oa Fym 1 TRY ft Pe oz v7, eu F Ow + du Oz Oz Scanned with CamScannerpoection wsines Le ws (dw, d4) m= ws (dv, dy n= ws Cdr, dz) dv y+ @yy Gey [PJ- | & Amy Ya Yau Bye 4 Ya ty Ja tex ay e sukue p Bb the strain o& depereoetn matn. 4 = Vy whine bar, fhe pure theax strain and eannot be miadumed da “4 Tay 2s the onganer'’s shear stXarn waécek Can be measuacel . Scanned with CamScannerFora genual enbreal ebernent’, the quebec: ob equilibaiim ow: Dox + OC OG; x,=0 — + x2 Ff Ab on 4 — % . OZ Tyz eae 42% 4 otye th? “ an + ony 4 2or + 7b™ 7, oz ou Oke For. a soil element , the bod wu be equiads 45 Khe welght elemant wk and - ACs the soil equifcbacium equations ou: Scanned with CamScanner+ ataz =O Uee + atny “Reg, E ne Set Ge Oy 28 Pte +2% 4 ee /4 ae ay ae Unt 4 aby 4 Ore = oe °y oz Equations of tompatibdity (2)Neo com pot ble olercert 3) Compatible clement Scanned with CamScannerCompatible deJonmatian apvodeet PO ‘ 2vetlapping of matasale and no genie? ti bih holes. The. phy = near °b tt d a Can be explained by corm ag faa © ag composed. of. amaftor plate ¢ ee Shown an igure |: “se abot “9, _ faa ehmee m pe so avetents that nm the! as sbourr pes ont aa a+ This ae “tr vue which andecates a hen com Secu Nate aie eS 2 geponreation roight be such that vaweus plate eternen te t tageth x 0 3. fe no Aoles art cvualed “This con dilion Chovon Ww ano thre 25 M0 ovetlappy? ferent a compote ble elements. The above phyeieal. tntrpntaltin a Com pak bil ean be & nessa moines The a = wt by ave 2%e 4 diy y nal oey + oe = °° J Z Oy oz Scanned with CamScannerDee Dn = OX ar dx Oz* Du Lv oy oz Bo od 22°4 eS eo) C a dude KR ia ov: 28 2 Dd (oi, + Be en. az ox 2 ar ow 4 Fos a. corm patible dis plasement fread fe exust the com ponents of Btiain and Aur dercvatrues roust extst and should be condinuous atleast fe the second order. “Patines pal Stresses. The. planes which he Norma] Stresses on and 00 sheax Stress eg the coanes mrad Atkorso4 ane coll ed the. prcoupal Bthorses, Scanned with CamScanneraemun The plane swith the mipaestuse atau (5) Major pacnet lan enna . pu0n r pe fg Exess (od © kn Know? Minimum cwmpasue 4 as the mui'noy ninetpal ee §6 the prind pal plane os tuber eee otis whieh Bos the ‘value , ae PH teALmM a, and & is known 2 He plane : The fis wre shows an element cub ject! 2 a genual ap stats system aetth posal Stsses Cr and oy on mutual poperdilae ar atau TC oh these fa ie Gormeol and shea dane anto- Foes and she >%y . The equations stnexg components cand Ton a socline at an an le @& wumeas clockunse wath reapecd 6 the plore on whih o% arts are: T= ( - a yeene- Cegcaae a Scanned with CamScanner+ ° y (.> 47) Neon prroapal ae Te ety 4 | (Oe Fy) HC “4 Ns Minor pre nesipad: Atauss,- Maumun Shear strus, Tmax 7 T1753 yukech oceans OD @ 2 o plane welded at 4s ar 13g With aap pees XS fhe principal pe Scanned with CamScannerStresses on an snelined PES O Sireas tn one diectwn :- Eee Anca of EF =A Aaca of. Fe= A cos — Stress on EF =o = Pa StAUS OP FR > P = 6t0S8 Anse This stress 4 parattel to Lhe Gag + the member te % ax. Thes stres ey be resolved sate 2 components. Fust Component ts normal seckwh FG hem 2 Sechon and second com ponent 2 along th FH 12 oe: 4 6 In e be Ss quo! tons fox Hand & 4 THz Tws*O Tee Tsao a whin B=0 -_ - - F when B= 4S° TH oF o/z Scanned with CamScanner(i) Senesser 2h two directions Anca of ACH=A a\ es Ama of FC = an ‘ Stress on Acro a \r | Stauss on Fe A q = 0, ose . (due bb GD 3 Stas on ac 6 108 aN G : (ue & &) e038 \% & Strus on AFH iF \ a C= normal stacss on FC ‘ \ 0 = normal component op ataus on FC dus & ot due A = COS*O-+ 63 610. aceasbea628) (eae Tanganhal stred on FC = Tangential component af staew on FC dus to t+ due bo o Te = Tees esue —gshOse = (a =os )se26 > 4 ” oe Scanned with CamScannerDeteurourectuen, of Prubet pol stanes ort Stras tnvaniante- The plane ABC soith duectad normal n wtf bercongolerd to be a proerpal plo ne Taku the puocpal stress af of sts compenrents wo @Z *a and 2 duschons vill be The = Tp Cos (nx) ne Tye on eos Chey) df. Sener ws(n)%) Aragng ihete equations ww motyin form Ona “oO Ol[ ws (0, x o, |=|éo ro if 5 as cos (rg) —¢) Cos (n, 2) Scanned with CamScannerSE Tx oy, tay Ce?) Fos (0%) my] fue og Tyz] | (rig —e) one Ge y a cos (77 Fyualeng O and ® rm, Tey CH €os(h2)) a) tos(n * d eee G a] Cyn &% om 0 coalrr d ao cos (nr Cx oy ¢ 0 0 |} ews (nz Taz Coster, lo, cos (my %) 2 (05 (P/%) ty os cop) ees op (3 cry) = [Tey cos(m® 4 %y cos(ne Dt Ge corer) Tp 1032 Can cos nia) + co) Cong) essence) n (Ca-Gos (ora) tery 2 ory) team o,x)>0 Ty zeman a) Eye) eslrry) t Gres (n,2) 70 Tazcos(h wt Cayeos (got (=~ a) wos (072) 0 Anrang ‘ng above 3 eqns (plo pata rm Gr ly Car 9? Gm Ge a er a d wosS(% = 2 d 74 (nf Scanned with CamScannerMORIN athe oduct 0 2 moter equal 450, wen the getaminant Yoary | matere will be equal & P- ¢ Cos (n,x) aca +o cos (n,2) Q-T Cy ew yt %y 6, a =0 Gn wy oS, on solving toa. apt the hase chnhe eguachsn ae an tims ot Gn: 3 x o - Lo + Lem - 2370 wohere T= 0% +H, + Ta Say OG Cd Ss Tug GG T3 = FEY Talis Gy las Gay? 12 Gay Ge Sara 2) Ty and 13 41> the charactavtir wottin, UV the enly unknown value 41%: On Zoluin a. aration woe get 3 valuet jet T a3 OF OD and 63 twohidh ate tthe privcpal stacsges- - Rook a the chavarteruti equation don the 3 pahupall “tacwsom e528 and J, aw ande pendent duzzlinn ws and hence known as stress shvatants. Scanned with CamScannerTo detramine the prineipall planed wwe Paue fi Jerod cect” dhe dsertion Conr.crponding 6 the post prioetpal BACs oF the. ducchon wstna Costner. an tym, Tr 9 ty Te ‘y eo ye Fy ea the. above aqasot ior h, en delving we get the valu % Anum, and M1° Similarly fe mg My and Qs 13 23 can be changed Strain Invasiants. Charactorcs dir aquobiorn ft atran ts En 5) En + Ia bn -Jg=d i ae Ou tey fem Tas bn ty ot eg bad tate Yhy(Say"s Yip Her) Tae fo Gy te + fytry bya boxy [enmyengy aaieey) woe Si Ta) Tg ae the ¢brarn ah vation fe. In teams 4 principal Abherses and strain the sunvariants ow. Scanned with CamScannerTie +5455 Ta= G51 108% Tge 915 Tis €,;# Oa #3 Jas €)€) tEstg + €3& Jp = Grr bs Stress Strain relations _ Cons bdritive Behave? ‘al behave: e nat the wr pbehaviow b dt Ac pAcs ents aohieh 2 the. atpert- StLOLP aq sou. at usual Actactions hip betusern : and therelorr prowdes oa Lik beturerye equitcbniin and com patoity . AT Cnet, G16 Ate a ‘ “d Z a : a As | 7]: "1 lAee At : | [Ay acl, : | 1A eye ACY Cep.- s- 2 Ge Dre Ao-(eJae [en* whre (@) 4 the conskihdtve matrix ov Stress 2trorn matwnir- Scanned with CamScanner7 soto pre Fon a dincar elastee and 230 P matearval oO (<)} = E -k RF : By —_—— oy fe 8 Cpr ap) I a Mi 00 0 o 0 Ot one Yo-p 0 o Oo o 9° br 500° o Wf Peet ee Dox Ake Dust to ' LX Agy|_ |: | | aed a : : nad Obey : sy : Bez Avyz : Dee ae Der KE = (CD) oo uo cp 0 0 O @)- +4] iv t 000). et 00 ® Hj “7 } 0 0 O UHH OO |}- 00 oO #6 XH Oo 060 0 9 at4p * Scanned with CamScannerVoleemetur &taran dy » Vokrmoetir starr of ao oumel be a samme z m efered as the. sabe o he cho » an Vou Af t ali Y ge ib of the body.’ ko the “} tio oriqenal volume - fe v2 the ot! Volume anc av os change 1% vekiee. ocarted. ole Lo ae ormahon ) vo humo gtr arduced. 4 gue by eve dV Ve aan (lt ex Day C wey) az Cites) = ax ay Aa Cli fe tly +e tery + yee + €zeu + lx by ex) Neagleting high over Cems | Ve bu Ay a2 Ch ex thy +6 2) 2Vo (Ittatky te e = V-Vo Vo = Petey tle Scanned with CamScannera. soul Bano) pAS foiled An element of a at an anal strets of 900 kN) when the dataal eee was 150 kN) Pe gtrew determine the marcimurn Ahoot and the. the hear doterm the othe os marimum . Also on a plane anelined at SO lane on awhib stacsses Clockustee Jrorn the axls of aon Eni spew men Sb no shear stress fue we assume Is ied only oormed “ stresses “ore akon and these ase ponapal pone: ’ 2ooenlfea a) 7 = 300 kN|m™ 7 = 150 En] Tmat = 7-03 = 300-180 = 75 EN)? » 2 Manuimum Ahear 23 assumed Js ack ata plane whieh at edclied at ace b& proepal planes: b> Streases achrg at an aie Ae from plane: Scanned with CamScannerem 20 Noamal 4 treat hy, [a 463 (te) (it 63 \+ ft _& a = [300 7150 ) 5 [300-150 cos x #0) a 2 2 = 298-094 -NI™ SS Tangent qa atrat, qs pi-3 bthaw 2 ee)" (2x40) fees a e (2766 by ]rn™ —_——— veeted te a get mass as subj Q. “An element rn elemen’ ek 207 | and 10-7] papal stresia © and rerigontel face Auspertin Find the gthesses On & lane ghekined atan angle ® 60° clockwise ke She minot a the mauimum shear Atros plane oh ushich shear ae on watial plan eg. Calculate and dettamiuie she othess 438 mastmum. othe? Scanned with camScanneroz (453) 4 [97-5 Jeos 20 2 ev a ee) 4 [Do nectar eS ken? 7-6 \s 28 > Sy sup 60 ~ 4.32 thm? Mauimum cheat. Tmax = o, 7% = ii go-I0 = 5 Nf? Xx © -o tt ocuurs at an an te et 45° oe 135 b the er res aoa Bt nersed Bt ahs a. Find the me auna'pal planet the fattourh S reps pip = eg s-{i56 3 I 3-50 Fo © 3 Tn - 415," 41s, -T, 20 Scanned with CamScannerQty toy = IS-S +10 = ao Per Th = 465 PERE TERRE 5 0% Cay 2 2 . Ieee 510 ake 3 ve = aS -lo sis fx Tg > GOyG - ts had "Las, 3 Oy pa Gy Yeh = ISX-Sxi0 ex d4 5x0- Bn +Qxgxixe *~ 150 +5-90 = -83s5 Ty = AO SHH IST + O75 O — 5-44 T= 1S+61 kr]m® / Is 6] 2 G83 knl]on® 4:83 OP 3 = 8-44 EN)” Facoupa} plane Cy-a, Sy Gz an Yt Ym Tye mp? . n 4 1S To) . 0-6! 3 i q 3 206) ° m™ |* t o ~S ef hy Scanned with CamScanner~ elm D0. bith ne | ~ OSL, am, +n) <0 3h, ~ Q0.61m, +0 = G4 oO L $6 > 0 oO = 5-él m= 3h, po-6h oer 4 RK AM TF An =P 56 Qo-él Uamttn-/ GS A= 0.96 4, m, = 0138 me 2 a5 2 9 I7 Ce si) 3 |) ly 3B 83 9 hn | 20 1 0 on} | Scanned with CamScannerS-11la ~ty 3Bma +Na =0 Bla — M833. tonties = 0 fa + 0 + oltnn > O OD 2 - hy Dy Ms, = Bly Tis Paw +n= eg yy Dy = 1K mas 0-03 a= -) ls : 3 ! 20-4) tog | = 0 3 O44 0 ms \ ois hy 20-44 bg t 3matre =O 3k, F o+FHmM, +0 £0 ds + O+ IS yng =D =7b3 1S-Yd m3 = ~2h3 O44 Scanned with CamScanner“eye” ls= 0.15 Ms = ~3x0IS = -|.022 O-4y Na = — os - - 0-064 sey Scanned with CamScanner